近30 年渤海水文和气象状况的长期变化及其相互关系

利用线性回归方法对渤海和北黄海西部沿岸 7个海洋站 1 965— 1 997年实测海洋表层水温和盐度及地面气温和降水等 4个水文气象要素的长期变化趋势作了分析 ,得出渤海在这 32年期间海表温度年变率为 0 .0 1 5℃ /a ,由此推算得出 32年升高 0 .48℃ ;海表盐度年变率为 0 .0 4 2 /a ,32年升高 1 .34;气温年变率为 0 .0 34℃ /a ,32年升高 1 .0 9℃ ;降水年变率为- 2 .73mm/a,32年减少 87mm。这 4个要素之间及其与厄尔尼诺指数之间的超前 /滞后线性回归分析表明 ,海温与气温的年际变化相关关系最密切 ,相关系数达到 76.5 % ,置信度高于0 .99。其次是盐度与降水 ,它们之间亦有良好关系。同年盐度和降水之间的相关系数为- 43.6% ,盐度落后降水一年时相关系数为 - 39.2 % ,置信度均高于 0 .95。由此可推知 ,盐度变化平均落后降水约半年。渤海水文气象状况变化与厄尔尼诺有一定关系 ,其中以降水与厄尔尼诺关系最密切 ,1 982— 1 983年厄尔尼诺期间渤海气温和水温较高 ,降水显著偏少且海水盐度显著偏高。     

皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)和杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)遗传多样性的RAPD研究

于 2 0 0 1年 8月— 2 0 0 2年 7月 ,选用 2 0条能产生清晰可重复扩增产物的随机引物 ,对皱纹盘鲍 (HaliotisdiscushannaiIno)、杂色鲍 (HaliotisdiversicolorReeve)进行了RAPD分析 ,共检测到 2 1 3个位点 ,在群体之间和个体之间都存在差异。利用PopGen32软件计算各群体扩增位点的多态性比例、群体遗传杂和度和群体间的遗传距离 ,多态比例分别为 43.66%、5 3 0 5 % ,2个群体的平均杂合度为 0 .1 5 5 7、0 .1 686。结果表明皱纹盘鲍与杂色鲍的亲缘关系较远。     

大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)生物学特性的初步研究

根据 2 0 0 1年 6月 1 6日— 1 0月 2 7日大西洋中部金枪鱼延绳钓渔场现场所作的生物学测定数据 ,应用统计与回归的方法分别对黄鳍金枪鱼 (Thunnusalbacares)的性腺成熟度、摄食等级、摄食种类、性比、叉长分布、叉长与纯重的关系、叉长与原条鱼重的关系、原条鱼重与纯重的关系等进行了研究。结果表明 ,( 1 )性腺成熟度Ⅵ级占的比例最高 ,为 47.0 6%。 ( 2 )摄食等级以 1级为主 ,其次为 0级 ,分别占 45 .45 %和 1 8.1 8%。 ( 3)胃含物中以鱿鱼出现的频率为最高 ,占 44 44% ,其次是沙丁鱼和杂鱼 ,分别占 2 7.78%和 2 5 .0 0 %。 ( 4 )雄性与雌性的性比约为 1 .43比 1。 ( 5 )优势叉长为 1 .31— 1 .47m ,占 31 .44% ,平均叉长为 1 39m。 ( 6)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼叉长 (FL)与纯重 (DW)的关系可表达为 :DW =5 .6632× 1 0 - 6FL3 1 951 。( 7)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼叉长 (FL)与原条鱼重 (RW)的关系分别为 :RW =8.5 0 72× 1 0 - 6FL3.1 390 、RWM=1 .1 2 2 9× 1 0 - 5 FLM3.0 847、RWF=7.1 71 1× 1 0 - 6FLF3 1 72 1 。 ( 8)不分性别、雄性和雌性黄鳍金枪鱼原条鱼重 (RW)与纯重 (DW)的关系分别为 :RW =1 .1 339DW、RWM =1 .1 32 0DWM、RWF=1 1 399DWF。     

