泉州局一号井水位异常的调查与研究

对观测技术系统、降雨、区域应力场等干扰因素进行了排除,并调查观测井的周边环境及分析基础资料。结果表明,2011年底以来泉州局一号井水位突降为非前兆异常,造成的原因主要是周边基建干扰引起的。由于花岗岩地区特殊的岩石特征,即发育较多裂隙、微裂隙和解理,周边基建会破坏水井的承压性及封闭性,进而破坏地下水的动态平衡,建议在花岗岩地区选择水井时最好选择观测含水层与上一层非观测含水层间距较大的水井。     

水库诱发地震地下水监测网建设的若干问题探讨

根据国内外已发生的水库诱发地震的基本特点,结合三峡工程诱发地震地下水监测网与金沙江下游水电工程地下水监测网建设的经验及我国地震地下水动态观测网建设与运行中得到的科学认识,探讨了水库诱发地震的地下水监测井网建设中的布网区及其范围、观测井间距确定、观测井位置选择、观测含水层选择与观测井深度和结构设计等若干技术问题.     

昭通地区流体观测井地下水地球化学特征

对昭通地区12口流体观测井及其周边5个地表水体进行取样测试,分析其水化学组分和氢氧同位素,确定该地区流体观测井的地球化学背景特征,为该区流体测项的跟踪分析提供基础支撑。水岩平衡结果显示:相较于其它观测井,昭阳一中井地下水水岩平衡状态更接近于部分成熟水,表现为地下水补给过程缓慢,水岩作用程度较高;其余观测井均处在未成熟水阶段,表现出补给路径较短,水岩相互作用较弱等特点。氢氧同位素组成显示:研究区内大多数流体观测井补给源均为大气降水,但补给方式略有差异。水化学组分演化过程显示:自2014年以来,大多数井含水层水体未发生新的水岩作用过程,并且与其附近的河流水力联系密切。     

江西永平爆破的水化学效应

为了探索研究各种地震前兆现象,我国地震工作者已开始对地下水化学成分在地震发生前的变化进行观测。利用爆破作实验,是企图发现地下水化学成份在冲击力的作用下的变化,为识别地震前兆提供一定的依据。 本文着重研究江西永平铜矿前后三次爆破所取得的大量水化学观测资料,探讨爆破时水化学效应的特征,并确认爆破膨胀冲击力是使氡及水化学组分发生变化的主导因素,而各观测井孔所处的地质、水文地质条件及地球化学环境的不同,又起了加强或削弱的控制作用。为合理地选择水化学观测井孔(泉),以及研究在力的作用下水化学组分的变化特征,提供了实验依据。      

山西省4口井(泉)水化学特征与水氡映震效能研究

对山西4口水化学观测井（泉）及周边地表水进行水化学和氢氧同位素分析,利用Piper图、durov图、Na-K-Mg三角图等方法研究其水化学特征及成因,得出井（泉）水岩平衡程度、热储温度、地下水循环深度及地下水补给来源详情;分析了井（泉）水氡测项映震特征,应用水氡映震效果与水岩平衡程度、地下水循环深度表现出的特征,评价了地震监测效能。评价结果显示夏县井、奇村井优于临猗井,适于开展地震水化学观测;定襄泉应用该水化学方法评价尚存不足之处,需要探索适用于该类观测泉点的物理与化学相结合的评价方法。     

差干井同震井喷现象的调查与分析

差干井在2004年12月26日印尼MS8.7地震时发生强烈井喷,喷柱高达60m。调查与分析结果表明,井喷是在特定的井区水文地质条件下,富含CO2气体的观测含水层地下水受到地震波的扰动,一方面使大量吸附气被释放,另一方面使游离气泡被打碎,导致地下水被"汽"化,从而使含水层孔隙压力剧增引起的     

