Optimal Baffle Design in a Cassegrain Telescope

An exact analytical procedure is described for the optimum design of baffles for any Cassegrain telescope with conicoid type mirrors. Here, `optimum' means the least obstruction coefficient given perfect blocking of direct light by baffles. The corresponding algorithm is based on the ray-tracing formulas in a two-mirror telescope with arbitrary position of the aperture stop. The optimal configuration of baffles is unique. The dependence of the obstruction coefficient upon the telescope characteristics is studied. The optical system can be designed in such a way that the obstruction is equal to a predefined value. As examples, the Hubble Space Telescope and the Ritchey–Chretien system with the obstruction coefficient 0.25 are considered. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

兴隆1m光学望远镜杂散光效应研究

兴隆1m光学望远镜采取了加装挡板等基于经验和定性分析的杂散光抑制措施。用Tracepro光学分析软件对圆顶内1m望远镜的杂散光传播路径做了计算和分析,提出了对1m望远镜的杂散光抑制的改进措施,通过在Tracepro中计算的系统杂散光"归一化点源辐照度透过率(PSNIT)"函数对改进措施进行了评价。计算结果表明:对于有效视场外30°范围的杂散源,改进措施可使得1m望远镜的PSNIT全部下降到10-10;模拟1m望远镜在满月条件下对偏月25°的天体观测(R波段、15等星、t=15~150s),1m望远镜观测信噪比可提高约147%。     

Optical layout of the T-170M space telescope

The optical layout of the T-170M telescope for observation of astronomical objects in the ultraviolet spectral range 0.115–0.35 μm from the spacecraft SPECTRUM-UV is described. The telescope represents a Ritchey-Chretien aplanat with an aperture 1.7 m in diameter, a relative hole of f/10, and a field of view of 0.5°. The spectrographs are designated for obtaining spectra of stars and spread objects with a resolution of 2000–50 000. It is planned to record direct images using two field cameras: a wide-angle (f/10) and a telefocus (f/75–f/100) camera. The tolerances for basic parameters and the characteristics of the optimal system of baffles and the optics control unit are given.     

Research on Receiver Anti-RFI of Delingha 13.7 m Telescope

In astronomical observations, the radio frequency interference (RFI) will cause pseudo spectra and reduce the reliability and validity of observational data. The RFI mitigation, which includes many technical innovations of devices and the method studies of data processing, aims at reducing the influence of RFI on the radio astronomical observation. Various efforts were made to improve the anti-RFI capability of the multi-beam receiver (Superconducting Spectroscopic Array Receiver, SSAR) of the Delingha 13.7 m telescope. The interference transmission path was analyzed. The concepts of the device RFI direct coupling coefficient and the device RFI system coupling coefficient were proposed. The proportions of interference introduced in the receiver system by the different devices were quantified, and the interference-susceptible devices in the system were located. After the anti-RFI treatment of the interference-susceptible devices, the anti-RFI capability of the receiver system is improved by 30 dB in average, and the astronomical observation efficiency of the telescope is increased by more than 10%.     

Adapted Fuzzy Controller for Astronomical Telescope Tracking

This paper presents a novel application of fuzzy logic (FL) controller driven by an adaptive fuzzy set (AFS) for position tracking of the telescope driven by electric motor. Also, the proposed FL controller, driven by AFS, is compared with a classical FL control, driven by a static fuzzy set (SFS). Both FL controllers algorithm use the position error and its rate of change as an input vector. The mathematical model of the telescope driven by electric motor is highly nonlinear differential equations. Therefore the use of the artificial intelligent controller, such as FL is much better than the conventional controller, to cover a wide range of operating conditions. So, the output of FL control is utilized to force the electric drives, of the telescope, to satisfy a perfect matching of the predefined desired position of the telescope arms. Both of FL controllers, using AFS and SFS, are simulated and tested when the system is subjected to a step change in reference value. In addition, these simulation results are compared with the conventional Proportional-Derivative (PD) controller, driven by fixed gain. The proposed FL, using an adaptive fuzzy set, improve the dynamic response of the overall system by improving the damping coefficient and decreasing the rise time and settling time compared with other two controllers.     

