高分辨扫描电镜和X射线能谱Mapping技术研究碲矿物的成分和形态特征

X射线能谱元素像分析技术(EDS-Mapping)可直接观察岩石光片中目标元素的分布特征。本文采用高分辨扫描电镜及配置的X射线能谱仪综合分析技术,对山东归来庄金矿中碲元素和其他元素的分布特征和组合规律进行研究,定性确定含碲矿物、形态特征及其与其他矿物间的空间关系。结果表明,研究区金矿中含碲矿物有棱角状碲金银矿、碲化铅等,以浸染状形貌他形镶嵌于主矿物他形石英和片状云母之间,颗粒大小从几微米到几百微米极不均匀。对典型含碲矿物的微区成分进一步精确测定,得到碲金银矿和碲化铅的化学式为Ag_(0.85)Au_(2.55)Te_6和Pb_(0.52)Te_(0.48),其中碲金银矿成分明显异常。本文研究为稀散分布微细矿物的成分、形态分布及与围岩关系建立了一套先进实用的表征方法,可为含碲金矿的综合利用提供技术支持。     

鲁西铜石地区碲型金矿床中碲化物特征及其成矿机制研究

为探讨鲁西铜石地区归来庄金矿和卓家庄金矿的成矿物质来源及成矿机制,利用显微镜和电子探针对矿石中典型碲化物矿物进行了分析研究。结果显示,碲化物矿物主要为自然碲和碲银矿,其次是针碲金银矿、AgAu_2Te_6、含银自然金和碲铅矿,初步认为AgAu_2Te_6为新矿物。针碲金银矿、AgAu_2Te_6、部分碲银矿、含银自然金可能是在非平衡状态下快速沉淀而成,与含矿流体的间歇性沸腾作用有关。碲化物的沉淀顺序反映了其各自熔化温度的差异,说明熔点高的碲化物将优先沉淀。矿床成矿热液具有多来源性,可能存在含Au、Ag流体和Te流体,二者在一定的条件下发生不混溶;流体沸腾作用可能是导致碲化物和金等成矿物质快速沉淀的主要机制。     

陕西小秦岭镰子沟碲金矿床物质组成特征及矿质沉淀机理研究

镰子沟金矿床是小秦岭驾鹿金矿田内的一个重要金矿床,赋存于太古宇太华群秦仓沟组深变质片麻岩系中,矿石主要为石英脉型。通过显微镜下观察和电子探针分析,确认矿石中存在碲金矿、斜方碲金矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲铅矿、碲镍矿、自然碲等大量含碲矿物。在石英、黄铁矿裂隙中,也存在大量自然金颗粒,它们与硫化物、碲化物共生。结合不同成矿阶段的成矿温压条件和矿物组合研究,构建了该矿床的热力学相平衡关系图,限定了碲化物与其他矿物稳定存在的物理化学条件:即在成矿Ⅱ阶段,f(O2)约为10~(-34.00)~10~(-31.00),f(H2S)约为10~(-1.42)~10~(-0.9),pH值约为6.0~6.8(300℃)。在成矿Ⅲ阶段,f(S2)的范围约在10~(-16.56)~10~(-12.30)之间,而f(Te_2)的范围约在10~(-13.70)~10~(-9.44)(200℃)。碲化物一般晚于硫化物形成,并且高的f(Te_2)值和f(Te_2)/f(S_2)比值是控制碲化物形成的关键因素。     

