2008年冬季北京上空上对流层/下平流层臭氧的异常特征

利用国产GPSO3臭氧探空系统观测的大气臭氧探空资料和NCEP再分析资料,结合对天气形势、大气环流背景、高空位涡变化及对流层顶高度扰动的分析,深入研究了2008年冬季北京地区10~14 km高度范围内持续出现的臭氧次峰值及大气臭氧含量异常现象。结果表明:在2008年我国南方雪灾这一特殊时期,引起臭氧垂直分布持续出现次峰值现象及臭氧含量异常的主要原因是平流层空气强烈下沉运动及其与对流层的交换作用,而引起这种下沉运动及平流层-对流层交换则是由于该阶段特殊的天气背景,乌拉尔阻塞高压长时间维持,贝加尔湖到巴尔喀什湖一带横槽稳定存在,里海以东切断低压长期维持,造成冷空气长时间、稳定地南下影响北京上空臭氧的垂直分布。加之副热带急流的出现,北京正处于其入口区左侧,其上空有强烈的辐合下沉运动,有利于平流层空气向下输送。此次臭氧次峰值及臭氧含量异常的现象很好地说明,在冷空气天气过程的影响下,北京地区上空的平流层空气运动及其与对流层的交换十分活跃。     

对流层顶折叠检测新方法及其在中纬度 灾害性天气预报中的应用

对流层顶折叠是中纬度地区对流层上层—平流层下层区域(简称UT/LS)内的一个重要的大气现象,它与气旋生、暴雨强对流触发以及降水增幅密切相关。由于这些天气条件下的大气状况异常复杂,因此目前国际上普遍采用的基于干大气条件的对流层顶折叠检测方法存在很大局限性。本文在借鉴已有的卫星资料和数值预报相结合的模式识别法的基础上,通过统计分析的方法建立了高层大气水汽与广义湿位涡、臭氧浓度的关系以及对流层顶折叠与高空急流的位置关系,同时考虑了动力对流层顶高度在判识过程中的辅助作用,建立了一套基于FY-2E静止气象卫星遥感数据的,适用于与暴雨强对流有关的对流层顶折叠动态监测新方法。在利用FY-3A和FY-3B反演的臭氧总量、臭氧垂直廓线以及ECMWF Interim资料计算的位涡等资料对算法进行精度验证的基础上,将该方法在2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨天气过程以及2013年5月14~17日华南大暴雨天气过程的监测和分析上进行了应用,并取得了较好的效果。从应用效果看,本文提出的这种对流层顶折叠识别方法是合理可行的,并具有一定的应用价值,可为中纬度地区暴雨强对流天气的监测和预警提供参考指标。     

春季青藏高原西北侧一次平流层臭氧向对流层传输的模拟研究

利用NCEP/NCAR FNL客观分析资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的Interim再分析资料以及臭氧监测仪(OMI)的臭氧廓线资料,结合区域大气化学模式WRF-Chem对中国春季一次高空冷槽过境引起的对流层顶折卷过程(2012年3月19—21日)进行了分析,并从平流、湍流混合、对流输送等几个方面诊断分析了平流层臭氧向对流层的传输特征和细节。结果表明,发生于青藏高原西北侧的对流层顶折卷事件,其所在位置处于热带对流层顶向中纬度对流层顶的过渡区,由于陡峭的对流层顶南北梯度,在该区域发生的平流层-对流层物质交换(STE)比对流层顶东西方向折卷引起的物质交换要强烈和持久,跨越等熵面的物质交换和湍流混合对平流层-对流层物质交换有很大的贡献。大地形对平流层-对流层物质交换过程有显著的影响,且具有明显的日变化特征。早晚时段,大地形导致的爬坡上升气流显著,抑制了平流层空气与对流层空气的混合交换。午后,大地形热力作用增强,受背风坡局地环流的影响,靠近山顶处湍流混合作用对上对流层臭氧浓度升高的贡献显著增强,且地形越高,这种效应越显著。地形的湍流混合作用在2.5 km高度以上凸显,此高度之上地形平均高度每升高100 m,湍流混合的贡献增加约1%。     

