冀北崇礼红旗营子岩群中镁铁质岩石地球化学和年代学研究:对华北克拉通新太古代晚期-古元古代早期大地构造演化的启示

崇礼地区红旗营子岩群位于华北克拉通北缘,该区红旗营子岩群的岩石组合、构造属性及时代归属对于探讨华北克拉通新太古代晚期－古元古代早期大地构造演化具有重要意义.本文对崇礼地区红旗营子岩群中的镁铁质岩石进行了野外、镜下岩相学、全岩地球化学、锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素分析,并讨论其对华北克拉通北缘新太古代晚期－古元古代早期地壳演化的指示意义.研究区红旗营子岩群中的镁铁质岩石以夹层产出于表壳岩中,主要由斜长角闪岩和斜长辉石角闪岩组成.红旗营子镁铁质岩石主量元素中SiO₂（40.17%~51.53%）、Na₂O（1.52%~3.47%）和K₂O（0.43%~1.23%）含量范围较大,具有较高的CaO（9.15%~12.68%）、MgO（5.90%~13.36%）和Al₂O₃（9.81%~20.92%）含量.镁铁质岩石轻稀土元素轻微富集,重稀土元素配分模式近平坦,大离子亲石元素Ba、U、K、Sr富集,高场强元素Th、Nb、Ta、Ti明显亏损.斜长角闪岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年显示207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄为2 477±23 Ma（MSWD=3.1）,上交点年龄为2 468±22 Ma,表明其形成于新太古代晚期－古元古代早期.斜长角闪岩锆石Hf同位素分析结果显示ε_Hf（t）为负值（-5.2~0）,一阶段模式年龄（T_DM1）为2 673~2 783 Ma,二阶段模式年龄（T_DM2）为2 880~3 074 Ma,均大于锆石的形成年龄,指示其来源于古老地壳物质的再循环.镁铁质岩石全岩地球化学分析结果显示其形成于岛弧相关环境.结合华北其他地区研究成果,本研究表明崇礼地区新太古代晚期－古元古代早期可能发生了一期与岛弧有关的岩浆事件.      

甘肃北山火石山哈尔根头口布花岗岩年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

首次利用锆石LAICPMS UPb法测得甘肃火石山东北部侵位于长城系、蓟县系以及志留系中的哈尔根头口布花岗岩形成于中泥盆世早期（同位素年龄为387.6±8.2Ma）,同时发现该花岗岩体内存在晚蓟县世产物（继承性锆石年龄1172±7Ma）。哈尔根头口布花岗岩体主要由钾长花岗岩、二长花岗岩、花岗岩组成,岩石具有高硅（SiO2含量为70.28％~79.4%）、富碱（Na2O＋K2O为6.52%~9.11%）、低铝（Al2O3含量为8.82%~14.05%）、低Sr（含量为40~150×10-6,平均为101.5×10-6）的特征、岩石的δ<3.3、A/CNK值为0.8~1.1,为钙碱性准铝质到弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素具有明显的LREE富集(LREE/HREE=2.89~16.4, LaN/YbN= 1.82~25.18)和Eu亏损,相对富集Rb、Th、Ce和Sm,而亏损Ta、Nb、Zr、Hf。综合分析认为该花岗岩为A型花岗岩,产于构造挤压向构造伸展转换的地质背景之中。     

内蒙古大青山地区古元古代早期榴云片麻岩(大青山表壳岩)深熔作用:地质、锆石年代学和地球化学研究

大青山位于华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带中段,古元古代晚期孔兹岩系(上乌拉山岩群)十分发育。近年来,在上乌拉山岩群中分辨出一套古元古代早期变质碎屑沉积岩(大青山表壳岩,榴云片麻岩),它们遭受强烈变质变形和深熔作用改造,形成古元古代早期石榴石花岗岩。包头哈德门沟是古元古代早期榴云片麻岩典型出露区,并有古元古代早期石榴石花岗岩(哈德门沟石榴石花岗岩)形成。由榴云片麻岩经深熔榴云片麻岩再到石榴石花岗岩,浅色体增多,石榴石增多且颗粒增大,黑云母减少,石榴石包裹黑云母、石英、斜长石等矿物。石榴石岩的锆石呈浑圆状,普遍具核-幔-边或核-边结构,碎屑锆石年龄为~2.5Ga,变质锆石年龄为~2.45Ga和~1.90Ga。锆石形态、内部结构和年龄与榴云片麻岩、深熔榴云片麻岩和石榴石花岗岩中的锆石类似,但记录了古元古代晚期变质事件年龄。石榴石花岗岩与榴云片麻岩和深熔榴云片麻岩的地球化学组成特征总体上类似,高Al2O3含量和FeO T/MgO比值,CaO含量和K2O/Na2O比值存在较大变化,富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti。研究表明:1)浅色体和石榴石花岗岩中的石榴石是黑云母转熔的产物,并非岩浆结晶形成的;2)石榴石岩是在石榴石花岗岩岩浆形成之后进一步演化过程中石榴石不断地发生运移、分异和聚集的结果;3)尽管哈德门沟石榴石花岗岩具有一定或较大的规模,但具有深熔岩浆的性质;4)石榴石花岗岩地球化学组成变化与熔融母岩组成变化和深熔及岩浆演化过程中残余矿物相石榴石、锆石局部变化有关。     

