深层搅拌桩周围土体劈裂的研究与分析

现场测试结果表明：深层搅拌桩施工可以在周围土体中产生很高的超静孔隙水压力,其量值可能超过土体的静水劈裂压力。搅拌桩施工时和周围土体的相互作用可以用受剪的孔穴扩张过程来模拟。针对搅拌桩施工引起的周围土体的劈裂现象,提出了一种基于拉伸破坏原理的劈裂分析方法。分析结果表明：搅拌叶片的旋转对桩周围土体的劈裂起着很重要的作用。通过室内模型桩打设试验可以观测到搅拌桩周围土体的劈裂现象。分析现场搅拌桩施工时桩周土体中的孔隙水压力测试结果,表明现场施工可以引起劈裂。劈裂裂缝对于搅拌桩的性状有如下两方面的正面作用：其一,水泥浆体可以流入劈裂裂缝;其二,超静孔隙水压可以通过劈裂裂缝快速消散。这两者的作用加快了受扰动的周围土体的强度恢复。     

不同水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动与强度恢复

针对由深层搅拌法或高压旋喷法施工的水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动与强度恢复的问题,采用两种常用的施工法：高压旋喷混合法（简称旋喷法）和水泥浆搅拌混合法（简称湿法）,在日本有明黏土中施工以观测周围土体力学特性的变化。测试结果表明,水泥土混合桩周围土体的扰动程度与其施工方法有关;两种不同施工方法施工后周围土体的当日强度与原状土的强度之比分别是0.42（旋喷法）和0.68（湿法）,施工30 d后,旋喷法有44 %,湿法有40 %的初始强度得到恢复。结果亦表明周围土体模量恢复要慢于强度恢复的速度。     

有明黏土中搅拌桩施工时的孔隙水压力

深层搅拌桩施工时,固化剂的注入与叶片的搅拌作用不可避免地会扰动周围土体,改变桩周土体中的应力状态,产生超静孔隙水压力。在高灵敏性的日本有明黏土中搅拌桩施工时对周围土体中的孔隙水压力进行了现场监测。监测结果表明周围土体中产生了很高的超静孔隙水压力,其量值较土体的初始上覆压力还要大,使土体中的有效应力为零,处于张拉状态,但是该超静孔隙水压力在初始阶段消散得非常快。为分析施工引起的超静孔隙水压力,将搅拌桩施工时和周围土体的相互作用采用受剪的孔穴扩张过程来模拟,提出一种简单的方法来计算搅拌桩施工时周围土体中的超静孔隙水压力,同时考虑了固化剂注入时的膨胀压力与旋转叶片在搅拌时所产生的剪切力的作用。超静孔隙水压力由土的不排水抗剪强度、剪切力、注浆压力和孔隙压力系数所确定。所提出的计算方法得到实测数据的验证。     

搅拌桩内套打钻孔灌注桩在暗浜深基坑围护工程中的应用

在暗浜地层内施工钻孔灌注桩时,易产生钻孔扩径、孔内塌方事故,产生“叉腿桩”及诱发搅拌桩次生“叉腿”,造成钻孔灌注桩与搅拌桩之间的产生大的缝隙.基坑开挖时,基坑外侧的地下水沿缝隙渗入,造成基坑外侧土体压缩变形,引起地表开裂、产生不均匀沉降.搅拌桩内套打钻孔灌注桩系先用低渗入量水泥将暗浜土搅拌成复合土,提高暗浜土的质量,然后在复合土内钻进成桩,其作用是避免钻孔灌注桩在暗浜土段的扩径、塌方超灌事故,确保了基坑桩基围护工程施工质量.     

水平旋喷桩施工引起周围土体变形分析

水平旋喷桩施工期间,大量高压流体注入土层,引起土层内部产生较大的膨胀作用,致使周围一定区域的土体发生变形。水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形可以归结为压力膨胀和体积膨胀共同作用的问题。依托单根水平旋喷桩施工的现场实例,建立了水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形的数值模型。将水平旋喷桩施工引起的土体变形问题简化为圆孔的膨胀问题,可以统筹考虑注浆压力和注浆流量的影响。首先需要确定注浆压力的影响半径和注浆流量引起的体积膨胀比,然后可以通过数值模型计算膨胀引起的土体变形。数值分析结果与现场实测值的对比表明,当注浆压力影响半径为成桩半径的6倍时,数值计算结果与现场实测值吻合较好。     

深层搅拌桩桩体强度和单桩承载力的影响因素及分析

深层搅拌法作为软土地基处理的一种方法在我国已经得到广泛应用。但在其施工过程中，常会由于冒浆、复搅深度、土体搅拌不均和外加剂选择不当等问题影响桩体强度和单桩承载力。在深层搅拌法施工过程中可以采用复搅法、喷搅法或合理选择外加剂来避免上述情况的发生，以提高桩体强度和单桩承载力。     

