吉林省浑江煤田沉积环境与聚煤规律

以经典沉积学理论为基础,结合现场工作的成果,对浑江煤田石炭—二叠系的沉积环境和聚煤模式进行了研究。研究结果表明:研究区石炭—二叠系沉积环境是一个完整的由海侵到海退的连续沉积过程。太原组煤层聚煤模式有5种,分别为泻后泥炭坪成煤、岛后泥炭坪成煤、潮汐三角洲泥炭坪成煤、支流间湾泥炭坪成煤、混合泥炭坪成煤;山西组1号、2号、3号煤层均形成河流体系和河流—湖泊复合体系。     

抚顺盆地沉积动力学特征及其聚煤意义

通过对抚顺聚煤盆地的沉积动力学研究及对古城子组主要煤层的煤体形态、沉积构造及夹矸特征、大型树桩化石等的详细观察,对主煤超厚煤层的沉积环境进行了深入细致的分析。结果表明,主煤超厚煤层主要沉积于较深水的沉积环境,内碎屑沉积作用活跃,可作为深水成煤模式的典型代表。     

新疆准东煤田西黑山勘查区西山窑组煤相特征

以新疆准东煤田西黑山勘查区西山窑组煤层为研究对象,采用成因参数法和煤相图解方法,同时结合沉积学方法进行煤岩、煤相分析,探讨泥炭沼泽类型及其演化规律。煤相参数研究显示,B1、B11、B21和B2煤层煤相总体为偏干燥的湿地森林和湿地森林沼泽,B12、B3和B4-5煤层总体为干燥森林沼泽;垂向上B1、B2、B3、B31和B6煤表现出显著的由湿地森林沼泽或偏干燥的湿地森林沼泽向干燥森林沼泽演化,反映覆水程度逐渐变浅,泥炭沼泽表面逐渐趋于干燥,表明成煤期泥炭堆积速率与基底的相对沉降速率持平或略高于基底沉降速率。     

黄河北煤田潮坪沉积体系及成煤作用

黄河北煤田煤系广泛发育潮坪沉积体系,通过对其沉积特征及沉积模式的研究,认为潮坪沉积体系主要包括潮道（潮沟或潮渠）、泥坪、沙坪、砂泥混合坪及潮坪沼泽和潮坪泥炭沼泽相等沉积相类型,其特征是砂泥比值较高,沉积厚度大,为含煤地层发育提供物质基础;在沉积环境演化方面与整个鲁西南地区沉积特征相似,整体为海水逐渐衰退的过程;在潮坪沼泽和潮坪泥炭沼泽中形成含硫量相对较高的煤层与海平面的变化密不可分,潮坪沉积物中发育的10煤、8煤、7煤、6煤等与潮坪泥炭沼泽沉积在该区分布特点具有一致性,由此可知,潮坪沉积体系的沉积物与煤层形成特点和形成规律有着密切关系,为研究区成煤作用研究提供了理论依据。     

河北蔚县下花园组沉积环境及聚煤模式

蔚县煤田下花园组形成于湖泊－湖泊三角洲体系，其中以三角洲平原占优势，三角洲前缘和前三角洲不发育。三角洲快速进积，导致了湖泊萎缩，形成湖成三角洲平原，其上堆积了厚而稳定的煤层。煤系沉积初期，基底地形低凹处首先积水成湖，湖盆淤塞泥炭沼泽化并堆积了１号煤层。     

准东煤田煤质特征及分布规律

对准东煤田主要勘探区钻孔可采煤层煤质资料分析,从煤岩学和煤化学方面初步总结了煤田的煤质特征和分布规律.煤田煤的化学组成以低灰分、中高挥发份率、低硫、低磷和低氯为特征.煤田东部煤中灰分和镜质组含量相对高于西部.分析准东煤富惰质组和低灰分含量成因,认为可能在泥炭沼泽形成时期,泥炭的生长速率约大于基底沉降速率,泥炭沼泽表面长时期处于沼泽的潜水面之上,具有相对氧化、物源碎屑影响小的高位泥炭沼泽环境条件所致.煤田东部基底沉降速率相对较快,物源碎屑供应相对充分.     

徐沛煤田晚古生代成煤环境与聚煤规律研究

根据已有研究成果及大量钻孔资料,运用沉积学、煤田地质学的基本理论和方法,分析了徐沛煤田晚古生代的成煤环境,并总结了其聚煤规律及控制因素。结果表明,石炭—二叠纪聚煤作用主要发生在海岸带的堡岛体系和过渡相中,由海岸带向两侧,聚煤条件逐渐变差;堡岛体系泥炭坪形成的煤层厚度小,结构单一;三角洲体系分流间湾泥炭坪和泛滥平原泥炭沼泽形成的煤层厚度大;煤层在垂向上由薄至厚,结构由简单至复杂,稳定性逐渐变差;平面上,自北而南含煤层数逐渐增多,含煤层位逐渐抬高,条带状富煤带有向南迁移趋势。     

山西陵川地区上石炭统-下二叠统太原组15#煤层成煤环境分析

山西陵川地区上石炭统一下二叠统太原组K1段出露良好,其顶部的15#煤层为沁水盆地石炭二叠系煤田主采煤层之一.通过对K1段岩性、沉积构造、沉积序列、植物化石及煤岩组分等特征的综合分析,将该段划分为潟湖、障壁岛、潮坪、溢流扇等4种沉积相以及混合坪、泥坪、泥炭坪等3种沉积亚相.结合15#煤层沉积背景及煤岩特征,认为本区15#煤层是在海退导致潮坪暴露形成古土壤之后所产生的低位泥炭沼泽的基础上形成的,它结束于之后的一次快速的、更大规模的海侵.在综合研究成煤地质背景的基础上,提出研究区15#煤层属于滨岸潮坪成煤模式.这一成果为今后山西沁水盆地东南部该煤层的深层勘探开发及煤层气的生成地质背景提供了基础理论资料.     

蔚县煤田成煤环境浅析

蔚县煤田含煤沉积范围大约600km^2。储量丰富，是一个具有远景发展的含煤地区。煤层总厚度10m以上的富煤带，主要分布于水峪、崔家寨、陡涧子、黄崖、烟墩坡一带，正是古基底斜坡带的凹陷处。蔚县煤田早中侏罗世含煤沉积，主要由河流或湖滨河口三角洲相、湖泊相、泥沼相组成。其中以湖泊相、沼泽相为主，河流相次之。富煤带和富煤中心主要赋存于三角洲前缘的泥炭沼泽环境中，是富煤沼泽相形成的有利场所。     

河南宜洛煤田晚石炭世地层中的异地煤

河南宜洛煤田晚石炭世太原组中的异地煤,不存在通常在煤层中见到的那种条带状－透镜状结构,而呈现出是一种粉粒状的、具有浊积层序特征的煤层。这种异地煤的底板,不是根土岩,而是含有腕足类动物化石和痕迹化石、具有海相成因的中－粗粒石英砂岩。根据煤层及其上覆、下伏岩层的沉积特征,以及与同层位的原地生成煤在空间上的展布规律,可以证明,异地煤是由于风暴回流将大量的泥炭物质携带到平均低潮面以下较深部位沉积下来的。在     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.