山东平邑卓家庄金矿吕的碲硒矿物特征

山东平邑卓家庄金矿富含碲矿物和少量硒矿物，通过一系列测试方法手段对其特征和相互关系进行了研究，认为该高品位金矿的形成与富碲低温热液活动密切相关。     

江西德兴斑岩铜矿中的碲钯矿

江西德兴斑岩铜矿区是我国著名的铜矿产地。矿石内除了主产元素铜以外,还伴生有Mo、S、Au、Ag、Re、Pt族等多种有益组份。1979年,作者在德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿矿石中,发现一可疑的铂族矿物,后经电子探针分析,初步确定为碲钯矿。碲钯矿呈短柱状、圆粒状、粒状,粒径0.5—6微米,包裹于细脉状或浸染状黄铜矿中。反射色为亮白至亮白微带淡黄色调;反射率高于黄铁矿;抗磨硬度略小于黄铜矿;非均质性。由于矿物颗粒十分细小,其物性数据有待今后进一步测定。碲钯矿经电子探针分析含Pd31.86%,Te68.39%,Pt、Ni、Bi、Sb等元素的含量均小于电子探针分析灵敏度。其晶体化学式为:Pd_(1.12)Te_(2.00),与碲钯矿的理论化学式Pd Te_2非常接近。因而,它是碲钯矿类矿物中一个成份较纯的端员矿物。铜厂碲钯矿与国内部分碲钯矿的化学成分对比如表1。     

应用电子探针技术研究%山东金青顶金矿床碲化物特征

对含碲金矿中碲化物物相组成和元素赋存特征开展系统的研究,有助于对此类金矿矿床成因的理解和找矿勘查工作。山东金青顶金矿床伴生的碲化物由于碲化物颗粒较小,不易被发现,以往的研究缺乏对碲化物元素分布的精细刻画。本文通过电子探针背散射图像、波谱分析、能谱分析结合面扫描技术对金青顶金矿床碲化物进行了分析,研究碲化物的种类、共生关系、化学成分以及元素分布特征等。结果表明:碲金银矿与碲银矿密切共生,常形成连生体,Au、Ag在连生体中不均匀分布,面扫描图局部可见碲金矿亮斑;Te总是优先和Ag结合,生成碲银矿,随着Ag的消耗碲金银矿开始出现,Ag被耗尽后Te与Au生成碲金矿,成矿后期热液中多余的金与碲金银矿或碲银矿反应生成非常规碲化物(如本文发现的Ag2.95Au1.83Te),当Te消耗完后生成自然金;金银矿物的生长顺序是碲银矿—碲金银矿—碲金矿—自然金。本研究为含碲金矿的综合利用提供了技术支持。     

国内首次发现应硫碲铋矿

应硫碲铋矿(Ingodite)作为新矿物首先由苏联发现并作了报导。去年,我院在江西盘古山钨矿床有关专题研究中,也发现了这一新矿物。仅比苏联晚大约八个月的时间。国内首次发现的应硫碲铋矿产于盘古山钨矿床的Bi_2S_3-PbS系列矿物之中。尽管本矿床的含矿石英脉中发育有一系列的硫盐矿物和碲铋矿族矿物,而且其种类之多、颗粒之大都是其它矿区所少见的。但是,应硫碲铋矿在本矿区的分布并不普遍,仅见于少数的光片中。此矿物与本矿床中较为常见的硫碲铋矿B紧密连生。硫碲铋矿B与本矿中另一较为常见     

甘肃党河南山某金矿碲化物的发现及其成因探讨

利用电子探针显微分析技术首次在甘肃党河南山某金矿中发现了碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲金矿、碲铅矿、碲铋矿等碲化物。通过电子探针显微图像观察,发现研究区碲化物均较为细小,赋存状态多以独立矿物形式存在,无连生、交生现象,但空间上与黄铁矿关系密切,多被黄铁矿包裹或产于黄铁矿、石英粒间和黄铁矿裂隙。根据不同碲化物与黄铁矿之间的共生组合关系,推测其形成顺序为碲金矿→碲金银矿→碲铅矿→碲铋矿→碲银矿。依据碲化物矿物组合特征及成矿温度,对其形成时fTe2与fS2进行了限定,lgfTe2范围为-15.2~-11.2,lgfS2范围为-16.7~-14.4。并认为金矿中Au、Te来源与加里东期埃达克质斜长花岗岩体有较大联系,可能为俯冲板片部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆与地幔楔相互作用,将成矿元素富集后带入近地表形成含碲化物的金矿床。     