影响深层搅拌桩强度的分析

深层搅拌桩在桥梁工程中广泛应用，影响深层搅拌桩强度的主要因素为水泥实际掺入比、养护龄期、土样含水量、土体搅拌均匀程度、复搅深度是否合理、外加剂选择是否合适、土体围压和水泥强度等级等。通过分析这些影响因素，探讨了提高深层搅拌桩桩体强度和单桩承载力的方法。     

真空预压的环境效应及其防治方法的试验研究

真空预压极有可能引发相邻建（构）筑物倾斜、开裂、地下管线变形等环境效应。从加固区外地下水位、侧向变形和地表沉降变化看,真空联合堆载预压试验的影响区为地基处理边线外12.5 m。分别研究了采用水泥搅拌桩隔离、开挖应力释放沟和采用树根桩托换技术三类防治方法对减小周围土体变形的作用。现场测试结果表明：土体向内侧向变形主要发生在地表下6 m;水泥搅拌桩外侧最大土体水平位移仅为内侧的1/3,堆载后外侧位移远小于内侧位移;应力释放沟内侧最大水平位移仅为搅拌桩内侧水平位移的3/10,外侧最大水平位移仅为搅拌桩外侧位移的3/8。试验中真空预压阶段对于减小侧向变形而言,应力释放沟的作用要优于水泥搅拌桩,而堆载后应力释放沟深部土体向外挤出较为明显;树根桩托换后的铁塔基础在抽真空过程中沉降很小。     

深厚淤泥质土中基坑开挖对基桩影响的离心模型试验研究

为研究深厚淤泥质软土地基中开挖基坑时桩土间的作用机制,以江苏省长江沿岸某电厂锅炉房基坑开挖为背景,按1:50的相似比设计了室内离心模型试验,从桩身应变、桩身位移、桩顶位移、地表沉降和土体变形影响范围、桩身弯矩和孔隙水压力等方面,分析了基坑开挖对坑内已有基桩和周围土体的影响,并与现场基坑开挖出现的问题进行了对比分析。结果表明:对上部为淤泥质土,下伏较好土层的地基,当淤泥质土的抗剪强度相对较高时,开挖时基桩受力较大,容易出现断桩事故;开挖过程中基桩应变出现两处极值,深度分别在开挖深度附近和淤泥质土与下伏土层交界面附近;由于基桩的存在,靠近开挖面一侧的土体孔隙水压力变化平稳,而桩后土体孔隙水压力随着开挖的进行变化剧烈;基坑开挖后桩土之间的相互作用主要发生在开挖后的48h内,之后趋于稳定。试验结果与现场实测数据基本吻合,为深厚软土内基坑设计和施工过程提供了可借鉴依据。     

滨海盐渍土改良试验及钉形搅拌桩承载力评估

针对滨海盐渍土地区水泥土搅拌桩地基处理问题,通过室内试验研究了含海盐量对土体塑液性指标等物理参数的影响,以及对三轴剪切强度力学参数的弱化作用;此外,通过不同材料配合比的改良试验,研究了水泥盐渍土强度随含盐量等变化的规律,表明水泥土含盐或者浸泡海盐水,对于强度都有弱化影响,水泥、粉煤灰固化剂都可以一定程度抵消海盐的不利影响,而且后者效果更明显。在上述试验基础上,从水泥土材料强度、桩-土侧摩擦与端部阻力、P—S计算曲线等方面,综合计算评估钉形水泥土搅拌桩单桩以及复合地基承载力特征值,表明固化剂改良的搅拌桩处理后,含盐软基能满足承载能力设计要求。在钉形的异形桩的承载力理论计算以及工程验证等方面,仍有待进一步深入。 更多还原     

水泥土搅拌桩施工扰动评价的一种方法

水泥土搅拌桩广泛应用于高速公路软土处理工程中,但是在工程实践中发现水泥土搅拌桩施工会对桩周土产生扰动使地基土强度降低从而导致路基路面产生开裂。水泥土搅拌桩这类非挤土桩其施工扰动方面研究比较少,为此展开水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动研究。围绕水泥土搅拌桩施工性状,采用圆孔扩张理论分析了施工过程中桩周土受力,采用Sekiguchi和Ohta（关口-太田）模型计算了桩周土体积应变,根据Hong和Onitsuka扰动度的定义得到了搅拌桩施工桩周土的扰动度变化。结果表明水泥土搅拌桩施工对桩周土的扰动随深度的增大和距桩边距离增大而减小,该分析结果与静力触探现场测试得到的锥尖阻力变化规律一致。     

Influence of stone column installation on settlement reduction

The paper presents numerical simulations investigating the settlement reduction caused by stone columns in a natural soft clay. The focus is on the influence of the soft soil alteration caused by column installation. A uniform mesh of end-bearing columns under a distributed load was considered. Therefore, the columns were modelled using the “unit cell” concept, i.e. only one column and the corresponding surrounding soil in axial symmetry. The properties of the soft clay correspond to Bothkennar clay, which is modelled using S-CLAY1 and S-CLAY1S, which are Cam clay type models that account for anisotropy and destructuration. The Modified Cam clay model is also used for comparison. Column installation was modelled independently to avoid mesh distortions, and soft soil alteration was directly considered in the initial input values. The results show that the changes in the stress field, such as the increase of radial stresses and mean stresses and the loss of overconsolidation, are beneficial for high loads and closely spaced columns but, on the contrary, may be negative for low loads, widely spaced columns and overconsolidated soils. Moreover, whilst the rotation of the soil fabric reduces the settlement, in contrast the soil destructuration during column installation reduces the improvement.     

