大兴安岭中南段罕山林场地区玛尼吐组安山岩年代学、地球化学特征及其地质意义

玛尼吐组是在大兴安岭地区的重要地层单元. 本文对大兴安岭中南段罕山林场地区玛尼吐组火山岩进行LA-ICP MS 锆石U-Pb 定年和岩石地球化学分析。LA-ICP MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,四件安山岩样品分别形成于144.0±2.8Ma、144.6±2.1Ma、148.0±2.0Ma及151.4±2.6Ma,说明研究区玛尼吐组安山岩时代归属晚侏罗世。从岩石地球化学特征看,玛尼吐组安山岩与中国安山岩相比,下列成分的含量偏高：SiO2(50.4%~62.38%)、TiO2(0.92%~1.74%)、Al2O3(14.2%~18.34%)、CaO(4.84%~9.39%)、Na2O(2.68%~4.97%);含量相当的成分是：Fe2O3(2.91%~7.83%)、K2O(1.48%~3.27%)、P2O5(0.08%~0.52%;而下列成分的含量偏低：FeO(0.74%~4.67%)、MnO(0.04%~0.16%)、MgO(0.92%~5.06%);因此它是一套准铝质高钾钙碱性系列安山岩。稀土总量（ΣREE）较低,介于95.88×10-6~186.76×10-6之间,轻、重稀土分异明显（LREE/HREE=5.24~9.75,(La/Yb)N=4.84~13.21）;具轻微负铕异常（δEu=0.78~1.11）。微量元素富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba、K、Pb、Sr）和LREE,亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti、P）和HREE。火山岩浆来源于俯冲流体交代的地幔楔部分熔融;形成于大陆边缘弧,与太平洋板块俯冲后的陆内伸展作用相关。     

大兴安岭西缘罕布庙地区玛尼吐组火山岩锆石U- Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

大兴安岭西缘内蒙古罕布庙地区玛尼吐组火山岩主要由安山岩和英安岩组成。通过LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb年代学方法对玛尼吐组火山岩进行精确定年,获得安山岩结晶年龄为153. 4±0. 8Ma（MSWD=0. 29),英安岩结晶年龄为155. 6±0. 6Ma（MSWD=0. 12),表明这套火山岩的形成时代为晚侏罗世。罕布庙地区玛尼吐组火山岩具有富碱、过铝质的特征,属高钾钙碱性系列岩石。样品稀土元素总量介于122. 72×10-6~416. 68×10-6,不同类型岩石微量元素和稀土元素组成总体相似,轻重稀土元素分馏明显\[(La/Yb)N=10. 85~60. 04\],具弱负Eu异常（δEu=0. 71~0. 87),富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Y等高场强元素,具有陆缘弧岩浆岩的地球化学特征。新的年代学和岩石地球化学证据指示罕布庙地区玛尼吐组火山岩形成于古太平洋板块向欧亚大陆下俯冲的陆缘弧环境。     

秦岭岩群东段马山口岩体年代学及岩石地球化学：对北秦岭新元古代早期构造演化的指示

河南西峡地区马山口岩体出露于北秦岭构造带秦岭岩群东段，岩石类型为片麻状花岗闪长岩。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年结果表明，该岩体形成时代为929±7 Ma，是新元古代早期花岗质岩浆活动的产物。岩石的SiO2和Al2O3含量分别为65. 52%〖JP2〗~66. 91%和14. 63%~15. 41%，Na2O和K2O含量较高，分别为2. 82%~3. 08%和2. 14%~3. 10%，Na2O/K2O比值主体＞1，富TFe2O3（5. 99%~7. 03%），高CaO (2. 78%~3. 72%）和MgO (1. 35%~1. 87%），Mg#值介于34. 4~38. 3之间，A/CNK值为1. 07~1. 14，属于过铝质钙碱性—高钾钙碱性岩石，显示I型花岗岩特征。岩石的Nb/Ta、Rb/Y和Nb/Y比值反映壳源岩石特征，低Sr (102×10-6~175×10-6），高Yb (2. 13×10-6~3. 67×10-6）和Y (27. 0×10-6~38. 6×10-6），〖JP〗可能是下地壳（变）基性岩石部分熔融的产物。岩石稀土总量中等（∑REE=180×10-6~229×10-6），相对富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th等，亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti，具有火山弧花岗岩地球化学特征，形成于新元古代早期洋壳俯冲背景下的陆缘弧环境。     

