GIS与Voronoi多边形在医疗服务设施地理可达性分析中的应用

地理可达性是研究评价各种服务设施布局及其服务域的重要指标之一,空间距离、交通便捷性、出行成本等是可达性测度的重要因子。由于医疗设施等公共设施通常以服务的公平性和覆盖性为目标,因此可定义居民点到最邻近医院的距离为地理可达性的测度。在此基础上,作者提出了基于GIS与Voronoi多边形的地理可达性计算方法。这一方法不仅将地理可达性分析中的空间点对之间的距离计算简化为空间查询,方便了GIS应用,而且计算的Voronoi多边形在本质上就是最邻近意义上医院的服务域,即服务域内各居民点到该医院的距离就是最邻近距离。此外结合人口分布等属性数据,还可深入分析各医院的服务承载力,本方法为医疗设施等公共服务设施的规划决策提供了重要的工具。     

The accessibility analysis of multiple public facilities in the central urban areas based on multi-transportation modes: A study in Chengdu

With the rapid development of social economy in Chengdu, it is of great significance to analyze the accessibility of a public facilities resources, and services in respective regions for the spatial planning of public facilities and the optimization of urban construction in Chengdu. Most existing studies only consider the accessibility of a single public facility under a single transportation mode studying facilities at the same level. In this research, with the consideration of all these factors mentioned above, an improved 3-step floating catchment area (3SFCA) model of multi-transportation modes is introduced to analyze the accessibility and spatial distribution of multiple types of public facilities under multiple traffic modes. The new model classifies the grade of public facilities and calculates the service accessibility of public facilities under the driving, public transport, cycling, and walking modes in the five dimensions of education, medical care, commerce, transportation, and leisure in the central urban areas of Chengdu. Through the comparative analysis of multiple models, we found that the improved 3SFCA can more accurately evaluate the accessibility of all dimensions of public facilities in central urban areas of Chengdu. The accessibility of compound public facilities in the central city is excellent. With the gradual expansion to the outward areas, the diversity and accessibility of compound public facilities gradually decreases. Furthermore, the accessibility distribution of public facilities in the study area is not balanced. The accessibility between the central urban areas and the marginal areas differs greatly and the spatial differentiation is substantial.     

Joint distribution of distances to the first and the second nearest facilities

This paper derives the joint distribution of the distances to the first and the second nearest points for regular and random patterns. Distance is measured as the Euclidean and the rectilinear distances on a continuous plane. The joint distribution extends the kth nearest distance distribution of previous works. The kth nearest distance distribution only shows how the distance to the kth nearest point is distributed, whereas the joint distribution provides the relationship between the distances. An application of the joint distribution can be found in a facility location problem with non-closest facility service where the distance to the second nearest facility is also important. The joint distribution that allows us to examine the first and the second nearest distances simultaneously is useful for evaluating the reliability of facility location when some of the existing facilities are closed. The joint distribution of the road network distances is also obtained to confirm that the model on a continuous plane can be applied to actual road networks.     

基于引力可达性的公共服务设施公平性分析模型——以福建长汀为例

公共服务设施的完善配套已成为社会文明进步的标志,其空间分布的公平程度深刻影响着城市居民的居住环境和生活质量。本文引入了威布尔的引力模型,借助Arc GIS软件平台,尝试构建基于引力可达性指数的公共服务设施公平性分析模型,并以福建长汀为例进行了实证研究,以期为公共服务设施规划提供实用的分析方法和技术支撑。     

河南省高速交通网通达性时空特征及演化规律

针对河南省高速公路建设对城市通达性影响问题,该文通过定义时间阈值,设计了基于人口加权时间距离倒数的通达性指数,在4个时间断面上,研究河南省高速交通网络中通达性时空特征及演化规律,时间距离倒数有效减小了多路径时间距离对分析结果的数字影响。结果表明,随着河南高速交通网络的拓展,城市通达性水平得到了显著的提升,空间收敛显著,边缘城市的提升始终高于中心区域城市;高速公路通车里程增长率与通达性水平的改善存在非协调现象;城市通达性的空间聚集现象震荡走弱,聚集区域减少;城市通达性空间分布变化规律和城市化人口变化规律逐渐趋于协调。     

Measuring differential access to facilities between population groups using spatial Lorenz curves and related indices