Interference coupling analysis based on a hybrid method: application to a radio telescope system

Working in a way that passively receives electromagnetic radiation from a celestial body,a radio telescope can be easily disturbed by external radio frequency interference as well as electromagnetic interference generated by electric and electronic components operating at the telescope site.A quantitative analysis of these interferences must be taken into account carefully for further electromagnetic protection of the radio telescope. In this paper, based on electromagnetic topology theory, a hybrid method that combines the Baum-Liu-Tesche(BLT) equation and transfer function is proposed.In this method, the coupling path of the radio telescope is divided into strong coupling and weak coupling sub-paths, and the coupling intensity criterion is proposed by analyzing the conditions in which the BLT equation simplifies to a transfer function. According to the coupling intensity criterion, the topological model of a typical radio telescope system is established. The proposed method is used to solve the interference response of the radio telescope system by analyzing subsystems with different coupling modes separately and then integrating the responses of the subsystems as the response of the entire system. The validity of the proposed method is verified numerically. The results indicate that the proposed method, compared with the direct solving method, reduces the difficulty and improves the efficiency of interference prediction.     

NLST: India's National Large Solar Telescope

This article introduces the new Indian 2 m telescope which has been designed by MT Mechatronics in a detailed conceptual design study for the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore. We describe the background of the project and the science goals which shall be addressed with this telescope. NLST is a solar telescope with high optical throughput and will be equipped with an integrated Adaptive Optics system. It is optimized for a site with the kind of seeing and wind conditions as they are expected at a lake site in the Himalayan mountains. The telescope can also be used for certain night time applications. We also give the scientific rationale for this class of telescope (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

云南天文台1m红外望远镜的主镜热力学分析

云南天文台1m红外太阳望远镜是多功能、多波段的太阳望远镜,望远镜使用过程中主镜的热变形直接关系这系统的光学精度,建立光学系统的光机热结合的分析方法,可以直观的得到热辐射对光学系统的影响结果,使得望远镜的设计阶段就能评估热变形对系统的精度影响,确定光学元件是否满足要求.     

Dynamics and Control for a Small Telescope

Our main goal is to determine the dynamic equations of a certain complex system, as is the case of the mechanical system for a small aperture telescope. Causes of this complexity are: the lack of documents about the operation of the elements belonging to the system, and the variation of dynamics with respect to the time and the position of the telescope. To check that we have obtained a valid set of dynamic equations, we will design a computer control system that will implement a self-guide system for the telescope. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development of solar scintillometer

The index of scintillation measurement is a good parameter to compare different sites for image quality or ‘seeing’. We have developed a scintillometer, which is deployed on the high resolution SPAR telescope in the island site of Udaipur Solar Observatory, for the site characterization to specify the proposed MAST (Multi Application Solar Telescope). The scintillometer consists of a miniature telescope, termed as micro telescope (4 mm aperture, 15 mm focal length) mounted on a drive which tracks the Sun continuously, associated amplifiers and a data acquisition system. A photodiode is used as the detector. The telescope along with detector was obtained from National Solar Observatory (NSO), and is similar to the one used for Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) site survey. At USO we developed the amplifier and data acquisition system for the scintillometer. A 24-bit analog to digital converter based system was designed, assembled, tested and used as the data acquisition system (DAS). In this paper, we discuss the instrumentation and present the initial results.     

Direct imaging of extra-solar planets with stationary occultations viewed by a space telescope

The feasibility of detecting planets outside the solar system through imaging at optical wavelengths by a telescope in space is considered. The “black” limb of the moon can be used as an occulting edge to greatly reduce the background light from the planet's star. With this technique and if certain other technical requirements can be realized, a hypothetical Jupiter-Sun system could be detected at a distance of 10 pc. For this system, a signal-to-noise ratio of 9 could be achieved in less than 20 min with a 2.4-m telescope in space. For diffraction limited optics, the required integration time is inversely proportional to the fifth power of the telescope aperture. An orbit for the telescope is described that could achieve a stationary lunar occultation of any star that would last nearly two hours, providing six times more integration time than required by the hypothetical Jupiter-Sun example.     

2.4m望远镜观测目标查询系统的建立

为提高观测效率,节约运行成本,云南天文台将建立一套2.4 m望远镜远程观测系统.2.4 m望远镜观测目标查询系统作为远程观测系统的一个重要组成部分,它支持国际虚拟天文台通用的VOTable格式;它提供丰富的星表检索,并生成模拟星图和目标列表,同时还具备了交叉证认,距离计算等辅助功能.     

