云南格咱岛弧斑岩-矽卡岩铜、钼（金）矿床成矿系统

格咱岛弧带是西南三江多岛弧盆系中一个主要的地质构造单元,它始于晚三叠世甘孜—理塘洋壳的向西俯冲,燕山期经历了陆内汇聚和造山后伸展作用阶段,区内岩浆活动和成矿作用强烈,是近年来新发现的重要铜多金属成矿带。根据区内岩浆岩和矿床的时空分布,同位素年代学证据,构造环境及成矿作用,将格咱岛弧成矿系统划分为印支期成矿亚系统和燕山期成矿亚系统。印支期主要发育了与安山岩同源的壳幔型中酸性岩浆作用,形成斑岩型Cu矿成矿系统,燕山期伴随着同碰撞中酸性岩浆活动形成斑岩型Mo(Cu)及热液型W(Mo)成矿系统。研究表明,格咱岛弧深部找矿具有较好的资源潜力,其中燕山期Mo多金属成矿已显现出良好的找矿前景。     

云南香格里拉红山地区多金属矿床特征及成矿模式

红山铜钼铅锌银金多金属矿区位于扬子西缘多岛—弧—盆系之印支期义敦岛弧带内.矿区主要出露上三叠统曲嘎寺组地层,岩浆活动强烈.燕山晚期酸性岩浆活动是该区多金属矿床形成的主要成矿作用,并有后期成矿作用叠加复合成矿.并依据矿化、蚀变及成矿的分带性特征,初步建立起斑岩—矽卡岩—热液脉型的综合成矿模式.     

陕西黄龙铺—河南栾川地区钼矿床地质特征及控矿因素

本文对陕西省黄龙铺—河南省栾川钼矿带区域成矿背景作了简述。在矿带内分出了金堆城—黄龙铺、夜长坪—银家沟、南泥湖—栾川三个钼矿集中区。将钼矿分为两个成矿系列（碱基性碳酸岩岩浆成矿系列,中酸性岩浆—热液成矿系列）,三种成因类型（碳酸岩脉型、斑岩型、矽卡岩型或斑岩—矽卡岩型）,四个成矿期次（海西—印支期碳酸岩脉型钼成矿期,燕山早期第一阶段矽卡岩型钼成矿期,燕山早期第二阶段—燕山晚期斑岩型钼成矿期,燕山晚期岩浆期后热液脉型成矿期）。以典型矿床（点）为例,配以大量的图、表,对不同类型的矿床特征作了介绍。总结了6条成矿规律,6条找矿标志,指出了10个找矿有利区。认为华北地台南缘地壳深部存在一个以钼为主的成矿元素“流体库”及岩浆源,成矿物质来源于地壳深部及上地幔。     

滇西北羊拉铜矿床研究中的几个问题

羊拉大型铜矿床位于滇西北德钦县,为金沙江构造带内的代表性矿床,其矿床成因和成矿模式尚未取得统一认识。本文从地层划分、岩浆岩及其构造背景、成矿物质和成矿流体来源、成矿时代与矿床成因等方面分析了研究进展,提出了"热水沉积-岩浆热液成矿-构造热液改造"成矿模式。海西期热水沉积作用提供部分成矿物质,但未形成规模铜矿体;晚印支期岩浆热液成矿作用为最主要成矿期,形成羊拉铜矿的接触交代型主矿体,其残余岩浆浅成就位形成石英斑岩脉及斑岩型矿体;燕山-喜山期构造热液改造成矿作用使不同矿体进一步富集或贫化,并错段矿体形成不同的矿段。     

滇西北红山铜矿床成矿流体地球化学特征及矿床成因

红山铜矿床为滇西北地区一大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,它产于印支期石英闪长玢岩及燕山期石英二长斑岩体内及其周边地层中,其形成经历了多期次热液叠加成矿作用过程.流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及碳、氢、氧稳定同位素综合研究表明,矿区早期成矿流体为中高温、高盐度NaCl-H2O体系热液,主要来源于印支晚期岛弧型岩浆活动,对区内矽卡岩型矿化形成起了重要作用;晚期成矿流体为中高温、高盐度NaCl-CO2-H2O体系热液,主要来源于隐伏的燕山期后造山伸展型花岗质岩浆侵入体,形成了区内斑岩型Cu、Mo及相关的Pb、Zn多金属矿化.因此,红山铜矿床是两期岩浆热液叠加成矿作用结果.     

内蒙古额尔古纳乌尔根矿田富碱斑岩体成因及构造启示:地质年代学和地球化学证据

乌尔根矿田主要由东珺浅成热液型银铅锌矿床和大加布果斯斑岩型钼矿床组成。野外地质调查揭示富碱斑岩岩浆热事件与浅成热液型银铅锌矿床时空关系密切,获得成矿期正长斑岩和成矿前石英二长斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄分别为125Ma和165 Ma。鉴于大加布果斯斑岩型钼矿床成矿时代为147 Ma,而东珺银铅锌矿床成矿作用发生在早白垩世,进而得出两者为相对独立成矿体系。岩石地球化学特征表明,正长斑岩和石英二长斑岩属偏铝质钾玄岩系列,与A型花岗岩特征相似。岩石富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素(HREE),Eu异常不显著(Eu/Eu^*=0.65～0.83),表明岩浆源自富集型岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,经历了分异结晶并遭受有限的地壳混染;暗示矿田岩浆-成矿作用与洋壳俯冲有关,结合区域地质背景和矿田相关研究认为中侏罗世矿田处于弧后引张环境,而晚侏罗世-早白垩世处于蒙古-鄂霍次克洋闭合之后的伸展环境。     