台湾海峡海域细菌产量、生物量及其在微食物环中的作用

分别于 1 997年 8月 1 0— 1 9日 ,1 998年 2月 2 0日— 3月 7日 ,对台湾海峡进行现场调查 ,在 2 0个站位取得水文、化学和生物学综合参数 ,采用改进的3H 胸苷组入DNA法测定细菌产量 ,采用DAPI( 4’ 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole)染色法测定细菌生物量 ,并研究了细菌对葡萄糖的吸收。结果表明 ,1 .夏季台湾海峡南部细菌产量的平均值为 0 .0 9μgC/(L·h) ,冬季海峡北部各站位细菌产量的平均值为 0 .0 4 7μgC/(L·h) ,比夏季北部海区低约 5 0 %。 2 .夏季各站位表层水有相对较高的细菌生物量 ( 9.97— 2 3.1 6μgC/L)。 3.夏季海峡南部细菌生物量受水团的影响显著 ,冬季北部海区上层水体的生物量比夏季南部海区生物量高 ( 1 1 .40— 2 5 .77μgC/L)。 4.细菌产量和生物量的时空分布受多种环境因素和生物过程的影响。 5 .细菌对葡萄糖的最大潜在吸收能力较低 [Vmax=0 .0 0 1 8μgC/(L·h) ],对葡萄糖的周转率 (Tr)为 0 .6% /d。     

VC对河蟹血清和组织中超氧化物歧化酶及磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了饲料中添加不同含量VC 对河蟹体内超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)和酸性磷酸酶 (ACP)活性的影响 .结果表明 ,饲料中不添加VC 时 ,河蟹肝胰腺、卵巢、血清和肌肉各组织中SOD、ALP和ACP活性各异 ,其中SOD活性大小顺序为肝胰腺 >卵巢 >血清 >肌肉 ,ALP活性顺序为肝胰腺 >血清 >卵巢 >肌肉 ,而ACP活性则为肝胰腺 >血清 >肌肉 >卵巢 .饲料中VC 添加量分别 2 .5× 1 0 - 3 、5.0×1 0 - 3 、1 0 .0× 1 0 - 3 和 1 5.0× 1 0 - 3 (m m)时 ,与对照组相比 ,河蟹不同组织中SOD活性显著下降 (p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) ,而ALP、ACP这两种酶的活性却显著升高 (p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) .但它们的变化幅度不同 ,其中就肝胰腺、卵巢、血清和肌肉中SOD活性而言 ,VC 添加量为 1 5.0× 1 0 - 3 (m m )饲料组分别比对照组的低1 41 .3 4 %、1 2 5.94%、1 1 6.67%和 1 1 5.79%;ALP活性 ,VC 添加量为 1 0 .0× 1 0 - 3(m m)饲料组分别比对照组高 93 .0 %、77.5%、1 66.3 %和 2 66.4%;ACP活性 ,VC的添加量为 1 5.0× 1 0 - 3 (m m)饲料组分别比对照组高 1 3 0 .7%、2 3 7.4%、43 7.6%和 2 65.5%.饲料中VC 添加量为 (5.0～ 1 0 .0 )× 1 0 - 3 (m m )时 ,可有效地增强河蟹非特异性免疫能力 .此外 ,本实验还就VC     

厦门杏林虾池夏冬季微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力

20 0 0年 8月和 2 0 0 1年 2月 ,在杏林虾池用稀释法研究了微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力 .结果表明 :砂壳纤毛虫、甲壳类无节幼体是微型浮游动物的优势种 ;浮游植物生长率夏季为 0 .40～ 1 .0 1 /d、冬季为 0 .1 8～ 0 .96/d ;浮游动物的摄食率夏季为 0 .578～ 1 .3 2 4/d、冬季为 0 .2 0 4～ 0 .2 55/d ;日摄食率 (以C计 )夏季为 1 9.1 7～89.51mg/(m3·d)、冬季为 3 .3 2～ 7.2 3mg/(m3·d) ,各占浮游植物现存量的 43 .90 %～ 73 .40 %、1 8.43 %～ 2 2 .51 %;对初级生产力的摄食压力夏季为 1 1 5.2 3 %～1 93 .52 %、冬季为 3 7.47%～ 1 1 1 .3 1 %.     

