老挝龙湖钾盐矿床沉积碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成及其对成钾环境的初步指示

碳、氧同位素作为反映古沉积环境、成矿物源和水–岩反应等良好的稳定同位素指标,被广泛应用。通过对老挝龙湖钾盐矿区ZK309、ZK301、ZK311和ZK004四个钻孔农波组盐岩上覆泥岩碳、氧同位素组成的分析,讨论了盐岩上覆泥岩沉积的碳、氧同位素组成变化特征及其指示的沉积环境。经分析,所测碳、氧同位素基本代表了碳酸盐碳、氧同位素组成,初步推测这些碳酸盐均为当地自生,受后期改变很少,δ13C和δ18O平均值分别为-5.1‰和-4.6‰,其中δ13C值略高于一般陆相碳酸盐碳同位素最大值–5.69‰,δ18O值介于–2.71‰~–10.8‰之间,ZK309和ZK301钻孔碳、氧同位素相关系数均小于0.7,初步指示盐岩沉积之后沉积环境为陆相。δ13C值略高于–5.69‰,推测是后期盐岩层被淋滤,泥岩层受淋滤后的残余卤水影响的结果,这也解释了蒸发岩沉积层序异常(钾石盐覆盖于光卤石之上)的沉积特征。因此,在本研究中,大气水在泥岩碳、氧同位素的变化中扮演了重要角色。     

青海察尔汗盐湖碳酸盐的硼同位素地球化学特征

盐湖蒸发岩的硼(B)同位素组成(δ~(11)B)对卤水古盐度变化具有一定的指示意义,但关于盐湖体系碳酸盐沉积的B同位素组成研究较少。本文对察尔汗盐湖百米钻(ISL1A)岩芯碳酸盐进行了B含量及B同位素组成的精确测定。结果表明,所测样品的B含量在10.88×10~(-6)~265.66×10~(-6)之间,δ~(11)B值的变化范围为-1.28‰~+9.94‰,B含量和δ~(11)B值呈现较明显的正相关关系。分析表明,随着盐湖卤水盐度的增大,卤水的B同位素组成也逐渐增大,这导致盐类沉积物的B同位素组成也相应增大。在天然盐湖中,不充分的沉积分异作用使得蒸发岩析出时依然可能存在碳酸盐沉积,碳酸盐的析出可能贯穿盐湖演化的各个阶段,因此可以尝试利用碳酸盐的B同位素组成分析盐湖在整个演化过程中卤水的盐度变化情况。ISL1A钻孔碳酸盐B同位素组成的变化较好地反映了察尔汗盐湖在41.8ka以来古卤水盐度的变化及其在析盐过程中经历的气候干湿波动。     

辽东地区沉积变质硼矿床及硼同位素研究

辽东地区元古界硼矿床属于沉积变质硼矿。根据现代盐湖沉积 ,认为硼矿物沉积通常为硼砂 ,然后在区域变质作用过程中 ,硼砂矿物转变为硼镁矿物或硼铁矿等硼酸盐矿物 ,但辽东硼矿床中不同硼矿物的硼同位素有一定差别。电气石富10 B ,δ11B值较低或呈负值 ;而硼镁石与硼镁铁矿类矿物明显富集11B ,δ11B值较高 ,为 +2 3‰～ +17 4‰。根据水岩作用过程中硼同位素分馏特征的研究 ,11B与10 B比较有下列 4个特征 :( 1) 11B属于极不相容元素 ,优先进入水相 ,因此在变质残余矿物相中形成低的δ11B值 ;( 2 )在蚀变和交代变质反应中硅优先替代11B进入矿物晶格 ,因此在硅化交代中可以降低δ11B值 ,而脱硅反应中可以提高δ11B值 ;水化作用中 ,OH-带入11B ,使富水矿物具有较高的δ11B值 ;( 3)热水沉积及热液交代成因电气石均具有较低的δ11B值或者为负值 ;( 4)通过最近的研究表明 ,在热蒸馏过程中 ,硼同位素会发生明显的分馏 ,11B倾向于进入蒸汽相 ,而使残余相或后蒸馏相亏损11B ,形成较低的δ11B值。因此可以认为辽东地区元古界硼矿床属于热水沉积电气石岩在后期区域变质或热变质过程中分解出硼酸气水溶液交代镁碳酸盐形成硼镁石或硼镁铁矿矿物 ,而非蒸发沉积变质矿床。     