硫碲铋铅金矿在我国的首次发现及其与已知矿物Buckhornite的比较

硫碲铋铅金矿(Au Pb_2 Bi Te_2 S_3)是1991年国际新矿物及矿物命名委员会批准的一个新矿物,产于美国。我们于1986年在我国就发现了该矿物,产于河南省灵宝县桐沟金矿和出岔—乱石金矿。对其晶体形态、物理性质、化学成分、X射线分析等方面作为新矿物进行了较全面的研究,但呈报国际新矿物及矿物命名委员会的时间晚于美国,而成为我国首次发现矿物。     

我国某些金矿床中金银碲化物矿物的共生关系

结合Au-Ag-Te三元系的实验矿物学结果,对我国金驹山 、银坑山、归来庄和驾鹿四 个金矿床中的金银碲化物矿物的共生组合特征进行了研究,并阐明了金银碲化物矿物在时空 关系上的共生组合和禁生关系特征。研究表明,金银碲化物是该类型金矿床中最重要的一类 矿物,其产出的种类和数量取决于成矿体系溶液中Au、Ag、Te元素的浓度及其含量比值;而 成矿体系中碲金银矿、碲银矿等低温同质多像变体的存在,反映了该类型矿床形成于成矿温 度和压力较低的环境条件下。     

(Au,Ag)Te2 Minerals from Epithermal Gold Deposits in Japan

Chemical composition and mode of occurrences of (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals such as calaverite (AuTe₂), sylvanite (AuAgTe₄) and krennerite ((Au, Ag)Te₂) in epithermal gold telluride ores from Suzaki, Kawazu and Teine are examined. In the ores from Suzaki, (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals occur in microbands of tellurides and fine quartz. The minerals in telluride bands change from krennerite, via calaverite‐native tellurium, to sylvanite, in the order of crystallization. A sample from Kawazu contains sylvanite and native tellurium with stutzite, hessite and tetradymite in the coarser gray quartz part. The Teine sample also contains sylvanite and native tellurium with barite and quartz. The peak patterns of XRD of calaverite, krennerite and sylvanite from Suzaki are almost identical to that of JCPDS 43–1472, JCPDS 8–20 and JCPDS 9–477, respectively. The Te, Au, Cu, and Ag contents of calaverite from Suzaki range from 56.4 to 57.9 wt.%, from 41.6 to 42.6 wt.%, from 0.28 to 0.45 wt.% and from 0.14 to 0.31 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.97Ag_0.01Cu_0.02Te₂. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of krennerite from Suzaki range from 59.6 to 61.4 wt.%, from 31.3 to 33.6 wt.%, from 4.91 to 6.13 wt.% and from 0.66 to 0.80 wt.%, respectively, corresponding to the formula Au_0.71Ag_0.22Cu_0.05Te₂ with Au and Ag ranging from 0.68 to 0.74 and from 0.20 to 0.25, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Suzaki range from 61.5 to 63.4 wt.%, from 24.1 to 27.4 wt.%, from 10.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.12 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, and Cu contents of sylvanite from Kawazu range from 62.7 to 63.3 wt.%, from 23.5 to 24.1 wt.%, from 12.0 to 12.5 wt.% and from 0.09 to 0.16 wt.%, respectively. The Te, Au, Ag, Cu and Fe contents of sylvanite from Teine range from 61.8 to 63.5 wt.%, from 23.6 to 24.7 wt.%, from 11.9 to 13.3 wt.%, from 0.01 to 1.65 wt.% and from 0.00 to 0.02 wt.%, respectively. The average formulae of sylvanite from Suzaki, Kawazu, and Teine are expressed as Au_1.06Ag_0.94Cu_0.02Te₄, Au_1.00Ag_0.95Cu_0.02Te₄ and Au_1.01Ag_0.95Cu_0.06Te₄, respectively. Judging from the mineral assemblages of these ores and other localities, Au–Te mineralization in the Japanese Islands can be divided into four types: native gold–calaverite at Date and Agawa, krennerite(?native tellurium) at Osore‐zan and Mutsu, sylvanite–native tellurium–hessite at Teine, Kawazu, Kobetsuzawa, and Kato, and polyminerallic assemblages at Suzaki and Kushikino. The pH–Eh diagram of aqueous tellurium species and tellurium minerals at 250°C indicates that (Au, Ag)Te₂ minerals in epithermal gold telluride mineralization would have been formed under middle to low Eh and acidic (to intermediate) pH conditions. It is possible that dilute tellurium‐containing fluid would scavenge dilute gold.     