三亚湾珊瑚礁海区微型浮游动物种群组成和摄食研究

采用现场稀释法,以叶绿素 a 为检测对象,利用 2006 年 4 月的调查资料对三亚湾珊瑚礁海区微型浮游动物的种群组成和摄食情况进行了研究.结果表明,区内微型浮游动物的组成以纤毛虫为主.微型浮游动物以 Tintinnopsis compressa, Tintinnopsis cylindrical, Tintinnidium semicilidium 三种纤毛虫为优势种,其中 Tintinnopsis 属纤毛虫是优势种群,有 38 种,占总纤毛虫种数的37.3 %.微型浮游动物的摄食率 ( g ) 在 1.28 ～ 2.37 d-1之间,平均值为 0.945 d-1;浮游植物瞬时增长率 ( k ) 为 0.26 ～ 1.44 d-1,平均值为 1.963 d-1;微型浮游动物对浮游植物现存量和初级生产力的摄食压力分别在 72.20 % ～90.65 % 和 113.31 % ～ 315.34 %,平均值分别为 84.56 % 和 177.05 %.三亚湾珊瑚礁海区内,微型浮游动物的摄食水平主要取决于水体中微型浮游动物和叶绿素a之间的相对数量关系.在控制浮游植物生长和转移浮游植物生产力方面微型浮游动物起着相当重要的作用,可以在一定程度上降低潜在的富营养化威胁.     

眼斑拟石首鱼早期幼鱼的饲料试验

本文报道用 1 .92万尾平均体重为 1 .4 2 g 尾的眼斑拟石首鱼 (Sciaenopsocelle tus)早期幼鱼 ,在 5个海上浮式网箱中分两个阶段用粉末型配合饲料与传统的鲜活饲料进行饲养效果对比试验 .试验期间表层海水温度范围 2 2 .9～ 30 .0℃ ,表层海水比重范围 1 .0 1 55～ 1 .0 2 0 1 .试验结果如下 :对照组 (喂鲜活饲料组 )和各试验组 (喂粉末型配合饲料组 )全长和体重、体长和体重、全长和体长关系式的差异都不大 ,对照组和试验组实验鱼的平均肥满度分别为 1 .4 8、1 .51 g cm3.粉末型配合饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 81 .5% ,全长平均增长率为 73.2 % ,体长平均增长率 79.6 % ,平均增重量为 2 7.5g 尾 ,平均增重率为 52 6 .9% ,总投饲量为 336 .2 6kg ,饲料系数的平均值为1 .0 7.鲜活饲料组鱼的平均成活率为 87.2 % ,全长平均增长率为 57.0 % ,体长平均增长率为 6 1 .4 % ,平均增重量为 1 9.0 g 尾 ,平均增重率为 377.6 % ,总投饲量为1 1 54.2 8kg ,平均饲料系数为 5.1 6 .粉末型配合饲料养殖效果的综合生物学评定值为 2 38% ( >1 0 0 % ) ,表明其养殖效果优于鲜活饲料     

水中矿物油荧光特性实验研究

为了实现现场测量地表水中矿物油含量的全光纤荧光计的研制。采用荧光光谱测量分析方法 ,于 1 999年 1 0月— 2 0 0 0年 5月 ,采集了国内外不同的地区原油和成品油共 2 3种 ,用1 4种不同波长的激发光激励 ,进行荧光光谱特性测量实验研究。同时 ,对不同浓度的矿物油、水混合液也进行了测量实验 ,得出其最低检测浓度为 0 .0 0 5mg/L ;测量了青岛近岸海域表层受油污染海水的含油量为 0 .0 1～ 0 .2 2mg/L ;此外对水中矿物油受激荧光发射原理也作了简述。并对水中矿物油荧光光谱特性、浓度与荧光强度的关系 ,以及为研制现场测量水中矿物油浓度的全光纤荧光计的可能性作出了结论性的意见     

冲绳海槽中段沉积岩芯碳酸盐和烧失量的古环境意义

对冲绳海槽中段 3个沉积岩芯碳酸盐和烧失量的系统分析得知 ,岩芯沉积物的CaCO3含量一般 >1 0 % ,最高含量接近 30 % ,烧失量大都在 1 0 %～ 30 %之间变化 ,反映了该海区处于溶跃面之上钙质生物极为发育的生物地球化学环境。结合δ1 8O曲线所反映的气候环境变化 ,探讨了 1 2 0kaB .P .以来碳酸盐旋回的“大西洋型”演变特点 ,同时对该区沉积地层中的火山热液活动印记作了一定的探讨。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,