硼同位素及其地质应用研究

硼的两个稳定同位素（10B 和11B）相对质量差较大,因此,硼同位 素分馏较显著。由于分析测量技术方面的改进和创新, 硼同位素地球化学近年来有了长足 的发展。业已查明,自然界中δ11B值变化为 －37‰～+58‰。其中,较负的 δ11B值见于非海相蒸发硼酸盐矿物和某些电气石,而较正的δ11B值见 于某些盐湖卤水和蒸发海水。现代大洋水的δ11B值十分恒定 (+39,5‰)。原始 地幔的δ11B值估测为－10‰±2‰。陨石的δ11B值很不均一,变化 可达90‰。而月岩的δ11B值变化较小（－6‰～+4‰）。由于硼同位素存在大的 分馏和不同地质体中截然不同的δ11B值,硼同位素地质应用范围十分广泛。目 前,硼同位素在研究星云形成过程和宇宙事件,壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程,判别沉积 环境,研究矿床成因,示踪古海洋和古气候条件,和判断环境污染源区等方面的研究中成效显著。     

沉积硼酸盐热作用过程中的硼同位素变化

建立温度与硼同位素变化的关系是研究沉积硼酸盐成岩-变质作用中硼同位素地球化学行为的关键,这有助于准确认识硼酸盐δ11 B值所代表的地质意义.本文以自然产出的三方硼砂和钠硼解石为材料,结合热分解特征研究了不同热作用过程中硼同位素变化.200℃下硼酸盐经历结晶水的脱水反应,此过程中三方硼砂和钠硼解石δ11B值分别由6.48±0.14‰降低到5.41±0.27‰和由-13.27±0.11‰降低到-15.93±0.23‰.1‰～3‰的硼同位素变化与自然界观察到的由脱水作用形成的次生硼酸盐比原生硼酸盐δ11 B值低2‰～4‰的现象一致.200～300℃间经历羟基的脱水过程,伴随着1‰～2‰的硼同位素降低,此过程中三方硼砂和钠硼解石δ11 B值分别由5.41±0.27‰降低到3.73±0.26‰和由-15.93±0.23‰降低到-17.11±0.11‰.300～670℃间硼酸盐经历物相转化过程,三方硼砂和钠硼解石δ11B值分别由3.73±0.26‰升高到4.59±0.08‰和-17.11±0.11‰升高到-16.08±0.20‰.此过程1‰的硼同位素升高是由硼-氧骨架结构改变造成的.本实验结果可以指示沉积硼酸盐的形成过程,以及埋藏过程中的硼同位素变化规律.硼酸盐脱水过程中会形成具有更高δ11 B值的流体,其可能显著影响内生硼矿的硼同位素组成,因此讨论硼同位素地质意义不能与海相-非海相环境中的硼同位素组成进行简单对比,需要考虑流体演化过程中的硼同位素变化.     

壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程中的硼同位素示踪

硼同位素是近年来发展起来的一门新兴的稳定同位素地球化学方法。硼有两个稳定同位素 :10 B和11B。硼同位素组成自然界变化十分大 ,δ11B值为 - 37‰～ +58‰。对地幔岩石的硼同位素研究表明 ,原始地幔的δ11B值为 - 10‰± 2‰ ,B的质量分数估算为 (0 2 5± 0 1)×10 -6。相对而言 ,地壳岩石的B含量和δ11B值均较高。由于壳、幔岩石具有不同的B含量和δ11B值 ,硼同位素已被广泛应用于研究壳幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程 ,用于示踪俯冲板块中大洋沉积物和蚀变洋壳在地幔中的循环。     

硼及硼同位素地球化学在地质研究中的应用

总结了硼及硼同位素的地球化学特征：（１）硼是易溶元素,主要赋存在地球表层,尤其是海水、海相沉积物及海水交代岩石中。其同位素组成δ１１Ｂ值按顺序变化,封闭盐湖卤水（＞４０‰）＞海水（３９５‰）＞海相硼矿物（１８２‰～３１７３‰）＞海相沉积物（１３９‰～２５２‰）＞海水交代岩石（４５１‰～１０８５‰）。大陆水及陆相沉积物硼含量及硼同位素组成变化极大,并多以负值为主。海陆过渡构造带则具有过渡的硼丰度值和硼同位素组成。（２）１１Ｂ较１０Ｂ具有更活跃的地球化学性质,因此在水岩作用中具有明显的同位素交换。硅化交代作用中,岩石被硅化交代,释放硼,并优先释放重硼,同位素组成变轻;在脱硅反应中,岩石释放硅吸收硼,并优先吸收重硼,同位素组成变重。在封闭体系中,水溶液淋滤岩石中部分的硼,即可大量富集,并富集１１Ｂ;在开放体系中,岩石硼被大量淋滤流失,δ１１Ｂ值明显降低。由于水岩作用的结果,从新鲜海底玄武岩到正常海水,硼同位素值从－２９５‰到３９５‰逐渐升高。（３）变质脱水反应中硼被大量排出,并优先排出重硼同位素,进入流体相,因此随着变质程度由低到高,岩石中硼含量及同位素组成δ１１Ｂ值由高变低。（４）在成矿研究中?     

