塔里木河下游地下水位对植被的影响

对塔里木河下游断流河道2000~2002年9个地下水监测断面和18个植被样地的实地监测资料分析表明,地下水埋深对天然植被的组成、分布及长势有直接关系。地下水位的不断下降和土壤含水率大大丧失是引起塔里木河下游植被退化的主导因子。塔里木河下游的四次输水对其下游地下水位抬升起到了积极作用,河道附近地下水位呈逐级抬升过程,横向影响范围达1000 m左右,纵向上,表现为上段地下水抬升幅度较大 (达84%),下段抬升幅度较小 (6%)。随着地下水位的抬升,天然植被的响应范围由第一次输水后的200~250 m,扩展到第四次输水的800 m。     

塔里木河下游地下水抬升的地表植被恢复价值初探

基于塔里木河下游生态输水前后地下水动态变化和地表植被响应的长期监测资料,以输水后地下水动态变化引起的地表植被生物量差异为出发点,借鉴国内外生态经济价值量化的计算方法,从地表植被响应的生态经济价值和地下水抬升的潜在恢复价值来计算生态输水后植被恢复的地表生态经济价值。目的是为量化生态输水工程的恢复效益提供理论依据。结果显示:在塔里木河下游典型的考干断面,垂直河道方向为长的2 000 m、平行河道方向为宽的100 m的样带内,地下水位出现了明显的抬升,水位抬升幅度以河道为中心由近到远逐渐降低,这点突出地反映在以柽柳灌丛为主的地表生物量的明显变化上。根据5年的河道区间耗水量资料,计算出该区间100 m宽的样带因输水而投入的水资源价值为0.65×104元,而输水后从地表植被生物量变化引起的地表生态响应价值为1.119×104元,投入产出比为1?1.72;地下水抬升的潜在经济价值是3.741×104元,总的投入产出比为:1?7.477,表明输水有显著的生态效益。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对沙漠化逆转的影响

塔里木河下游是我国沙漠化最严重的地区之一。由于人类不合理的资源开发, 导致320km河道断流、大面积湿地消失、地下水位大幅度下降、天然植被全面衰败, 沙漠化程度加重。作者结合塔里木河下游生态输水和近3a的实地监测资料, 分析输水前后塔里木河下游典型地区沙漠化程度的变化, 并就生态输水对塔里木河下游沙漠化逆转的影响进行了讨论。结果表明, 生态输水后, 河道附近地下水位大幅度抬升, 植被种类和盖度明显增加, 部分地区沙漠化得到逆转。从实现逆转的沙漠化土地的空间分布看, 在纵横两个方向上表现出明显的变化规律, 在纵向上表现为上游土地沙漠化逆转的强度和范围较下游大; 在横向上, 表现为距输水河道越近变化越明显的特点。考虑到输水影响范围较小, 建议对现行的输水方式和输水规模进行适当调整。     

塔里木河下游近20 a输水的生态效益监测分析

自2000年实施以抬升地下水位、拯救塔里木河下游"绿色走廊"、遏制生态持续恶化为目的的生态输水工程以来,截至2020年,已向塔里木河下游实施生态输水21次,累计输水量达84.45×10~8m~3。近20 a的监测结果分析显示:(1)在距河道100 m处,塔里木河下游的上段、中段、下段的地下水位埋深由输水前期2000年的7.76 m、9.31 m、7.82 m抬升至2020年的3.70 m、4.48 m、2.69 m,平均抬升幅度为4.06 m、4.83 m、5.13 m;在500 m处,地下水位埋深分别由输水前的8.21 m、9.45 m、9.08 m抬升至6.61 m、5.46 m、3.82 m。生态输水对塔里木河下游的上、中、下3个区段地下水位的影响范围均达到了1050 m,分别抬升了2.69 m、1.38 m、1.59 m。(2)地表水体面积由输水前的49.00 km~2扩大到2019年的498.54 km~2,尾闾湖泊—台特玛湖"死而复活",地表水体面积达到455.27 km~2。(3)输水后,地表生态响应敏感,在距河道2000 m范围内,塔里木河下游高植被覆盖度、归一化植被指数(ND-VI)、植被净初级生产力(NPP)、植被总初级生产力(GPP)分别增加了132 km~2、0.07、7.6 g C·m~(-2)和1221 g C·m~(-2)·季~(-1)。(4)输水对塔里木河下游地表植被的影响和改善面积达到1423 km~2,生态系统服务价值和功能大幅增加,碳汇区域由2001年占研究区的1.54%增长至2020年的7.80%,生态系统健康程度和生态恢复力大幅提升,土壤碳汇能力增加。近20 a的生态输水大幅抬升了塔里木河下游地下水位,沿河两岸以胡杨为主体的荒漠河岸林植被得到拯救和复壮,地表植被覆盖度增加,塔里木河下游生态退化趋势基本得到遏制。     