大兴安岭西缘玛尼吐组火山岩成因及构造指示

我国东北地区分布有大量中生代(侏罗纪至白垩纪)火山岩。选取大兴安岭西缘玛尼吐组粗安岩-粗面英安岩-流纹岩为研究对象,研究结果显示它们为高钾钙碱性的火山岩,主量、微量元素含量变化较大,SiO2含量为5671%~7185%,Na2O+K2O含量为592%~1018%,Na2O/K2O比值较高,为078~133,Mg#为306~564。玛尼吐组火山岩的稀土元素配分图和微量元素蛛网图右倾明显,可见明显的Nb、Ta、Ti、Sr和Eu负异常(Nb*=017~071,Sr*=024~115,Eu*=049~077)。稀土总量较高,为200×10-6~949×10-6。结果分析可知,玛尼吐组火山岩源岩与霍林河火山岩源岩相似,均为混合了少量先存古老地壳的新生基性下地壳。新生基性下地壳部分熔融形成安山质岩浆,并经角闪石+斜长石+钾长石+磷灰石+钛磁铁矿等的分离结晶形成了玛尼吐组粗安岩-粗面英安岩-流纹岩。玛尼吐组火山岩显著的岛弧地球化学特征说明其形成于与太平洋俯冲有关的岛弧环境。     

贺根山缝合带阿萨格图钾玄质火山岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及构造意义

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗阿萨格图火山岩出露于贺根山缝合带迪彦庙蛇绿混杂岩南侧,岩石类型为粗安岩、粗面岩和粗面英安岩。粗安岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素测年获得火山岩形成年龄为132.1±0. 7Ma。岩石地球化学显示火山岩属于钾玄岩系列,岩石高Na2O+K2O(7.61%~10.35%)、高K2O(3.94%~6.04%)、高Al2O3 (16.32%~17.99%)、低TiO2 (0.45%~0.95%),富集Rb、Ba、U等大离子亲石元素（LILE）和轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损 Nb、Ta 和 Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）。稀土元素含量为109.62×10-6~174.68×10-6,稀土元素配分曲线为右倾式分布。岩石学和岩石地球化学特征表明,阿萨格图地区白垩纪火山岩与洋壳俯冲作用有关,形成于俯冲板片断离—后造山伸展构造背景。古亚洲洋俯冲洋壳析出流体交代上覆地幔形成贺根山缝合带富集地幔,随后的俯冲板片断离—后造山伸展作用触发富集地幔部分熔融产生该钾玄质岩浆。结合贺根山缝合带的壳幔电性结构和晚古生代蛇绿岩—岛弧岩浆岩、中生代后造山A型花岗岩的时空分布与演化,初步建立了该区钾玄质火山岩的板片断离—后造山伸展地球动力学模式。     

甘肃北山火石山哈尔根头口布花岗岩年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

首次利用锆石LAICPMS UPb法测得甘肃火石山东北部侵位于长城系、蓟县系以及志留系中的哈尔根头口布花岗岩形成于中泥盆世早期（同位素年龄为387.6±8.2Ma）,同时发现该花岗岩体内存在晚蓟县世产物（继承性锆石年龄1172±7Ma）。哈尔根头口布花岗岩体主要由钾长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗岩组成,岩石具有高硅（SiO2含量为70.28％~79.4%）、富碱（Na2O＋K2O为6.52%~9.11%）、低铝（Al2O3含量为8.82%~14.05%）、低Sr（含量为40~150×10-6,平均为101.5×10-6）的特征、岩石的δ<3.3、A/CNK值为0.8~1.1,为钙碱性准铝质到弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素具有明显的LREE富集(LREE/HREE=2.89~16.4, LaN/YbN= 1.82~25.18)和Eu亏损,相对富集Rb、Th、Ce和Sm,而亏损Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf。综合分析认为该花岗岩为A型花岗岩,产于构造挤压向构造伸展转换的地质背景之中。     

延边和龙地区早侏罗世花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及成因意义

吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州和龙地区早侏罗世花岗岩广泛出露,LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年结果显示其形成于195. 2±1. 3 Ma。地球化学特征表明花岗岩具有高硅（SiO2=73. 83%~75. 55%）、富碱（Na2O+K2O=7. 63%~8. 37%）、富铝（Al2O3=13. 15%~14. 25%）、贫镁、贫钙（MgO=0. 22%~0. 43%,CaO=0. 87%~1. 41%）的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列,岩石稀土总量不高(ΣREE=106. 60×10-6~127. 8×10-6),轻稀土分馏系数(La/Sm)N=5. 71~11. 25,重稀土分馏系数(Gd/Yb)N=1. 48~2. 37,Eu为中等负异常（δEu=0. 42~0. 76）,微量元素以富集LREE、Rb、Th、U、K,强烈亏损Sr、P、Ti为特征,指示为壳源岩浆,在构造图解几乎全部落入火山弧花岗岩区,显示可能形成于活动大陆边缘环境。结合延边太平岭地区出现的早侏罗世花岗岩组合到小兴安岭—张广才岭所报道早侏罗世花岗岩及双峰式火山岩组合,共同构成了平行洋壳的俯冲方向的成分极性,表明了俯冲方向,反映了在早侏罗世期间古太平洋板块对我国东北地区北北西方向俯冲的渐进过程。     