赞皇杂岩中太古宙末期菅等钾质花岗岩的成因及动力学背景

赞皇杂岩中的菅等花岗岩体位于临城县西北,主要由钾长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成,偶见暗色包体。菅等花岗岩SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 490±13） Ma。岩石具有高硅（SiO2 743%～754%）、高钾（K2O 576%～937%）、富碱（ALK 616%～951%）、贫钙（CaO 014%～081%）、低镁、铁（MgO 002%～049%,TFeO 026%～105%）和钛（TiO2 004%～015%）的特征,A/CNK=097～107,为弱过铝质的钾玄岩系列。岩石的稀土总量较低（ΣREE=（1207～16038）×10-6）,轻稀土相对富集,Eu异常变化较大（Eu/Eu*=046～197）。岩石富Rb、Ba和Th等元素,贫Sr、Zr、Nb、Y、Yb等元素,具有较高Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba值以及较低的Y/Nb值。菅等花岗岩具有正的εNd(t)值（285～366）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2集中于255～264 Ga。石英闪长岩包体SHRIMP锆石U Pb年龄为（2 506±13） Ma,高铝（Al2O3 1716%）、富钙（CaO 434%）、高钠（Na2O 447%）、富铁（TFeO 526%）,高Rb、高Sr、高Zr,稀土总量较高（ΣREE=21282×10-6）,有弱的负Eu异常（Eu /Eu*=083）,具TTG岩类的特征;该包体岩石具有正的εNd(t)值（305）,两阶段Nd模式年龄TDM2为263 Ga。这些特征显示菅等花岗岩具有同碰撞和后碰撞的S型花岗岩的特征,为新生地壳在由挤压向伸展转换的构造背景下部分熔融所形成,石英闪长质包体为源区残留的岩石。这期钾质花岗岩的形成,标志着华北克拉通太古宙末期岩浆事件的结束以及稳定陆壳的形成。     

华南地区中生代Cu (Mo) W Sn矿床成矿作用与洋岭/转换断层俯冲

华南地区是我国重要的金属矿产资源产地,除了发育大量的钨锡钼铋和稀土等金属矿产外,还有铜金矿床分布。本文通过对华南地区29个典型CuMoWSn矿床的时空分布及其与之有关的花岗质岩体的侵位年龄分析,探讨了与不同成矿类型有关的花岗质岩石的地球化学特征。本文认为华南地区10个典型的与Cu有关的矿床主要发生在180~170Ma、160~150Ma以及105~90Ma三个时期,而10个钨矿床主要集中于170~130Ma;4个WSn矿床集中于170~130Ma和120~110Ma;而5个Sn矿床则发育于170~150Ma、130~110Ma以及100~90Ma三个时期。Cu矿床主要与同熔型花岗岩有关,而Mo、WSn既与同熔型花岗岩有关,又与改造型花岗岩有关。在岩石地球化学上,与Cu(Mo)WSn成矿作用有关的花岗质岩石也表现出不同的地球化学特点,如,从Cu(Mo)矿床到WSn矿床SiO2含量有逐渐增大、氧化性逐渐降低、还原性逐渐增加以及分异演化程度有逐渐增高的趋势。与Cu(Mo)Au矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有较低的SiO2（60.3%~68.1%）,氧化性较高（Fe2O3/FeO=0.31~1.81）,分异演化程度较低（Rb/Sr=0.05~3.3）的特点;与Cu(Pb)(Zn)矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有相对较高的SiO2（73.3%~75.2%）,氧化性稍高（Fe2O3/FeO=0.68~1.74）,分异程度稍低（Rb/Sr=10.8~57.8）的特点;而与Mo矿床有关的花岗质岩石具有较宽的SiO2（67.3%~76.2%）变化范围,氧化性稍低（Fe2O3/FeO=0.68~1.74）,分异演化程度稍低（Rb/Sr=0.6~9.29）;与W矿有关的花岗质岩石的SiO2含量为69.9%~80.1%,还原性稍低（Fe2O3/FeO=0.19~0.76）,分异演化程度稍高（Rb/Sr=21.9~61.7）;与WSn矿床有关的SiO2为74.8%~78.7%,还原性较低（Fe2O3/FeO=0.08~0.59）,分异程度较高（Rb/Sr=10.8~139）;与Sn矿床有关的花岗质岩石的SiO2为64.8%~76.9%,还原性高（Fe2O3/FeO=0.01~0.58）,分异演化程度高（Rb/Sr=1~530）。在结合华南地区花岗岩类岩石的分布特征以及盆岭构造的特点,本文提出华南地区CuMoWSn矿床的成矿作用是不同时期大洋板块或者洋岭多阶段俯冲结果的新成因模型,即早侏罗世休眠的FarallonIzanagi洋岭俯冲导致早—中侏罗世Cu成矿作用;中—晚侏罗世活动的FarallonIzanagi洋岭和转换断层俯冲是中晚侏罗世Cu(Mo)(W)成矿作用以及多阶段WSn成矿作用的触发动力,而白垩纪Izanagi大洋板块俯冲则是白垩纪斑岩型CuWSn成矿作用的诱因。该模型的提出较好地解释了华南中生代大规模岩石圈拆沉—减薄—伸展的机制及其大规模成矿作用的动力。     