塔里木河下游输水与生态保育

从2000年5月至2002年7月塔里木河向下游4次输水所引起的地表植被的变化来看,生态输水后,植被响应明显,在距离河道150m范围内,草本植被重新萌发,种类也明显增加,乔灌木植被反应更加明显,出现了胡杨实生苗。在150～350m范围内,地下水没有达到草本植被生长所需要的水位,灌木和胡杨林对这一水位反应明显。在350～750m范围内,地下水位一般抬升1～3m,只能满足成年胡杨和个别种的柽柳生长,个别洼地可以发现零星的草本植被。到750m以后,与输水前的植被几乎没有变化。因此,可以认为750m是塔里木河下游生态输水的最大影响宽度。     

塔里木河下游生态输水条件下胡杨林生态系统恢复研究

基于文献阅读,对塔里木河下游生态输水条件下胡杨林生态系统的恢复响应进行了讨论分析。生态输水显著抬升了地下水位,降低了地下水矿化度与土壤干旱指数,有效改善了塔里木河下游胡杨林生态系统的生境;胡杨复壮明显,距河道50 m胡杨冠幅最大增长达511.20%,距河道500 m内胡杨枯枝比平均小于0.15。输水后,下游胡杨树干径向生长平均增加62.80%,以胡杨为建群种的下游荒漠河岸林植被面积从2000年的492 km~2增加到2020年的1423 km~2,其中,低、中、高覆盖度植被面积分别增加20.80%、448.00%和190.00%;下游生态环境与植被群落对输水响应敏感,随输水量变化响应波动;现有输水模式因缺乏面上水文过程而难以保障下游胡杨林的有效更新,胡杨种群历经输水20 a依然保持"倒金字塔"型的退化龄级结构,并出现显著的性比偏雄与性别空间分异;胡杨群落依然处于恢复演替的初级阶段且不稳定,下游生态系统退化态势尚未彻底扭转。基于研究综述,探讨了塔里木河下游生态恢复中存在的问题,提出"优化输水方案,扩大受水面积和采取更加积极的恢复措施"的建议。     

塔里木河下游胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应

 以塔里木河下游的胡杨径向生长量为研究对象,借鉴树木年轮水文学的方法,采用单因素方差分析方法,从数理统计学的角度分析了胡杨径向生长量对生态输水的响应过程。结果表明: ①距离河道300 m范围内,生态输水前后及输水期间各年份之间,胡杨的径向生长量在0.001的水平上差异极显著,胡杨对生态输水的响应非常积极; ②距离河道300 m范围外,胡杨的径向生长量在0.05的水平上差异不显著,胡杨对生态输水的响应不积极; ③线性的生态输水只是缓解了河道附近植被的衰退,改善了局部生态环境,却无法从根本上缓解整个塔里木河下游生态环境的恶化,塔里木河下游的生态环境呈现出局部改善、整体恶化的趋势。     

近20 a塔里木河下游输水对生态环境的影响

塔里木河下游是新疆生态环境问题比较突出的地区。为改善该地区恶化的生态环境,国家自2000年起向塔里木河下游实施了18次以生态建设和环境保护为目的的生态输水工程。近20 a来,塔里木河下游地下水位随输水次数增加呈不断上升趋势,生态植被不断修复,生态环境逐步好转。尤其是2017年实施第18次生态输水后,下输水量及其影响范围取得较大突破,引起社会高度关注。通过近20 a的断面来水监测资料,从水量、水质、地下水变化、植被恢复等方面,初步分析输水对生态环境的影响。同时,对前人研究的成果进行梳理和延展,使其对今后塔里木河下游的生态调度和科学管理起到指导作用。经分析得出以下结论：（1）虽然生态输水量基本都补给了生态植被和河道两侧的地下水,但持续性输水才是保证下游脆弱的生态环境稳定好转的根本途径。（2）输水使下游生态环境得到改善,现生态植被正在恢复,地下水位逐步抬升,地下水质明显好转。（3）采用汛期输水和间歇机动式调度,可使输水效益达到最大化。     