Access to certain types of facilities can promote health and well‐being. When population and facilities are not uniformly distributed across the landscape, inequities in accessibility may occur. Current research into GIS‐based accessibility measures has focused primarily on spatial inequities between different geographic locations but not directly on differences in accessibility between subgroups of the population. The research presented here develops a new method for measuring differential accessibility to facilities between various segments of the population. The method extends concepts and techniques in spatial point pattern analysis that account for the spatial structure of demand and its relationship to supply. In this approach, the traditional Lorenz curve and its associated indices, the Gini coefficient and the dissimilarity index, which are used to measure inequality, are recast in spatial terms for measuring differences in accessibility between population subgroups. An analysis of spatial accessibility to grocery stores in Akron, OH illustrates the value of the spatial Lorenz curve and its associated indices compared to other methods.     

Evaluating urban public facilities of Shenzhen by application of open source data

Abstract

This article applies open source data of public facilities through data mining, not only to evaluate the public facilities from an objective dimension, but also to reflect the sensory opinions of the group factually, eventually realizing the evaluation measurement of urban public facilities. The research takes Shenzhen city as an empirical case and chooses typical public facilities to mine data, resolve address and weight to explore the application of public facilities evaluation under dimension reduction of open source data. The empirical study consists of three parts. First, as the objective evaluation, we estimate the density distribution and per capita of public facility through data mining and address resolution. Second, as the subjective evaluation, we carry on the location analysis to high-score public facility through attention and satisfaction data of Internet evaluation. Finally, as mentioned above, we calculate the weight of objective and subjective evaluation of public facility, eventually formatting the comprehensive evaluation of public facilities.     

无障碍设施空间布局核密度热点探测和空间自相关分析——以北京市核心区室外公共空间为例

城市无障碍设施在区域空间中往往呈现聚集分布的特征,通常利用核密度估计方法分析总体空间分布形态,研究区域空间分布的数量差异,探测分布热点;同时通过分析无障碍设施空间自相关性特征,反映无障碍设施服务的聚集特点。将空间分析方法引入到无障碍环境评估当中,可以优化无障碍环境发展空间。结果表明,北京市核心区无障碍设施总体呈现出“多核分布”的态势。无障碍设施的总体分布存在空间差异性,局部无障碍设施空间分布存在聚集特性。     

基于GIS的公共图书馆空间可达性分析

图书馆是公共文化服务的重要资源,其空间分布对城市科技文化服务能力具有重要影响.对公共图书馆的资源配置、空间分布现状进行研究,以期能为相关部门提供决策支持.以北京市主城区为例,采用高斯两步移动搜寻法,从供需角度定量分析了研究区内基于自驾和公共交通出行方式下的公共图书馆空间可达性.出行时间通过调用准确度更高的百度地图API...     

PPGIS在无障碍公共设施选址中的应用研究

分析了无障碍公共设施建设的现状,提出PPGIS在无障碍公共设施选址中的思路,详细描述了基于PPGIS的无障碍公共服务设施参与系统的建立,并介绍基于此系统采集的数据与区位配置模型结合用于无障碍公共服务设施选址的技术路线,最后总结了本文的研究意义。     

Mapping the spatial disparities in urban health care services using taxi trajectories data

The understanding of spatial inequality in health care services is critical for reasonable policy‐making and management. In this study, we present a novel approach to analyze the demand–supply of health care services using taxi data. Taxi data provide observations of individual travel activities, and hence can be used to characterize the actual demand–supply of health care services. We apply the proposed approach in Guangzhou, China to carry out a case study. The results show the spatial disparities in health care service access. About 21.05% of the total population has high hospital accessibility, while the remaining 78.95% has relatively low hospital accessibility (i.e., roughly an “80/20” distribution). It is found that 6.29% of the population lives in high‐density suburban communities but has relatively low hospital accessibility. Most of the hospitals serve a population that is compatible with their capacity. One hospital is found to have a small capacity but to serve a large population, while two hospitals have relatively high capacities but serve small populations. These findings can help improve our understanding of spatial inequalities in public service provision, and may also provide useful information to address the health care problems of an aging population in contemporary, rapidly urbanizing China.     