采用VC + + 的射电望远镜控制软件在Windows XP下的设计和实现

射电望远镜控制软件的主要功能是控制射电望远镜精确、实时的跟踪指定目标,本文介绍了Windows XP系统下基于Visual C 的射电望远镜控制软件的设计,重点叙述了软件的功能、通信方式、图形界面的实现[2]。     

斜轴式望远镜动力学建模与鲁棒控制

斜轴式望远镜是一种新颖的望远镜结构, 其独特的结构设计更适合南极等极端气候环境, 但目前国内外缺乏针对斜轴式望远镜详细的动力学建模与控制研究. 提出一套斜轴式望远镜动力学建模与鲁棒控制方法, 首先, 对斜轴式望远镜进行了动力学分析, 采用拉格朗日法建立望远镜2自由度刚体模型; 接着, 结合望远镜驱动系统的柔性和所受干扰, 完成了斜轴式望远镜的干扰情况下刚柔耦合系统数学模型的推导; 然后, 针对抗干扰问题, 根据所建数学模型, 设计了基于干扰观测器的滑模控制器, 对于所受干扰进行抑制, 实现了斜轴式望远镜的鲁棒控制; 最后, 仿真结果显示, 在考虑模型的非线性外部干扰的情况下, 相比于传统的比例-积分-微分控制器, 基于干扰观测器的滑模控制器使得系统具有更好的动态性能和抗干扰特性.     

上海台1.56m望远镜新CCD照相机系统

介绍了安装在中国科学院上海天文台 1.5 6m望远镜上的新CCD照相机系统 ,内容涉及CCD的量子效率、增益、控制器、观测程序以及滤光片等情况 ,为使用该 1.5 6m望远镜的天文学家提供了所需的参数     

全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法

介绍全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法。本系统采用光栅钢带码盘作位置检测元件,实时计算太阳站心位置,构成高精度的位置环跟踪系统,并用视频CCD和胡氏导行光路进行太阳导行,提高了系统的长时间跟踪精度。最后经实测,分析得出该跟踪导行系统完全达到预期指标。     

The QUaD experiment

QUaD is a 31 pixel array of polarization sensitive bolometer pairs coupled to a 2.6 m Cassegrain radio telescope. The telescope is attached to the mount originally built for the DASI experiment and located at the South Pole. The telescope system is described along with details of instrumental characterization studies which we have performed. A first season of CMB observations is complete and the second season underway. Details of the current status of these observations and their analysis are presented.     

射电望远镜远场区域强干扰源规避方法研究

随着频率使用率的提高, 射电天文台址地面或空间存在强电磁干扰致使望远镜接收机系统处于非线性状态. 为减少强电磁干扰的影响、提高天文观测效率, 提出了一种基于望远镜远场区域的强干扰源规避方法. 首先, 通过仿真分析确定的射电望远镜远场方向图, 结合望远镜与干扰源之间的位置关系, 分析了强电磁干扰到达射电望远镜焦点处的功率响应, 并依据接收机第2阶中频放大器性能参数, 确定射电望远镜处于非饱和状态的规避角度计算方法. 其次, 采用该方法计算分析了民航飞机对射电望远镜的影响, 若民航飞机上有主动发射的干扰源, 且不经过反射等传播现象, 当射电望远镜主波束轴偏开一定方向后, 可有效降低对射电望远镜的干扰强度.     

用于2.4m望远镜的网络气象站

在进行天文观测时,天气因素的影响是很大的,为适应天文观测技术发展的要求,在2.4m镜附近需要建立一个网络气象站,一方面可以对天气状况实时监测,另一方面其他设备可以从网上查询并使用这些数据,以满足2.4m望远镜必须要有气象状况输入才能正常地在RoboticMode下工作的要求。文中介绍了1 wirenet气象站的原理以及软硬件设计。     

基于以太网的射电天文制冷接收机的监视系统

制冷接收机是射电望远镜的核心设备,它是否正常工作直接决定望远镜观测的效果。制冷接收机的制冷温度和杜瓦真空度是反映接收机是否正常工作的最重要、最直接的指标之一。因此实现制冷接收机制冷温度和杜瓦真空度的远程实时监控,及时了解接收机是否正常工作对保证射电望远镜正常运行、提高观测效率有重要意义。为乌鲁木齐天文站25m射电望远镜1.3cm制冷接收机研制的一套基于单片机和以太网的数据采集和数据传输的远程监视系统,实现了制冷接收机制冷温度和杜瓦真空度的远程实时监控。该系统采用了美国ATMEL公司生产的8位单片机AVR ATmega16、Microchip Technology公司生产的ENC28J60以及MAXIM公司生产的MAX7219,实现对射电天文制冷接收机制冷温度和杜瓦真空度的数据采集,并利用以太网传输数据实现了远程实时监控接收机的制冷状态。阐述了以太网数据采集及远程监控电路的设计原理及其实现方法。该系统首次在国内大型射电望远镜上实现了对制冷接收机工作状态的远程实时监控,对于保证乌鲁木齐天文站25m射电望远镜1.3cm波段的观测效果有重要作用。