Mineralogy of oxidized ores at the Ik-Davlyat gold-base-metal deposit,the southern Urals

Three types of oxidized ores are identified in the Ik-Davlyat gold-base-metal deposit in the southern Urals: (1) carbonate-sericite-chlorite mineralized rock, (2) vein-shaped quartz-goethite-illite clay, and (3) limonitized rock related to veins. Heavy concentrate of the first type of ore is composed of goethite, rutile, native gold Au_0.91Ag_0.08Cu_0.01, and chalcophanite Zn_1.02Mn_2.98O₄ · 3H₂O. The second type of ore contains goethite, rutile, Pb-bearing jarosite, native gold Au_0.90?0.93Ag_0.06?0.08Cu_0?0.01Fe_0?0.01, silver amalgamide (schachnerite) Ag_0.75Hg_0.97Au_0.98-Ag_0.75Hg_0.97Au_0.28, coronadite (Pb_1.72Mn_7.51Fe_0.41Cu_0.36)₈O₁₆, a chalcophanite-hydrohetaerolite mixture, and cerussite. Gold of the highest fineness (Au_0.98Ag_0.01Cu_0.01) is associated with silver amalgamide. The third type of ore is quite similar to the first variety but contains a jarosite impurity. The composition of oxidized ores indicates a difference in composition of primary ores, in particular, the presence of lead minerals in primary veins. The first finding of chalcophanite in Russia is confirmed by chemical, optical, and X-ray data.     

藏南查拉普金矿床载金矿物特征与金的赋存状态

黄铁矿和毒砂是卡林型和造山型金矿床重要的载金矿物。文章通过电子探针(EPMA)分析研究了藏南查拉普金矿床不同类型黄铁矿和毒砂中Au、As、S、Fe等元素的含量变化和分布规律,发现不同阶段的黄铁矿具有不同的结构特征和元素组成特点。沉积成岩期黄铁矿(Py1)主要呈草莓状、胶状,常构成环带状黄铁矿的核心,其中金的含量最高,显示了金在沉积成岩期的大量富集。热液期早阶段黄铁矿(Py2)主要呈自形-半自形的立方体,与Py1元素(S、Fe、As)组成相近,显示了一定的继承演化关系。热液期主阶段黄铁矿(Py3)与毒砂共生,多呈自形-半自形的五角十二面体、立方体,常包裹早期的黄铁矿形成环带结构。Py3中As的含量明显升高,其增加量近似等于S的减少量,说明As主要进入黄铁矿晶格替代了S的位置。各个阶段的黄铁矿和毒砂中Au的分布在EPMA微束的分辨率下均显示是不均匀的,Au在Py1和大部分Py2中主要以纳米级自然金(Au0)的形式存在;而在Py3中主要以(Au+)的形式存在,少部分以纳米级自然金(Au0)形式存在。Py1的结构及元素组成与典型卡林型金矿和造山型金矿沉积成岩期黄铁矿的特点相似,而Py3的大量发育则符合卡林型金矿的特征。     

Genesis of gold and silver sulfides at the Ulakhan deposit (northeastern Russia)