基于树轮的塔里木河下游生态输水对胡杨生长特征影响研究

采用树木年轮和稳定同位素技术,分析了2000—2015年生态输水对塔里木河下游胡杨树木轮宽指数和树轮稳定碳同位素比率(δ~(13)C)的影响,探讨了生态输水与胡杨生长的关系。研究结果表明:(1)胡杨生长与生态输水量有着密切关系。受生态输水影响,塔里木河下游上段英苏断面胡杨轮宽指数和树轮δ~(13)C经历了3个阶段:在最初前4 a(2000—2003年)的输水过程中,胡杨生长响应十分敏感,胡杨轮宽指数和树轮δ~(13)C呈增加趋势,其平均值分别为1.52和-26.70‰;但在2004—2009年,随着生态输水量的逐渐减少,胡杨轮宽指数和树轮δ~(13)C逐渐下降,分别较2000—2003年平均减少了28.83%和2.41%;当2010—2015年生态输水重新稳定后,胡杨轮宽指数和树轮δ~(13)C也逐渐增加并趋于稳定。(2)输水时间与胡杨生长有着密切关系。胡杨生长与生长年(前一年9月—当年8月)、生长季(4—8月)和前一生长年(前一年4月—当年3月)生态输水相关性最高,与自然年(1—12月)生态输水相关性不显著。其中,2008年自然年(1—12月)没有下泄生态水,2009年(1—12月)虽然有输水,但因2009年生长季、生长年和前一生长年均没有生态水补给,导致胡杨轮宽指数和树轮δ~(13)C在2009年降至2000—2015年的最低值,分别为0.76和-27.50‰,较2003年分别降低了61.18%和3.14%。(3)根据研究结果,推导出生态输水促进胡杨生长的作用机理:塔里木河下游的生态输水有效抬升了地下水位,改善了胡杨生长的水分环境,提升了胡杨水分利用效率,从而增加光合累积产物,最终促进了树木的生长。但生态输水对地下水埋深、胡杨生长的影响具有滞后效应,滞后时间约为1 a。为维持荒漠河岸林的有效恢复与重建,建议塔里木河下游生态输水最好在植物生长季实施。     

塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水埋深变化的影响

地下水是维系荒漠河岸植被生存、生长的关键因子,对于退化植被的恢复具有重要的意义。结合塔里木河下游生态输水过程中地下水埋深的实测数据,详尽分析了2000—2020年地下水埋深的时空变化及对生态输水的响应。监测结果显示:在生态输水条件下,塔里木河下游河道两侧地下水埋深大幅抬升。(1)在纵向上,自上游段的英苏、中游段的喀尔达依,至下游段的依干不及麻,在距河道100 m处,地下水埋深分别由输水前的7.76 m、9.31 m、7.82 m抬升至3.70 m、4.48 m和2.69 m;在距河道300 m处,地下水埋深分别由输水前的8.09 m、9.15 m、8.25 m抬升至4.53 m、5.00 m和3.29 m;在距河道500 m处,地下水埋深分别由输水前的8.21 m、9.45 m、9.08 m抬升至6.61 m、5.46 m和3.82 m。(2)在垂直于河道方向上,根据地下水井监测数据,生态输水对塔里木河下游的上、中、下3个区段地下水位的影响范围均达到了1050 m,分别抬升了2.69 m、1.38 m、1.59 m。(3)生态输水前期(2000—2009年),上、中段地下水位抬升迅速,2009年以后,下游段依干不及麻地下水位抬升幅度明显高于英苏(0.88～4.65 m)和喀尔达依(0.53～4.07 m)。并且,70.5%监测井地下水位波动趋于稳定,说明间歇性的生态输水有助于抬高地下水埋深,是地下水补给的主要来源,对于维持地下水较高水位的动态平衡具有一定的促进作用。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.