西藏错那洞电气石花岗岩中电气石化学组成、硼同位素特征及意义

为了对西藏错那洞电气石花岗岩源区进一步约束,利用显微镜、电子探针和激光剥蚀多接收等离子质谱仪,对错那洞电气石花岗岩中电气石的形态、成分及硼同位素组成进行了研究.结果表明,错那洞电气石花岗岩中的电气石为碱族黑/铁电气石,直接结晶自富硼熔体,与熔体之间未发生明显的硼同位素分馏.电气石δ11B值主要在-6.91‰^-9.17‰之间,与大陆地壳平均δ11B值(-10‰±3‰)相近,表明错那洞电气石花岗岩主要源自变质沉积岩的部分熔融.然而,与起源于变质沉积岩的花岗岩相比,样品的δ11B值明显偏高,而与前人报道的雅拉香波淡色花岗岩(源自石榴石角闪岩部分熔融)的δ11B值相似.因此,错那洞电气石花岗岩源区中,除了变质沉积岩外,可能还混入了少量石榴石角闪岩.     

陕北盐盆中奥陶统马五段蒸发岩硫同位素特征及其古环境意义

奥陶纪时期陕北盐盆位于华北海与祁连海的连接处,该地区在中奥陶世沉积了巨厚的蒸发岩-碳酸盐岩相,其马家沟组五段岩性以中薄层泥晶-细粉晶白云岩-硬石膏岩、中厚层粗粉晶白云岩与灰岩、中厚层石盐-硬石膏、硬石膏-石盐-泥岩的组合特征。本文对马五段蒸发岩-碳酸盐岩层硬石膏硫同位素特征开展了系统的研究工作,研究表明陕北盐盆奥陶系马五段硬石膏硫同位素值普遍较高,马五段大部分硬石膏硫同位素值其分布范围为25.03‰~29.25‰,落于奥陶纪全球海水δ~(34)S值范围内。硫同位素值的大小与岩性密切相关,硬石膏δ~(34)S值具体表现为灰岩/白云岩段均值为27.28‰(25.77‰~29.25‰)泥岩段均值为26.22‰(25.49‰~28.08‰)石盐段均值为25.41‰(25.03‰~26.04‰)。多种因素影响蒸发岩盆地硬石膏同位素值差异,研究区海侵阶段具有δ~(34)S高值,主要受海相沉积作用、古气候及缺氧状态下MSR作用等因素影响;海退阶段封闭环境具有相对较低δ~(34)S值,卤水形成封闭循环及淡水溶解地层原有硫酸盐矿物形成的混合卤水的加入等因素影响。     

碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素组成:一种潜在的古海水pH替代性指标

地球演化历史中海水的pH值发生了明显变化, 海水pH值可能是控制海相碳酸盐岩能否形成及其成分演化的重要因素, 对了解地球早期白云岩的成因和一些矿产的形成等均有重要指示意义。然而, 记录海洋pH值变化的替代性指标非常稀少, 常用的主要是碳酸盐(岩)的硼同位素。古老碳酸盐的硼同位素往往受到后期地质作用的影响, δ11B-pH转化过程中需要基于多种假设, 硼酸和硼酸根之间的分馏系数(αB)、硼酸表观电离常数(pKB*)以及δ11BSW的不确定性, 使硼同位素分析结果具有多解性、不确定性。亟需多个独立指标对海水pH值进行限制, 碳酸盐(岩)锂同位素是一个潜在的替代性指标, Roberts et al.(2018)发现有孔虫碳酸盐壳体的δ7Li与海水pH值呈显著负相关关系, 认为6Li和7Li水合离子在进入碳酸盐晶格时要脱去溶剂水, 这个过程的去溶能与pH值相关, 导致锂离子进入有孔虫方解石壳体的过程中存在显著的同位素分馏。在对蓟县剖面中—新元古代海相碳酸盐岩碳酸盐相的硼、锂同位素进行研究时发现, 纯净原始碳酸盐岩的锂同位素组成(4.9‰～13.4‰, 平均8.03‰)明显低于现代海洋碳酸盐的锂同位素组成, 中元古以来碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素组成总体呈上升趋势。纯净原始碳酸盐岩的锂同位素组成与硼同位素组成及海水的pH值(δ11Bsw=25‰)呈明显反相关关系; 硅质条带白云岩的硼、锂同位素组成也呈明显反相关关系, 说明碳酸盐(岩)的锂同位素确实有可能成为一种潜在的pH值替代性指标。若碳酸盐(岩)锂同位素可以对海水pH值施加独立约束, 那硼、锂同位素联合研究将对重建古海洋的pH值演化具有重大意义。     