Total ozone in the most humid monsoon region

Summary Simple analysis of about fifteen years of monthly total ozone data in the light of associated meteorological processes has been carried out in the tropical and subtropical regions of northern hemisphere. A well marked trough in total ozone has been observed in July and August over the most humid part of the region, which comes under the influence of monsoon circulation. It appears that the occurrence of the trough may be due to the lifting of air mass by the intense convective activity over areas of the low level convergence, which is fed normally from the equatorial belt. Also, the possible occurrence of stratospheric fountain due to the existence of the coldest air around the tropopause over the entire Southeast Asia and adjacent west Pacific ocean, may be playing some role to produce this feature.With 5 Figures     

Effect of methane emission increases in East Asia on atmospheric circulation and ozone

We used a fully coupled chemistry–climate model(version 3 of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model,WACCM3) to investigate the effect of methane(CH4) emission increases,especially in East Asia and North America,on atmospheric temperature,circulation and ozone(O3). We show that CH4 emission increases strengthen westerly winds in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes,accelerate the Brewer–Dobson(BD) circulation,and cause an increase in the mass flux across the tropopause. However,the BD circulation in the tropics between 10?S and 10?N at 100 h Pa weakens as CH4 emissions increase in East Asia and strengthens when CH4 emissions increase in North America. When CH4 emissions are increased by 50% in East Asia and 15% globally,the stratospheric temperature cools by up to 0.15 K,and the stratospheric O3 increases by 45 ppbv and 60 ppbv,respectively. A 50% increase of CH4 emissions in North America(with an amplitude of stratospheric O3 increases by 60 ppbv) has a greater influence on the stratospheric O3 than the same CH4 emissions increase in East Asia. CH4 emission increases in East Asia and North America reduce the concentration of tropospheric hydroxyl radicals(4% and 2%,respectively) and increase the concentration of mid-tropospheric O3(5% and 4%,respectively) in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. When CH4 emissions increase in East Asia,the increase in the tropospheric O3 concentration is largest in August. When CH4 emissions increase in North America,the increase in the O3 concentration is largest in July in the mid-troposphere,and in April in the upper troposphere.     

青藏高原对流层顶高度与臭氧总量及上升运动的耦合关系

根据1979-2008年青藏高原地区14个探空站对流层项气压资料以及同期各标准等压面上的温度资料,分析了不同季节高原上空两类对流层顶高度与高空各层温度之间的关系;在此基础上,结合同期的NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料以及NASA提供的TOMS／SBUV月平均臭氧总量资料,分别讨论了高原上升运动以及高原臭氧总量与对流层顸高度的耦合关系。结果表明：高原第一（二）对流层顶高度全年处在300～200hPa（100hPa附近）高度,在季节变化、年际变化以及长期变化趋势上,两类对流层顸高度与各自对应高度层上的温度存在着密切的反相变化关系,当对流层顶高度偏高（低）时,相应高度上的温度偏低（高）。上升运动有助于两类对流层顶高度的抬升,尤其是当高空200（100）hPa附近有上升运动时,有利于第一（二）对流层项高度抬升。各季节高原臭氧总量与第二对流层顶高度均呈显著的负相关关系,当臭氧含量减少（增加）时,该对流层顶高度将偏高（偏低）,近年来伴随着高原臭氧总量的减少,高原第二对流层顸高度出现了明显的抬升。     

北京地区对流层顶变化及其对上对流层/下平流层区域臭氧变化的影响

根据2001～2003年期间获得的大气臭氧探空资料,揭示了北京地区上空对流层顶高度的某些变化特征及其对上对流层(UT)和下平流层(LS)区域内大气臭氧含量变化的影响.结果显示:北京地区上空对流层顶高度的平均值约11.1 km,其变化范围为7.7～14.4 km,臭氧层顶始终处在对流层顶下方约0.9 km高度处.对流层顶高度变化与臭氧总量变化之间的关系相对较弱.通常情况下,LS中的臭氧积分量明显高于UT中的相应值,并且二者呈相反的季节变化特征.北京地区上空仲夏和初秋季节第一对流层顶出现的频数明显减少,在第一对流层顶消失的情况下,LS中的臭氧积分量明显减少,而UT中的臭氧积分量明显增加,臭氧量减少最多发生在200～100 hPa层次中,而臭氧量增幅最大的层次是400～250 hPa.     