泰宁地区中志留世辉绿岩脉成因及对陆内造山作用的制约

华南早古生代造山作用以武夷-云开造山带最为典型.然而,该次造山作用过程中岩石圈地幔性质及构造背景一直存在争议,还需要更多的基性岩证据.对武夷造山带中段泰宁地区何宝山辉绿岩脉开展了年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄（430±3 Ma）表明辉绿岩脉形成于中志留世.岩石具有高Al₂O₃（15.23%~18.49%）、低Na₂O（2.82%~4.21%）和K₂O（1.63%~2.42%）含量特征,属亚碱性系列.稀土元素标准化图呈右倾,无明显Eu异常,显示富集大离子亲石元素（Rb、Ba、K、La、Sr）、不同程度亏损高场强元素（Ta、U、Hf、Ti）.岩石具有高Nb含量（5.74×10-6~8.45×10-6）,其（Nb/La）_N和Nb/U值与富Nb岛弧玄武岩相似.全岩（87Sr/86Sr）_i=0.709 5~0.710 9,ε_Nd（t）=-0.8~-0.1,锆石ε_Hf（t）=-9.2~-2.7,对应二阶段模式年龄T_2DM（Hf）=1.4~1.8 Ga.地球化学、Sr-Nd及Hf同位素揭示泰宁地区基性岩浆源自富集岩石圈地幔13.3%~21.8%的熔融,但在熔融前曾受到古俯冲物质（俯冲板片熔体+5%沉积物熔体）的源区混染.武夷地区于早古生代为陆内造山环境,脉岩形成于后造山垮塌阶段,可能与冈瓦纳东缘造山作用的应力向大陆传播引起华夏地块内部俯冲有关.      

青海宽沟地区奥陶纪火山岩地球化学特征及其形成的构造背景

宽沟地区奥陶纪祁漫塔格群火山岩的SiO2含量在46.74%~53.35%之间,Na₂O+K₂O为3.71%~7.63%,K₂O/Na₂O为0.07~4.16,属于过铝质的低钾钙碱性-碱性系列火山岩。稀土元素特征：∑REE为96.19×10^-6~119.37×10^-6,LREE/HREE为2.97~6.07,δEu为0.70~0.86,（La/Yb）_N为2.23~7.2,球粒陨石标准化曲线为右倾的弱铕正异常的轻稀土富集型平滑曲线.微量元素研究结果：La/Nb比值在1.57~3.08之间,Zr/Hf比值为35.28~48.23,相对富集大离子亲石元素（K、Rb、Ba、Th、LREE）,亏损高场强元素（Nb、P、Ti）,表现出类似于岛弧环境的地球化学特征.综合分析认为,该区火山岩具有洋岛玄武岩的特征,岩浆源于较富集地幔的部分熔融,形成于与大洋俯冲有关的洋内岛弧环境中.     

阴山—燕山北麓富碱侵入岩体的岩石地球化学特征、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄及构造意义

本文研究的达茂旗黄合少、察哈尔右后旗古城和河北尚义县八道沟岩体位于华北克拉通北缘阴山—燕山北麓,索伦缝合带以南,沿近东西方向展布。主要岩石类型为正长岩、二长岩和石英二长岩。岩石地球化学研究表明其SiO2含量59. 08%~66. 52%, Al2O3= 15. 34%~21. 67%,A/CNK<1。属于准铝质中性岩范畴。全碱含量（Na2O+K2O）均在8%以上,在岩石的碱度率AR—SiO2图解上大多数样品落入碱性与过碱性区域,里特曼指数σ值从3. 73~10. 83均位于碱性或过碱性系列,属于碱性岩。岩体的微量元素以富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）如Rb、Ba和Sr等,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）如Ti、P、Nb和Ta等为特征。岩石稀土元素特征显示富集轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损重稀土元素（HREE）并且轻重稀土元素分馏比较明显的特征。除极个别样品外,岩石具有Eu负异常（δEu= 0. 35~0. 91）。通过对察哈尔右后旗古城正长岩体和河北尚义县八道沟富碱侵入岩体的高精度测年研究,获得其SHRIMP锆石U- Pb年龄分别为413. 2±3. 3~415. 0±5. 9 Ma和366. 8±5. 2~372. 3±4. 7 Ma,表明其均为古生代泥盆纪富碱侵入岩浆活动的产物。结合前人关于阴山—燕山北麓其它富碱侵入岩体（内蒙古固阳东高家村碱性正长岩体、黄合少碱性正长岩和冀北水泉沟碱性杂岩体 ）的研究成果,推断在华北克拉通北缘阴山—燕山北麓一带,可能存在一条东西方向展布的晚古生代泥盆纪富碱侵入岩带。根据该岩带岩石地球化学特征,以及Ta/Yb—Th/Yb与Zr/Nb—Zr/Nb—Y/Nb判别图推测其岩浆物质来源可能与富集地幔有关,按照成岩温压环境指示,其形成深度位置约为下地壳,岩浆上升侵位过程中明显受到地壳物质的混染。依据前人关于碱性岩特征的研究,结合本文研究岩体的岩石化学特征和及Rb—Nb+Y构造判别图解指示,推测岩体形成于张性构造环境,可能与古生代志留纪末兴蒙造山带南部发育的白乃庙岛弧带和华北克拉通发生弧—陆碰撞后的伸展背景相关。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.