基于时空影响因子的未来社区生活圈公共服务设施优化配置北大核心CSCD

公共服务设施作为社区生活圈的核心内容,直接决定了社区生活圈的生活品质。对社区公共服务设施建设情况进行量化评价,并对设施建设的未来规划提供科学决策支持逐渐成为规划者和决策者的一大难题。本文通过ArcGIS工具对POI数据进行处理、统计和可视化,在总结他人社区生活圈量化评价方法的基础上,结合温州本地特色,搭建了一套社区生活圈公共服务设施评价模型。利用该模型可对各类社区进行综合评分和分级,并根据模型评分结果挖掘公共服务设施未来优化方向。此外,还实现了社区生活圈评分的动态计算与展示,为社区服务设施建设选址、路网建设与公共服务设施建设优先级评定等提供决策支持。既可帮助规划者和决策者快速建立对整个区域生活圈建设现状的量化认知,又可助力公共服务设施的优化配置,为社区生活圈公共服务品质评价与提升探寻全新的思路与方法。     

Spatial and temporal variations of spatial population accessibility to public hospitals: a case study of rural–urban comparison

Quantification and assessment of nationwide population access to health-care services is a critical undertaking for improving population health and optimizing the performance of national health systems. Rural–urban unbalance of population access to health-care services is widely involved in most of the nations. This unbalance is also potentially affected by varied weather and road conditions. This study investigates the rural and urban performances of public health system by quantifying the spatiotemporal variations of accessibility and assessing the impacts of potential factors. Australian health-care system is used as a case study for the rural–urban comparison of population accessibility. A nationwide travel time-based modified kernel density two-step floating catchment area (MKD2SFCA) model is utilized to compute accessibility of travel time within 30, 60, 120, and 240 min to all public hospitals, hospitals that provide emergency care, and hospitals that provide surgery service, respectively. Results show that accessibility is varied both temporally and spatially, and the rural–urban unbalance is distinct for different types of hospitals. In Australia, from the perspective of spatial distributions of health-care resources, spatial accessibility to all public hospitals in remote and very remote areas is not lower (and may even higher) than that in major cities, but the accessibility to hospitals that provide emergency and surgery services is much higher in major cities than other areas. From the angle of temporal variation of accessibility to public hospitals, reduction of traffic speed is 1.00–3.57% due to precipitation and heavy rain, but it leads to 18–23% and 31–50% of reduction of accessibility in hot-spot and cold-spot regions, respectively, and the impact is severe in New South Wales, Queensland, and Northern Territory during wet seasons. Spatiotemporal analysis for the variations of accessibility can provide quantitative and accurate evidence for geographically local and dynamic strategies of allocation decision-making of medical resources and optimizing health-care systems both locally and nationally.     

农村中小学布局调整之空间可达性分析——以河南省巩义市初级中学为例

中小学布局调整是教育主管部门面临的一项重要任务,涉及教育资源的公平分配和合理利用,影响到义务教育法的落实和实施.在探讨中小学布局调整原理与方法的基础上,使用地理信息系统(GIS)技术建立人口分布、学校分布和交通条件等数据库,计算空间可达性指标,定量分析每一个居住区位学生上学的便捷程度,评估教育资源的空间分布差异,为学校布局规划提供重要的参考依据.使用比例模型、最近距离模型、机会积累模型、重力模型和改进重力模型,以巩义市初级中学为例,揭示学校分布与人口分布之间的关系,期望为农村中小学布局调整提供评估方法和规划依据.案例研究发现:农村义务教育在资源配置、最近入学距离、择校机会、供需平衡方面仍有一定的不均衡性.建议使用GIS和空间可达性指标评估中小学布局调整的公平性;进一步探索学生择校的空间规律,并使用Huff模型模拟学校与学生的最佳配置,为布局调整奠定定量分析基础.     

基于细粒度人口数据的深圳公园绿地可达性评价

公园绿地是城市公共基础设施的重要组成部分,公园合理的空间布局有助于城市居民便捷和公平地享用其服务功能。根据深圳市建筑普查数据和细粒度的人口数据提取住房信息,结合公园绿地数据和土地利用情况,针对不同类型公园的服务能力分别采用合适的可达性计算方法,从住房、社区和街道三个尺度评价深圳公园绿地可达性,结果表明:社区公园可达性一般,仅57.62%的社区的居民步行500 m以内能到达最近的社区公园;城市公园可达性总体较好,95.87%的社区市民步行前往最近城市公园所需时间在20 min以内。然而,大鹏半岛无城市公园,且多为自然生态保护区,市民到达城市公园所需时间长。社区公园可达性好的区域呈带状分布于深圳南部各区,城市公园高可达性区域呈多核围绕在各区行政中心。     