阴极发光在翡翠研究中的应用

通过对多个翡翠及其他玉石标本进行阴极发光实验,观察不同品种的翡翠、处理翡翠制品以及翡翠的相似玉石品种在阴极发光镜下的荧光颜色、发光强度、环带特点、颗粒形态和裂隙状况等的不同特征,来有效鉴别翡翠、处理翡翠及翡翠的相似品。同时依据不同类型翡翠在阴极发光下的特征,对翡翠的品质、颜色等的划分提供依据。     

Morphotectonic study of Hispaniola

Geomorphological analysis; aerial photographs; and geomorphologic, geological, geophysical, topographical, and field studies show that the morphology of Hispaniola can be linked to lateral variations in the geometry and tectonism of the Caribbean-North American Plate Boundary Zone. Three main categories of the relief were established: territorial units (1 megablock, 2 macroblocks, 14 mesoblocks, 209 blocks, 401 microblocks, and 527 nanoblocks), morphostructural alignments (4 first-, 1 second-, 12 third-, and 30 fourth-rank), and 16 knots between morphostructural alignments (second-to fourth-rank). The main seismic activity is concentrated on the first-and second-rank lineaments, and some important epicenters are located in the vicinity of the lineament intersections. The origin of the earthquakes in the vicinity of such knots can be explained by the forcing/pushing of macroblocks northeastward. The existence of earthquakes along the main lineaments may be explained by tension or compression in a restraining bend zone. From the current study, it appears that earthquake occurrence in Hispaniola is related with the stress concentrations in the vicinity of morphotectonic zones. A seismotectonic interpretation of Hispaniola is shown where three zones exist, each of them with a different active level and dimensions. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

土壤地质单位的建立与研究--以浙江省为例

土壤地质单位是地学工作者根据地质资料、结合成土特征提出的一种新型土壤分类方法,其实质就是在充分考虑气候、生物、地形、时间等成土因素的同时,抓住母岩-母质-土壤三者之间的成生联系,找出成土母岩岩性、矿物成分、结构构造、地球化学特征对土壤结构、质地、厚度、微量营养元素的制约关系,为农业区划和农业种植结构调整提供科学的依据.笔者据浙江省农业地质背景调查项目实践,在从地学角度对浙江省成土母质进行分类的基础上,结合土壤亚类建立了土壤地质单位,并提出研究内容和研究方法.     

Experimental study of stick-slip behaviour

Simple axi-symmetric uni-axial compression tests have been realized on dry loose samples of glass beads (diameters d: d=0.2 ± 0.05 mm, 0.75 ± 0.1 mm, or 3 mm) and on Hostun sand under small lateral confinement, σ₃<60 kPa, using different sample sizes. The experiments with the two smallest spheres (d=0.2 and 0.75 mm) exhibit stick-slips, which are characterized by (i) a rapid release Δq of the deviatoric stress q and by (ii) the strain Δε₁ separating two events. The samples which exhibit stick-slip also present a weakening of strength q(ε₁) as the rate of deformation dε₁/dt is increased. No stick-slip is generated during the first part of the q−ε₁ curve, i.e. when q grows fast with ε₁. Four different parameters helped us determine the statistics of Δq and Δε: the lateral pressure σ₃′, the rate of deformation dε₁/dt, the sample height H, and the diameter D. The statistics do not depend on rate history. They look like exponentials in small samples and/or in (large sample+fast dε₁/dt), and they look like Poissonian or Gaussian in (Large sample+small dε₁/dt). This change in statistics is attributed to a varying of triggering process starting from a single random event in small samples to multiple random events. We have interpreted this change of statistics as due to some finite size effect so that the representative elementary volume shall contain at least (200)³ grains. Localization of deformation is visible at the end of compression but cannot be detected from stick-slip statistics nor from q vs ε curve. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岩体强度的各向异性研究

本文运用断裂力学理论推导了含节理岩体的初裂强度公式,定量地讨论了节理方向、长度对岩石强度的影响,阐明了节理岩体强度各向异性的实质。通过证实,本文所建立的公式具有很强的适用性和较高的可靠性,可用于实际的工程岩体稳定性评价。     