华北克拉通北缘崇礼—赤城地区的红旗营子(岩)群:一套晚古生代的变质杂岩

分布在华北克拉通北缘中段崇礼—赤城地区的红旗营子(岩)群主要由变质表壳岩、晚古生代的闪长质—石英闪长质片麻岩和古元古代—新太古代的变质岩残片或残块组成。利用SHRIMP和LA-ICPMS法对红旗营子(岩)群变质表壳岩的锆石同位素年代学研究表明,变质表壳岩样品中除大量古元古代—新太古代的锆石年龄信息外,还有许多中元古代—晚古生代的锆石,且均有晚古生代甚至早中生代的多阶段变质作用的记录。这些证据表明红旗营子(岩)群并非早前寒武纪岩石建造,而是一套晚古生代的变质杂岩。红旗营子(岩)群周围侵入体的锆石U-Pb测年表明岩浆作用与变质作用具有较好的相关性,它们与中亚造山带多阶段的俯冲、碰撞造山和后造山伸展事件相关。由于红旗营子杂岩中含有晚古生代退变榴辉岩和变质方辉橄榄岩,这可能意味着华北克拉通北缘的冀北地块在晚古生代早期曾经从华北克拉通上裂开,在中亚造山带古亚洲洋板块俯冲作用的影响下又重新拼合,红旗营子杂岩代表华北克拉通北缘的冀北地块与华北克拉通在晚古生代重新拼合的俯冲碰撞拼贴带。     

东天山哈尔里克地区晚石炭世淡色花岗岩成因及其地质意义

淡色花岗岩对深入理解造山带构造演化具有重要意义.哈尔里克山南麓小铺地区出露多种类型的淡色花岗岩脉,包括黑云母花岗岩、二云母花岗岩、含电气石花岗岩以及含石榴石花岗岩.岩石地球化学研究显示这些淡色花岗岩整体具有高硅（SiO₂=73.22%~75.12%）、铝（Al₂O₃=13.59%~14.49%）、碱（ALK=7.11%~9.67%）,低钛（TiO₂=0.01%~0.14%）、铁（TFeO=0.26%~1.37%）、镁（MgO=0.09%~0.46%）、钙（CaO=0.46%~1.92%）的特点,属于弱过铝质钙碱性-钾玄岩系列岩石.其中黑云母花岗岩具有较高的CaO/Na₂O比值（0.46~0.47）和低的Rb/Sr比值（0.31~0.33）,指示其为砂质源岩经黑云母脱水熔融形成;二云母花岗岩和含电气石花岗岩具有较低的CaO/Na₂O比值（0.11~0.31）和高的Rb/Sr比值（1.41~3.75）,为泥质源岩经白云母脱水熔融形成;含石榴石花岗岩具有强烈的Eu负异常以及"海鸥状"稀土配分模式,为高分异型花岗岩.小铺淡色花岗岩初始岩浆温度较低（T=637~744℃）,结合其野外地质特征,认为其形成可能与深部物质的折返、造山带的伸展垮塌有关.利用LA-ICP-MS微区原位锆石U-Pb定年获得黑云母花岗岩的形成时代为308.5±2.2 Ma,含电气石花岗岩的形成时代为307.8±2.3 Ma,二者在误差范围内近乎一致,指示哈尔里克地区在晚石炭世末处于伸展构造背景.      