重庆两江新区道路空间格局变化特征及匹配性分析(2010-2018)

以多期遥感影像和地理国情普查及监测成果为基础,基于遥感和GIS平台,提取道路网络矢量数据。利用ArcGIS密度分析工具生成道路网络密度图,分析两江新区2010年设立以来路网空间格局变化特征。基于可达性计算方法以及分级统计分析方法,分析道路网络与机场、港口、医院、学校等基础公共服务设施的匹配程度,探求新区路网空间格局变化趋势及其存在问题,为新区规划提供建议。     

Optimizing the spatial relocation of hospitals to reduce urban traffic congestion: A case study of Beijing

Traffic congestion represents an ongoing serious issue in many large cities. Many public facilities, such as hospitals, tend to be centrally located to ensure they are most accessible to local residents; as a result, they may contribute significantly to a city's traffic congestion. In this study, a multi‐objective spatial optimization model was provided to help formulate hospital relocation plans, taking into account both traffic congestion and hospital accessibility. Using intra‐urban movement data, we proposed a method to estimate the area‐wide traffic congestion caused by hospital visits and to identify potential hospitals to be relocated. An NSGA‐II (Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) algorithm was applied to solve the hospital relocation optimization problem; we applied our model to study optimal hospital relocation plans in Beijing. Analysis results provide a tradeoff between traffic congestion relief and hospital accessibility. We discussed plans that significantly reduce traffic congestion while maintaining a high level of hospital accessibility. Our study has significant policy implications and provides insights for future facility planning and transportation planning.     

改进G2SFCA的深圳市室内应急避难场所空间可达性研究

以深圳市为研究区,在考虑距离衰减效应的重力型两步移动搜索法（gravity two-step floating catchment area method,G2SFCA）基础上,引入Huff模型,并考虑需求点位置要素及地形要素,分别从供给点竞争、需求点定位、路网距离优化三方面对G2SFCA进行改进,并采用改进的G2SFCA对深圳市室内应急避难场所空间可达性进行研究。实验结果表明,改进的G2SFCA不仅能很好地揭示深圳市各社区室内应急避难场所的空间可达性,而且也能有效反映避难场所可达性与人口密度分布的空间匹配规律,较其他模型更符合现实情况;已建成室内应急避难场所数量、容纳人口及空间可达性的统计与分析结果真实、可靠,相关结论可为深圳市未来的防灾工作以及室内应急避难场所的空间规划与建设提供参考。     

基于GIS的邯郸市医疗服务设施可达性分析

通过网络POI收集和地图截取手段获取邯郸市主城区范围内的居民点、医疗服务设施、路网数据,结合GIS的网络分析技术和改进的潜能模型对城市医疗服务设施可达性进行综合分析。结果表明,邯郸市的医疗设施资源分布主要集中在城市中心区、南部和东北部片区,在西南和北部城区医疗设施资源较少,且3种医疗设施可达性的分布差异较大。本文的结果对于医疗设施布局和规划具有重要的参考意义。     

Modeling relationships between the network distance and travel time dynamics for assessing equity of accessibility to urban parks

Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time (ATT) models. Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Time (TT), these models lead to unperceived temporal inequities. In contrast to the consideration of the temporal Variation of TT (VTT) in the previous studies, the variation of traffic- related TT and its relations with network distance has not been considered. In this study, relations between VTT and network distance to access urban parks in Tehran megacity has been modeled. Traffic maps at five times of day are used to produce TT maps of Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) to their 3-closest parks. Comparison of the Gini coefficients of accessibility show significant inequities of accessibility at different times of day. Relations between the distance, ATT, and TTmax are modeled by statistical analysis. Results show both TT and TTmax have significant positive relations with distance and traffic and reach their maximum at 6 p.m. Observation of significant relations between distance, ATT, TTmax, and VTT provides interesting knowledge for the conversion of temporal measures of equity (TT) to a physical measure of equity (distance). A simple application of these findings for effective management of the spatiotemporal inequities is the definition of critical distances from public services. As an example, to decrease the TTmax of TAZs to less than 12 min, their maximum distance to the closest parks should be less than 4 km. The developed approach can be adopted for the accessibility evaluation of the other public services, particularly the health and education centers.