典型深海软黏土触变特性与微观结构探究

土的触变性是指在外力扰动作用下,其强度迅速降低,但在含水率和体积不变的静止条件下,随时间逐渐恢复的一种特殊现象,土的触变性对基础工程设计等至关重要。针对取自于我国南海各海域的典型深海软黏土,采用落锥法对其触变强度恢复特性进行测试,进一步通过扫描电镜方法结合数字图像处理技术对其触变过程中微观结构的演化进行量化分析。结果表明:我国南海各海域深海软黏土均能够表现出触变强度恢复的特性,但不同土样的触变性差异较大,这与土的基本物理性质有很大关系。触变过程中土体的微观结构发生显著变化,土体结构由分散逐渐趋向于絮凝。微结构单元体的粒度特征和角度特征均发生一定动态调整,随着触变时间的增加,较小粒度区间微结构单元体的比例逐渐减小,较大粒度区间的比例逐渐增大;而触变过程中微结构单元体的排列并未表现出明显的定向性。     

排水粉喷桩(2D工法)中粉喷桩成桩质量试验研究

通过现场单桩及群桩试验研究,对比了粉喷桩周围是否打设塑料排水板时粉喷桩成桩质量的差异。试验结果表明,在粉喷桩桩周预先打设塑料排水板,利用排水板的排水导气作用,可以有效的提高粉喷桩沿桩身的喷粉均匀性,提高粉喷桩的桩身搅拌均匀性,从而提高桩身质量,特别是明显提高深部桩身质量,因此加大了粉喷桩加固软土地基的处理深度。     

排水粉喷桩加固软土地基桩周土体强度变化规律

排水粉喷桩(2D工法)是同时采用粉喷桩和塑料排水板加固软土地基的一种新工法。在某高速公路中进行了排水粉喷桩加固软土地基的现场试验段施工,分别采用静力触探试验、十字板剪切试验等方法测定加固前及其加固后不同龄期的粉喷桩桩周土强度,得到了施工后桩间土强度变化的规律。测试结果表明采用粉喷桩联合排水板法加固后,桩周土强度有一个先降低后提高的过程,28天龄期时恢复到原状土强度,随着龄期的增长桩周土强度可以进一步增加。最后对桩周土强度的变化机理进行了初步探讨。     

Undrained Triaxial Behavior of Cement Treated Marine Clay

Clays treated with lower cement contents often exhibit behaviour similar to stiff clays with planar failure surface under triaxial compression. In the present work the behaviour of a marine clay treated with 5 % cement, subjected to undrained triaxial compression tests is studied. The pre-consolidation pressure of the cemented clay due to the cementation bonding is observed to be very high. It is attempted to model the behaviour of cement treated clay using a bounding surface plasticity formulation as the plastic behaviour of the cemented clays within the yield surface has to be considered. The effect of cementation is included in the model as the pre-consolidation pressure obtained from consolidation tests. The tensile strength due to cementation bonds is included in the equation of the bounding surface. Simulations of the undrained triaxial compression tests on cemented clays are carried out and the results are validated with the experimental results.     

The Deep Mixing Method: Bearing Capacity Studies

Nowadays, several techniques are employed to improve the problem of carrying out construction in soft soils by increasing the strength of the soil foundation and reducing the settlement of the soil. Among these stabilizing techniques, the deep mixing method is regarded as the most popular. The deep mixing method is a soil modification method where the soil is mixed in situ with stabilizing agents, commonly soil–cement columns. It increases the strength of the soil, providing bearing resistance and improved settlement performance. Deep mixing is carried out in situ using a machine equipped with mixing blades mounted at the end of a tube that has a nozzle at the lower end. The stabilizer agent is injected into the soil via the nozzle using a pumping system so that it mixes with the soil as the blades are rotated. Throughout this paper, previous works by numerous researchers on deep mixing including laboratory work, full-scale field tests, analytical and numerical analyses related to bearing capacity are reviewed. The techniques and results used are discussed with the help of figures depicting charts, failure modes, and the model configuration setup. It was found that the deep mixing method is suitable for use with any type of soil and provides a better alternative to the existing method of improving soft clay ground, especially with regard to the soil bearing capacity. In addition, future research is needed to improve the use of the method for soil improvement in the construction industry.