秦岭岩群东段马山口岩体年代学及岩石地球化学：对北秦岭新元古代早期构造演化的指示

河南西峡地区马山口岩体出露于北秦岭构造带秦岭岩群东段，岩石类型为片麻状花岗闪长岩。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb定年结果表明，该岩体形成时代为929±7 Ma，是新元古代早期花岗质岩浆活动的产物。岩石的SiO2和Al2O3含量分别为65. 52%〖JP2〗~66. 91%和14. 63%~15. 41%，Na2O和K2O含量较高，分别为2. 82%~3. 08%和2. 14%~3. 10%，Na2O/K2O比值主体＞1，富TFe2O3（5. 99%~7. 03%），高CaO (2. 78%~3. 72%）和MgO (1. 35%~1. 87%），Mg#值介于34. 4~38. 3之间，A/CNK值为1. 07~1. 14，属于过铝质钙碱性—高钾钙碱性岩石，显示I型花岗岩特征。岩石的Nb/Ta、Rb/Y和Nb/Y比值反映壳源岩石特征，低Sr (102×10-6~175×10-6），高Yb (2. 13×10-6~3. 67×10-6）和Y (27. 0×10-6~38. 6×10-6），〖JP〗可能是下地壳（变）基性岩石部分熔融的产物。岩石稀土总量中等（∑REE=180×10-6~229×10-6），相对富集轻稀土和大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th等，亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta和Ti，具有火山弧花岗岩地球化学特征，形成于新元古代早期洋壳俯冲背景下的陆缘弧环境。     

江西武功山早古生代花岗岩的岩石学、锆石U- Pb和Lu—Hf同位素地球化学特征及其地质意义

武功山造山带位于华夏地块与扬子地块碰撞缝合带南侧,记录了新元古代以来的多次构造运动。本文对其中的黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩进行了全面的矿物学、岩石地球化学、锆石U- Pb同位素年代学及Lu—Hf同位素研究。LA- ICP- MS锆石U- Pb同位素年代学研究指示武功山黑云母二长花岗岩和二云母二长花岗岩结晶于早志留世（441. 6~442. 2 Ma）。武功山早志留世花岗岩具有富硅（SiO2含量为67. 43%~73. 06%）、富碱（Na2O+K2O含量为6. 47%~8. 46%）、贫钙（CaO=0. 78%~2. 64%）、贫镁（MgO=0. 46%~1. 61%）等特征,为强过铝质高钾钙碱性花岗岩（A/CNK=1. 09~1. 35）。同时,岩相学和地球化学指示岩石属于亚碱性系列,分异程度较低,ΣREE较低,轻重稀土分异程度较高,为S型花岗岩且岩浆源区物相为角闪石+斜长石+石榴子石。结合花岗岩锆石fLu/Hf 值均小于-0. 9,εHf（t）均为负值（-6. 7到-4. 8）,指示岩浆来源于古元古代古老陆壳物质,形成于陆内造山构造背景下,为武功山地区对武夷—云开造山运动的响应。     

孔兹岩带古元古代中期构造背景：来自卓资地区～2.2Ga紫苏碱长花岗岩的证据

麻粒岩-紫苏花岗岩杂岩在华北克拉通孔兹岩带内分布较广但研究程度较低,本文对孔兹岩带东部卓资地区大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩进行了详细的岩相学、地球化学和地质年代学研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因及构造背景,为孔兹岩带构造演化及孔兹岩系沉积环境提供约束。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩形成于古元古代中期(～2.2Ga),并经历了古元古代晚期构造热事件及～1.89Ga变质作用叠加改造。岩石具有铁质、钙碱性至碱钙性、准铝质至弱过铝质特征,具有较高SiO₂、Na₂O+K₂O、Ga、Zr含量及FeO~T/(FeO~T+MgO)值,低Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、 Sr、Cr含量及较高的全岩锆石饱和温度(835～887℃,平均860℃),与A型花岗岩指标相近。样品呈现平坦的右倾型稀土元素配分模式和弱的负Eu异常,富集K、Rb、Ba、Zr、Hf,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti。综合研究表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩是在弧后伸展背景下幔源岩浆上涌导致英云闪长质、花岗闪长质地壳岩石部分熔...     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.