The impact of cut-off lows on ozone in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over Changchun from ozonesonde observations

In situ measurements of the vertical structure of ozone were made in Changchun(43.53?N, 125.13?E), China, by the Institute of Atmosphere Physics, in the summers of 2010–13. Analysis of the 89 validated ozone profiles shows the variation of ozone concentration in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere(UTLS) caused by cut-off lows(COLs) over Changchun. During the COL events, an increase of the ozone concentration and a lower height of the tropopause are observed.Backward simulations with a trajectory model show that the ozone-rich airmass brought by the COL is from Siberia. A case study proves that stratosphere–troposphere exchange(STE) occurs in the COL. The ozone-rich air mass transported from the stratosphere to the troposphere first becomes unstable, then loses its high ozone concentration. This process usually happens during the decay stage of COLs. In order to understand the influence of COLs on the ozone in the UTLS, statistical analysis of the ozone profiles within COLs, and other profiles, are employed. The results indicate that the ozone concentrations of the in-COL profiles are significantly higher than those of the other profiles between ±4 km around the tropopause. The COLs induce an increase in UTLS column ozone by 32% on average. Meanwhile, the COLs depress the lapse-rate tropopause(LRT)/dynamical tropopause height by 1.4/1.7 km and cause the atmosphere above the tropopause to be less stable. The influence of COLs is durable because the increased ozone concentration lasts at least one day after the COL has passed over Changchun. Furthermore, the relative coefficient between LRT height and lower stratosphere(LS) column ozone is-0.62,which implies a positive correlation between COL strength and LS ozone concentration.     

Observation of a summer tropopause fold by ozonesonde at Changchun,China: Comparison with reanalysis and model simulation

Tropopause folds are one of the key mechanisms of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) in extratropical regions, transporting ozone-rich stratospheric air into the middle and lower troposphere. Although there have been many studies of tropopause folds that have occurred over Europe and North America, a very limited amount of work has been carried out over northeastern Asia. Ozonesondes produced by the Institute of Atmospheric Physics were launched in Changchun (43.9°N, 125.2°E), Northeast China, in June 2013, and observed an ozone-enriched layer with thickness of 3 km and an ozone peak of 180 ppbv at 6 km in the troposphere. The circulation field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) dataset shows that this ozone peak was caused by a tropopause fold associated with a jet stream at the eastern flank of the East Asian trough. By analyzing the ozone data from the ozone monitoring instrument and Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) simulations, it was found that a high ozone concentration tongue originating from the lower stratosphere at high latitude (near central Siberia) intruded into the middle troposphere over Changchun between 5 and 8 km on 12 June 2013. The high-resolution WRF-Chem simulation was capable of describing events such as the tropopause fold that occurred on the cyclonic shear side of the jet stream. In addition, the TRAJ3D trajectory model was used to trace the origin of measured secondary ozone peaks in the middle troposphere back, for example, to stratospheric intrusion through the tropopause fold.     

A study of ozone mini-hole formation using a tracer advection model driven by barotropic dynamics