Geology and mineralogy of the Ulakhan Au-Ag epithermal deposit (northeastern Russia, Magadan Region) are considered. A four-stage scheme of mineral formation sequence is proposed. Concentrations of Au and Ag in minerals of early and late parageneses were determined. It has been established that uytenbogaardtite is associated with native gold and hypergenesis stage minerals — goethite, hydrogoethite, or limonite replacing pyrite. The compositions of uytenbogaardtite (Ag₃AuS₂), acanthite (Ag₂S), and native gold were studied. The composition of the Ulakhan uytenbogaardtite is compared with those of Au and Ag sulfides from other deposits. Thermodynamic calculations in the system H₂O–Fe–Au–Ag–S–C–Na–Cl were carried out, which simulate the interaction of native gold and silver with O₂- and CO₂-saturated surface waters (carbonaceous, sulfide-carbonaceous, and chloride-sodium-carbonaceous) in the presence and absence of acanthite and pyrite at 25 °C and 1 bar. In closed pyrite-including systems, native silver and kustelite are replaced by acanthite; electrum, by uytenbogaardtite, acanthite, and pure gold; and native gold with a fineness of 700–900‰, by pure gold and uytenbogaardtite. Under the interaction with surface waters in the presence of Ag₂S and pyrite, Au-Ag alloys form equilibrium assemblages with petrovskaite or uytenbogaardtite and pure gold. The calculation results confirmed that Au and Ag sulfides can form after native gold in systems involving sulfide-carbon dioxide solutions (H₂Saq > 10^–4 m). The modeling results support the possible formation of uytenbogaardtite and petrovskaite with the participation of native gold in the hypergenesis zone of epithermal Au-Ag deposits during the oxidation of Au(Ag)-containing pyrite, acanthite, or other sulfides.     

Gold-telluride-sulfide association in the Sandaowanzi epithermal Au-Ag-Te deposit,NE China: implications for phase equilibrium and physicochemical conditions

The Sandaowanzi gold-telluride deposit, with a total reserve of ?≥?25 t of Au and an average grade of 15 g/t, is located in the Great Hinggan Range Metallogenic Belt in NE China. This deposit is the first reported case of a dominantly Au (±Ag)-telluride deposit in this area and it reveals highly economic bonanza Au- and Ag-telluride ores. Ore bodies principally occur in quartz veins and stockworks and minor in disseminations hosted by trachyandesites and andesitic breccias. Four paragenetic stages of mineralization are identified, demonstrating an early deposition of sulfides and subsequent precipitation of tellurides, which are mainly composed by petzite, sylvanite and to a lesser extent, hessite, calaverite, altaite, unnamed telluride (Au_1.8Ag_0.2Te), krennerite, empressite, stützite and coloradoite. Abundant telluride assemblages identified from Sandaowanzi ores are mostly attributed to breakdown of early tellurium-bearing phases (i.e., γ- and χ-phases) during cooling. The deposition of substantial Au-Ag-Te minerals are constructed under physicochemical conditions of T?=?240 to 280 °C, pH?=?4.39 to 5.64, logfO₂?=–44.8 to –41.8, logfTe₂?=–9.75 to –9.43, logαAu⁺ _(aq)/αAg⁺ _(aq)?=??6.87 to –6.56, and gold is mostly scavenged from a HTe^?-dominant ore-forming fluid. The unusually high Te concentrations in the Sandaowanzi epithermal system are likely attributed to alkaline to calc-alkaline magmatic degassing.     