土体各向异性研究进展

综合论述了土体各向异性在土体本构理论发展的不同阶段的研究进展：详细介绍了国内外在各向异性研究中所采用的试验手段、研究方法、理论成果和应用情况：对具代表意义的重要成果作了比较详细的描述和分析。分析了原生各向异性和应力各向异性的区别与联系，认为土体材料的颗粒结构性是各向异性产生的根本原因，复杂的应力状态是各向异性产生的客观条件：强调了各向异性，尤其是应力各向异性在土体本构理论研究中的重要性，对以后各向异性研究方法提出自己的观点。     

Aeromagnetic study of peninsular India

The degree sheet Aeromagnetic maps up to 17‡N, acquired from the Geological Survey of India, have been manually redigitised at 6 minute intervals to study the long wavelength anomalies over peninsular India. These data have been collected at different survey altitude, epochs, flight line directions, etc. Great care has been taken to correct the total field map and remove the contribution due to the core field and prepare an accurate crustal anomaly map. For the first time, a regional map, depicting the NW-SE structural features north of the orthopyroxene isograd with the essentially E-W features to the south of it and revealing several well known structures, is presented. The analytical signal is calculated to delineate the source fields of these anomalies. It dramatically maps the charnockites and is able to delineate the orthopyroxene isograd. In the Dharwar region the magnetic signatures are associated with the intrusives/ iron ore bodies. Thus, we find that the source rocks of the aeromagnetic anomalies are the host province of charnockites in the SGT and the intrusives/iron ore bodies in the Dharwar belt. Gravity residuals are calculated and a tectonic map of the region is presented from the combined geopotential data.     

石香肠构造研究综述

石香肠构造是一种传统的线状构造，由于其在区域构造应力场方面的研究意义及其所包含的流变学信息和控矿意义等一直吸引着研究者的关注。简述了近几十年来石香肠构造在形态学研究上的进展，分析了其在理论研究上的成果，概括了其在应用研究方面的现状，并对当前及今后石香肠构造的研究方向提出了建议。     

High-pressure structural study of muscovite

The compressibility and structural variations of two 2M₁ muscovites having compositions (Na_0.07K_0.90 Ba_0.01□_0.02)(Al_1.84Ti_0.04Fe_0.07Mg_0.04)(Si_3.02Al_0.98) O₁₀ (OH)₂ (7 mole % paragonite) and (Na_0.37K_0.60□_0.03)(Al_1.84Ti_0.02 Fe_0.10Mg_0.06)(Si_3.03Al_0.97) O₁₀(OH)₂ (37 mole % paragonite) were determined at pressures between 1 bar and 35 kbar, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction using a Merrill-Bassett diamond anvil cell. Isothermal bulk moduli, setting K′ = 4, were 490 and 540 (± 30) kbar for the Na-poor and Na-rich samples respectively. Both samples show highly anisotropic compressibility patterns, with β _a ∶β _b ∶β _c = 1∶1.15∶3.95 for the Na-poor sample and β _a ∶β _b ∶β _c = 1∶1.19∶3.46 for the Na-rich one. HP structural refinements showed that the different compressibility was largely due to the partial substitution of Na for K in the interlayer region. Moreover, the different compressibility of the tetrahedral and octahedral layers, observed in both micas, increased the a rotation of the tetrahedral layer by about 2° in 28 kbar, as also indicated by the evolution of interlayer cation bond lengths. This increases the repulsion of oxygens of the basal layers and between the high-charged cations of the tetrahedral layer. As a consequence, phengitic substitution, reducing α rotation, would increase the baric stability of mica. Comparison between the HP structures of muscovite and phlogopite indicated the lower compressibility of the latter, mainly due to the greater compressibility of the dioctahedral layer with respect to that of the trioctahedral layer. The HT and HP behaviour of di- and trioctahedral micas showed an anisotropy in the compressional pattern which was markedly greater than that observed in the dilatation pattern. This unexpected result was explained by the different evolution with P and T of alkaliO bond lengths. By combining HP and HT data, a tentative equation of state of muscovite is proposed.     

A thermochemical study of monohydrocalcite

The thermodynamic properties of monohydrocalcite, CaCO₃ · H₂O, have been obtained using a well-characterized natural specimen. Equilibration of the solid with water at 25°C under 0.97 atm CO₂ led to an activity product [Ca²⁺][CO₃^2?] = 10^?7.60±0.03 and a free energy of formation ΔG_f^o = ?325,430 ± 270 calmol^?. The enthalpy of solution of monohydrocalcite in 0.1 N HCl at 25°C led to a standard enthalpy of formation ΔH_f^o = ?358,100 ± 280 cal mol^?1. Estimates of the variation of ΔG_f with temperature and pressure showed monohydrocalcite to be metastable with respect to calcite and aragonite.