冷水源井水温固体潮现象及其机理研究以黄村井为例

该文对黄村冷水源井的水温固体潮现象进行了观测研究,初步解释了冷水源井的水温固体潮汐的形成机理.通过对黄村观测井进行水温梯度的详细观测及不同深度水温的对比观测研究,得到了黄村井水温潮汐现象的观测结果:① 黄村冷水源井的水温固体潮的相位与水位的相位是相反的;② 黄村井水温梯度曲线呈下凹型,特别是在含水层及受含水层进出水影响较大的附近区域下凹程度大,且随着与含水层底板距离逐渐变大,下凹程度也变小;③ 水温传感器的观测值与含水层观测距离存在一定的规律性:距离含水层越远,水温潮汐差越小, 直至潮汐变化消失.这说明冷水源井与热水井的水温潮汐现象是不同的,前者是吸热过程, 后者是放热过程,由此造成二者水-热动力学特征的不同.      

地下水单井综合观测的"循环法"及其原理

主要介绍在地下水前兆观测中采用“循环法”实现静水位-水化学单吉综合观测技术方案,该方法通过设置一循环系统,在保持静水位状态观测的同时,位于井口处的循环回路上部可获取深部含水层水化学观测,从而为实现同时满足水位和水化学观测要求的单井综合观测提供了基础,还变该方法在水化学观测方面的工作原理给出了定量描述,推导了井孔观测系统的水化学平衡方程,为该方法的有效性给出了理论证明,同时还简要介绍了有关实验验证结果。     

1984年辽宁营口3.9级地震与油水井动态异常

1975年海城7.3级地震和1976年唐山7.8级地震前后,在辽河、大港、胜利等油田都发现油、水井的动态异常,引起了人们的关注,油、水井在地震前出现短临异常动态,也为华北地区发生的多次中等地震所证实,1984年8月18日营口3.9级地震时,兴隆台油田的兴100号油井和兴10号注水井的动态异常是其中一例。一、兴隆台油田油、水井动态异常资料油、水井动态异常,是指油田开发过程中,非开发因素和人工措施引起的采油井或注水井的压力、产量、含水量或注水量的突发性大幅度的升降。 1.兴100油井兴100油井生产层位是新生界下第三系沙河街组一段中部第四号层。油层中部深度170     

山西水井观测网对汶川8.0和日本9.0级地震的同震响应分析

对山西地区水井观测网水位、水温测项在汶川8.0和日本9.0级地震前后的资料进行对比分析,结果显示,同一地震各观测井水位、水温测项变化形态不尽相同,表明同一地震对不同观测井造成的响应特征亦不相同;对比两次地震各观测井的响应特征,发现具有不固定的变化模式,可能与各观测井所处地质构造、水文地质条件及观测含水层深度及地震类型有关.     

Subsurface Injection of Treated Sewage into a Saline-Water Aquifer at St. Petersburg, Florida —Aquifer Pressure Buildup

The city of St. Petersburg has been testing subsurface injection of treated sewage into the Floridan aquifer as a means of eliminating discharge of sewage to surface waters and as a means of storing treated sewage for future non-potable reuse. The injection zone originally contained native saline ground water that was similar in composition to sea water. The zone has a transmissivity of about 1.2 X 10⁶ feet squared per day (ft2/d) and is within the lower part of the Floridan aquifer. Treated sewage that had a mean chloride concentration of 170 milligrams per liter (mg/1) was injected through a single well for 12 months at a mean rate of 4.7 X 105 cubic feet per day (ft3/d). The volume of water injected during the year was 1.7 X 10⁸ cubic feet. Pressure buildup at the end of one year ranged from less than 0.1 to as much as 2.4 pounds per square inch (lb/in2) in observation wells at the site. Pressure buildup in wells open to the upper part of the injection zone was related to buoyant lift acting on the mixed water in the injection zone in addition to subsurface injection through the injection well. Calculations of the vertical component of pore velocity in the semiconfining bed underlying the shallowest permeable zone of the Floridan aquifer indicate upward movement of native water. This is consistent with the 200- to 600-mg/l increase in chloride concentration observed in water from the shallowest permeable zone during the test.     