胶东焦家金矿床热液蚀变作用

胶东作为中国最重要的金矿集区,区内大型-超大型金矿床集中产出,已探明金矿资源量占全国近1/3。其中,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是最重要的金矿床类型,占胶东已探明金矿资源量的90%以上,焦家金矿床是著名的"焦家式"破碎带蚀变岩型金矿的命名地,内发育大规模的绢英岩化蚀变带(宽20~200m)和钾化蚀变带(50~300m),蚀变岩型金矿体主要发育在焦家断裂带下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带中。本文通过详细的野外地质观测,查清了焦家金矿床蚀变类型及矿物组合特征,系统采集了不同蚀变类型的岩石样品,进行了岩石元素地球化学分析,运用质量平衡方法讨论了热液蚀变过程中元素迁移规律,初步探讨了焦家金矿床热液蚀变机理。其中,钾化蚀变是成矿前蚀变,钾化花岗岩常以团块状或角砾状残留于黄铁绢英岩和绢英岩内;黄铁绢英岩化和绢英岩化蚀变受焦家断裂及其下盘的次级断裂控制,其规模大小受断裂的规模控制;其中焦家主断裂下盘的绢英岩化蚀变带规模最大,一般宽10~200m;而次级断裂控制的绢英岩化蚀变带规模相对较小,一般以0.1~1m宽的脉状发育在钾化花岗岩内,指示绢英岩化蚀变晚于钾化蚀变。相对于黑云母花岗岩,不同蚀变带岩石普遍表现出高K2O、低Al2O3、CaO和Na2O,而不同蚀变岩石Si、Fe、Mg等元素各表现出不同特征。钾化带岩石表现为K2O的富集,而绢英岩带和黄铁绢英岩带岩石表现为MgO、Fe2O3增加的趋势。黑云母花岗岩发生钾化蚀变过程中,SiO2、K2O表现为明显的带入,指示在钾长石化过程中,流体为富硅的碱性氧化流体。在钾化花岗岩→黄铁绢英岩过程中,Fe2O3表现为明显的带入,可能是由于黑云母等暗色矿物的分解造成的;此外,亲硫元素(Au、Ag、As、Pb、Zn)均表现为带入,特别是成矿元素Au表现为明显的带入。结合本区金的来源可能部分为玲珑黑云母花岗岩,本研究认为钾化过程中的富硅碱性氧化流体通过交代蚀变反应使金从围岩中释放、成为高价态离子活化进入成矿流体,即分散还原态的金(Au0)被活化为氧化态(Au+、Au3+)以AuH3SiO4形式随热液迁移。在绢英岩化过程中,热液中的SiO2等组分损失,引起热液中的AuH3SiO4稳定性降低,造成AuH3SiO4分解,Fe2+、Fe3+被消耗形成黄铁矿,导致金大量沉淀和聚集沉淀,此时完成了金由活化→迁移→沉淀富集成矿。     

Geochemical Styudy of Gold and Arsenic Mineralization of the Carlin-Type Gold Deposits,Qinling Region,China

Element geochemistry of gold arsenic and mineralogical features of their sulfides in the Carlin-type gold depostis of the Qinling region are discussed in this paper.The initial contents of ore-forming elements such as glod and arsenic are high the ore-bearing rock series in the Qinling region.Furthermore,both the metals are concentrated mainly in the diagenetic pyrite.Study on the mineralogy of arsenic-bearing sulfide minerals in the ores demonstrated that there is a poistive correlation between gold and arsenic in the sulfide minerals.Available evidence suggests that gold in the As-bearing sulfide minerals in likely to be presented as a charge species(Au ),and it is most possible for it to replace the exxcess arsenic at the site of iron and war probably deposited together with arsenic as solid in the sulfide minerals. Pyrite is composed of(Aux^3 ,Fe1-2^2 )([AsS]x^3-[S2]1-x^2-),and arenopyrite of (Aux^3 ,Fe1-x^3 )([AsS]x^3-[AsS2]1-x^3-).The occurrence of glod in the As-sulfied minerals from the Carlin-type gold depostis in the Qinling region has been confirmed by electron probe and transmission electron microscopic studies.The results show that gold was probably depostied together with arsenicas coupled solid solutions in sulfide minerals in the early stage of mineralization.Metallogenic chemical reactions concerning gold deposition in the Carlin-type As-rich gold deposits would involve oxidation of glod and concurrent reduction of arsenic.Later,the deposited gold as solid was remobilized and redistributed as exsolutions,as a result of increasing hydrothermal alteration and crystallization,and decreasing resistance to refractoriness of the host minerals.Gold occurs as sub-microscopic grains(ranging from 0.04tp 0.16μm in diameter)of native gold along micro factures in and crystalline grains of the sulfiedes.     

Surface Typochemistry of Native Gold

Using the methods of electron spectroscopy of the surface and SEM–EDS, it is shown that native gold of the deposit related to the epithermal Au–Ag ore formation contains oxidized gold with an oxidation degree of Au (I) or higher on the surface. A thin layer (~15 nm) with high concentrations of Ag and S and an underlying SiO₂-bearing layer with a thickness of ~30–60 nm play a protective role providing preservation of Ag and Au sulfides in the surface parts of the Au–Ag grains under the oxidizing conditions. S-rich marginal parts of native gold particles may be represented by solid solutions Ag_2–xAu _x S or (with a lack of S) by agglomerates of Ag _n Au _m S clusters. The formation of surface zoning in the nanoscale on the surface of native Au is abundant in nature and may be applied in prospecting.