云南格咱岛弧地苏嘎成矿岩体I型花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

本文通过锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年法对云南格咱岛弧中部的地苏嘎成矿斑岩体中不含矿石英闪长玢岩和含矿两类石英闪长玢岩进行了年代学研究,获得了不含矿石英闪长玢岩(DSG-1)的形成年龄为203.03±0.54Ma,含矿石英闪长玢岩(DSG-2)的年龄分为两组217.25±0.89Ma和208.5±1.0Ma,限定了地苏嘎岩体的岩浆活动时限为217~203Ma,表明与成矿作用相关的热事件主要发生在208Ma。地苏嘎石英闪长玢岩的地球化学特征表明岩石具岛弧岩浆岩的特征,岩石富钠(Na2O/K2O=0.91~2.91,平均为1.65),准铝质(A/CNK=0.848~1.244,平均0.996),岩石富集轻稀土元素(LREE),La N/Yb N为9.44~26.09,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,K、Rb、Ba、Sr)和不相容元素(U、Th、Pb),亏损高场强元素(HFSE,Nb、Hf、P、Ti)。地苏嘎成矿岩体的成岩成矿时代均发生在印支晚期,区域构造演化和岩石地球化学特征反映岩体形成于岛弧构造环境,其形成与格咱岛弧印支期洋壳的俯冲作用密切相关。岩浆作用和成矿作用基本吻合,但岩浆作用的时限已接近燕山早期,说明云南格咱岛弧也存在燕山早期的岩浆活动,这对探讨格咱岛弧构造岩浆演化及成岩成矿作用的研究具有重要意义。     

钦-杭结合带斑岩型铜矿的基本地质特征及成因分析

钦-杭结合带是重要的斑岩铜矿带.斑岩铜矿在北、中、南三段均有产出,主成岩成矿年龄主要集中燕山期.钦-杭结合带与成矿有关的斑岩主要为钙碱性岩浆系列的中酸性岩,岩石类型主要为花岗闪长斑岩、花岗斑岩和次英安斑岩等,具有与新元古代岛弧火成岩类似微量元素特征.它们来源于软流圈的岩浆与中下地壳物质混合后部分熔融的结果,与受到过早期俯冲作用影响的岩石圈地幔有关,存在壳幔混染现象.钦-杭结合带燕山期的斑岩铜矿成岩成矿的动力学背景与太平洋板块俯冲关系密切,但斑岩和铜矿体在地球化学特征上显示出的具有弧岩浆作用特点,这与华南地区中生代构造转折事件发生以前的地质演化有关.钦-杭结合带的中酸性斑岩体来自于元古代岛弧底部玄武质岩石(下地壳)在中生代时期的部分熔融,本质上该类矿床带有岛孤俯冲环境的特征遗传.     

南岭与中生代花岗岩类有关的成矿作用及其大地构造背景

由于受到来自印支半岛的挤压,在华南内部发生了以碰撞-挤压-推覆-隆升为主的印支造山运动。南岭地区印支期花岗岩（240～205Ma）主要形成于碰撞及“后碰撞”（post-collision）的动力学环境,但没有造成大规模的金属成矿作用。南岭地区从燕山期进入后造山（post-orogeny）地球动力学环境。从花岗岩类的成矿学特征及其大陆动力学背景出发,尝试把燕山期划分为早、中,晚三期。南岭地区燕山早期（185～170Ma）出现了玄武质岩浆活动、双峰式岩浆活动、A型花岗岩及板内高钾钙碱性岩浆活动,反映了岩石圈的局部“伸展一裂解”和地幔物质的上涌,伴随Pb,Zn,Cu,Au成矿作用。燕山中期南岭地区岩石圈全面拉张一减薄,地幔上涌一玄武质岩浆底侵引发大规模的地壳熔融,导致大范围陆壳重熔型花岗岩的生成。该期的第一阶段（170～150Ma）以大规模花岗岩类侵位为主,第二阶段（150～140Ma）花岗岩类活动很少,却发生了W,Sn及其他稀有金属的大规模成矿作用。燕山晚期虽然是华南地区岩石圈全面发生裂解的时期,但由于受太平洋构造体系的影响,在南岭东端至东南沿海广大地区,燕山晚期（140～65Ma）出现了先挤压、后拉张的动力学背景,在100Ma前形成的钙碱性和橄榄安粗两个系列的岩浆活动,伴随Au,Ag,Pb—Zn,Cu,（Mo,Sn）等成矿作用。而在南岭地区,该时期花岗质火山-侵入杂岩及基性岩脉等广泛发育,有关的成矿作用以火山岩型U矿、斑岩型Sn矿,以及印支期花岗岩中的铀活化成矿作用为特征。     

西秦岭温泉钼矿床地质—地球化学 特征与成矿过程探讨

[摘 要]温泉钼矿床的形成与西秦岭造山带印支期碰撞造山事件和岩浆活动密切相关。西秦岭温泉钼矿床成因及成矿过程的研究成为揭示印支期秦岭造山带构造体制转换与大规模成矿关系的关键,对发展秦岭造山带印支期成矿理论和印支期花岗岩的成矿潜力评价以及找矿勘探都具有重要意义。本文在前人对温泉钼矿床区域地质和矿床地质研究的基础上,对该矿床的矿床地质-地球化学特征做了进一步的综合研究,结果表明温泉钼矿床成矿物质来源于花岗岩浆气水热液,成矿与印支晚期花岗质岩浆结晶分异过程中产生的岩浆热液活动密切相关;温泉钼矿床具备岩浆热液型矿床的地质特征,其成矿过程为:晚三叠世秦岭造山带发生由挤压向伸展转变的构造体制转换引起下地壳发生熔融形成富含Mo的花岗质岩浆,岩浆在结晶过程中冷凝分异出的成矿流体经充填和交代作用而使Mo 富集形成矿床     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.