Fracture Density Distributions and Well Yields in Coastal Maine

Understanding the distribution of water-bearing fractures in crystalline rock is an important component in evaluating the availability and vulnerability of water resources throughout the northeastern U.S. The State of Maine requests well drillers to report estimates of fracture depths and fracture yields for all bedrock wells drilled in the state. Using these data we analyze fracture-depth and fracture-yield data from 227 bedrock wells in coastal Maine in order to understand how fracture locations and yields are distributed with depth. Numerical simulations and statistical tests show that it is not possible to infer how fractures are distributed with depth: fracture depths are consistent with several distributions, including uniform fracture density with depth. In order to understand how fracture yield varies with depth, we group yield data into 50 foot depth intervals and compare distributions in each interval using nonparametric statistical tests. These tests show that the distribution of fracture yield in different depth intervals are statistically equivalent. These results imply that there is no empirical justification for limiting well depth when drilling for water resources in fractured bedrock in coastal Maine.     

高密度电阻率法在海底金矿含水构造探测中的应用

海底金矿上覆岩层中含水直接对矿床的开采构成威胁,选择山东三山岛金矿新立矿区海底-135m水平沿脉巷道,采用地球物理高密度电阻率法对该巷道635m测线以下200m深度范围内岩体中的含水构造进行了坑道探测,利用三种装置(温纳装置(Wenner)、偶极装置(Dipole-Dipole)、Schlumberger装置)进行实施,相互验证,取得了很好的探测结果.温纳、偶极和Schlumberger三种装置的视电阻率反演结果反映在测线(-135m沿脉巷道)以下至30m深度为一高阻层,表明自-135~-165m的岩体中已不含水或含少量的水;测线以下30~60m段为低阻层,反映-165~-200m的岩体中含基岩裂隙水;测线以下大于60m的地段为特高阻层,反映-200m以下岩体含水性逐渐变差.该探测结果与矿区水文地质结构调查分析结论具有很好的一致性,表明了坑道高密度电阻率法探测含水构造是可行的.     

水头梯度变差值演化图象及强地震危险区预测方法研究

在类比地温梯度计算方法的基础上,将区域地下流压场中众多井孔的水位埋深归一化为每米井深或每百米井深的压力水头高度,即单位压力水头高度,定义为水头梯度值,并通过对水头梯度变差值时空强全方位绘制出其动态演化图象,进而对未来强地震发生的潜在危险区进行预测。经唐山７．８级 震内符检验,效果较为理想。     

鹤壁井煤燃烧的水氡效应分析

本文通过鹤壁深井煤层特大火灾热源的影响导致的井水氡变化实例，验证了鹤壁井水氡化学组分在温压条件发生变化时具有灵敏的反映。水氡变化曲线图象表现为氡值下降，并讨论了其形成机制。     

Impacts of river bed gas on the hydraulic and thermal dynamics of the hyporheic zone

Despite the presence of gas in river beds being a well known phenomenon, its potential feedbacks on the hydraulic and thermal dynamics of the hyporheic zone has not been widely studied. This paper explores hypotheses that the presence of accumulated gas impacts the hydraulic and thermal dynamics of a river bed due to changes in specific storage, hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, and thermal diffusivity. The hypotheses are tested using data analysis and modelling for a study site on the urban River Tame, Birmingham, UK. Gas, predominantly attributed to microbial denitrification, was observed in the river bed up to around 14% by volume, and to at least 0.8 m depth below river bed. Numerical modelling indicates that, by altering the relative hydraulic conductivity distribution, the gas in the river bed leads to an increase of groundwater discharge from the river banks (relative to river bed) by a factor of approximately 2 during river low flow periods. The increased compressible storage of the gas phase in the river bed leads to an increase in the simulated volume of river water invading the river bed within the centre of the channel during storm events. The exchange volume can be more than 30% greater in comparison to that for water saturated conditions. Furthermore, the presence of gas also reduces the water-filled porosity, and so the possible depth of such invading flows may also increase markedly, by more than a factor of 2 in the observed case. Observed diurnal temperature variations within the gaseous river bed at 0.1 and 0.5 m depth are, respectively, around 1.5 and 6 times larger than those predicted for saturated sediments. Annual temperature fluctuations are seen to be enhanced by around 4 to 20% compared to literature values for saturated sediments. The presence of gas may thus alter the bulk thermal properties to such a degree that the use of heat tracer techniques becomes subject to a much greater degree of uncertainty. Although the likely magnitude of thermal and hydraulic changes due to the presence of gas for this site have been demonstrated, further research is needed into the origins of the gas and its spatial and temporal variability to enable quantification of the significance of these changes for chemical attenuation and hyporheic zone biology.     

A Simple Method for Measuring the Vertically of Small-Diameter Driven Wells

The presence of stones, solid waste, and other obstructions can deflect small-diameter driven wells during installation, leading to deviations of the well from its intended position. This could lead to erroneous results, especially for measurements of ground water levels by water level meters. A simple method was developed to measure deviations from the intended positions of well screens and determine correction factors required for proper measurement of ground water levels in nonvertical wells. The method is based upon measurement of the hydrostatic pressure in the bottom of a water column, which is established in the well lube. The method was used to correct water level measurement in wells driven through a landfill site. Errors of up to 27 cm in water level were observed at the landfill site. The correction of the water level measurements had a significant effect on estimated local ground water flow directions.     

传感器放置深度对水温动态特征的影响及其机理分析

地热井的观测规范要求尽可能将水温传感器放置在井下深处, 一般放置深度应当大于100 m, 小于200 m。 然而, 近几年的观测结果表明, 水温传感器的放置深度对水温动态特征的影响较大。 在多数观测井中, 同井水温与水位的时值动态、 潮汐效应、 同震响应及震后阶变等动态特征的相关性或一致性, 多与水温传感器的放置深度有关。 本文主要探讨了传感器放置深度对水温动态特征的影响, 水温传感器放置在观测含水层中, 都受井—含水层间水流运动的影响, 会造成水温动态随井水位变化而变化; 当放置在观测含水层下部时, 水温动态则不受井水位变化的影响, 多表现为动态相对稳定。 其原因是水温动态的形成受水热动力学与地热动力学两种不同机制的控制, 此外, 井—含水层系统的条件也会产生影响。     

Estimation of water velocities in boreholes using a new passive flowmeter

Abstract

Preferential flow pathways in a fractured aquifer may yield abrupt reductions of the water velocity in a well. We propose a new device for measuring low (5–13 cm d^-1) velocities in wells originating from fractures at different depths. The presented flowmeter has been applied in a well in the Bari (southern Italy) fractured aquifer. In the same well, the horizontal flowmeter velocity (9.6 cm d^-1) at 0.5 m depth was compared with velocity (8 cm d^-1) derived from a field tracer test, providing a value 16.5% higher. Moreover, the flowmeter measurements at 1.5 m depth gave a horizontal velocity of 7.2 cm d^-1, which is 11% less than water flow velocity estimated from the field test. The new flowmeter implements the tracer point-dilution method in a plastic (PVC) pipe by causing the water flow to pass through an artificial filter. Laboratory calibration tests have confirmed the good performance of the proposed flowmeter technique, even for water flow up to 300 cm d^-1. The flowmeter was sensitive to 0.1 cm d^-1, with a detection limit of 1.5 cm d^-1, i.e. half the measurable flow velocity of existing flowmeters in wells.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Grimaldi     

苏10井水位与应力应变的关系

本文通过对苏10井井孔特性的阐述,对水位反映固体潮、气压和降雨等情况的分析研究,认为,该井由于位于特殊的构造部位,具有特殊的水文地质条件和井孔结构,含水层埋藏较深,弹性模量大,储存系数、压缩系数、阻尼系数小,渗透性较强,封闭条件好,干扰因素少,所以能灵敏地反映应力、应变的微变化,这样的井孔--含水层系统,犹如埋设在地下深处具有较高放大倍数的应力、应变仪,对于地震预报和地震孕育过程的探索,具有一定意义.