Summary An ozone mini-hole is a region of strongly depleted column total ozone amounts, associated with the growth of synoptic-scale wave disturbances. Their formation is illustrated here using a sequence of idealised model experiments. Simplified barotropic dynamics are used to drive an ozone tracer advection model on an f-plane representing a hemisphere. Firstly, the Contour Dynamics method is used to integrate the barotropic vorticity equation. Vorticity contours are initialised to simulate typical planetary wave structures and the developing wind field advects components of the ozone model. The vertical profiles of ozone mixing ratio are represented by simple linear functions, separated by a tropopause height field and capped by an upper model boundary. Integrating these profiles thus yields a total column ozone field which is closely dependent on tropopause height. In addition to horizontal advection, a vertical motion parametrisation is included, based on a quasi-geostrophic theory for tropopause displacement. The model is also used to simulate the formation of an actual mini-hole which occurred over northern Europe. Here, observed fields of vorticity, ozone and tropopause height are employed and the system integrated using a pseudo-spectral method. The mini-hole is successfully simulated, despite the simple model dynamics. The results demonstrate the correlation between column total ozone and the tropopause height and confirm the crucial role played by vertical air motions and by the meridional gradients of mid-stratospheric ozone mixing ratios for the formation of ozone mini-holes.With 12 Figures     

Effects of the Tibetan Plateau on total column ozone distribution

The relatively low total column ozone (TCO) above the Tibetan Plateau (TP) observed in summer is only partly due to the thinness of the atmospheric column. In this paper the effect of the TP on the TCO is further investigated using satellite data [Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) ozone column and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) ozone profiles], ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis data and a 3-D chemistry-climate model (CCM). It is found that the low TCO over the TP is also closely related to large-scale uplift and descent of isentropic surfaces implied by seasonal and longitudinal variations in the tropopause height. The variations in tropopause height, with a maximum in summer, can be driven by various processes including convective activity, air expansion as well as the monsoon system. While previous studies have showed an important role of troposphere-to-stratosphere transport in contributing to the observed low ozone column over the TP, the mechanism revealed in this study is an alternative amendment to the causes of the TCO low over the TP. It is also found that the monsoon anticyclone circulation induces an isentropic transport of trace gases from high latitudes towards the TP in the lower stratosphere and hence modifies tracer distributions. For the vertical distribution of ozone, the modulation by the TP is most significant below ∼20 km, that is, in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The smaller differences in NO _x between Eastern TP and TP compared to large dynamically caused differences in ozone and methane imply the TCO low over the TP is mainly due to transport processes rather than chemistry.     

Simulation of Tropospheric Ozone with MOZART-2： An Evaluation Study over East Asia

Climate changes induced by human activities have attracted a great amount of attention. With this, a coupling system of an atmospheric chemistry model and a climate model is greatly needed in China for better understanding the interaction between atmospheric chemical components and the climate. As the first step to realize this coupling goal, the three-dimensional global atmospheric chemistry transport model MOZART-2 (the global Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 2) coupled with CAM2 (the Community Atmosphere Model, version 2) is set up and the model results are compared against observations obtained in East Asia in order to evaluate the model performance. Comparison of simulated ozone mixing ratios with ground level observations at Minamitorishima and Ryori and with ozonesonde data at Naha and Tateno in Japan shows that the observed ozone concentrations can be reproduced reasonably well at Minamitorishima but they tend to be slightly overestimated in winter and autumn while underestimated a little in summer at Ryori. The model also captures the general features of surface CO seasonal variations quite well, while it underestimates CO levels at both Minamitorishima and Ryori. The underestimation is primarily associated with the emission inventory adopted in this study. Compared with the ozonesonde data, the simulated vertical gradient and magnitude of ozone can be reasonably well simulated with a little overestimation in winter, especially in the upper troposphere. The model also generally captures the seasonal, latitudinal and altitudinal variations in ozone concentration. Analysis indicates that the underestimation of tropopause height in February contributes to the overestimation of winter ozone in the upper and middle troposphere at Tateno.     

Satellite Measurements of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in Wintertime Stratospheric Ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia

We investigate the Madden–Julian Oscillation(MJO) signal in wintertime stratospheric ozone over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia using the harmonized dataset of satellite ozone profiles. Two different MJO indices — the all-season Real-Time multivariate MJO index(RMM) and outgoing longwave radiation-based MJO index(OMI) — are used to compare the MJOrelated ozone anomalies. The results show that there are pronounced eastward-propagating MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies(mainly within 20–200 h Pa) over the subtropics. The negative stratospheric ozone anomalies are over the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia in MJO phases 4–7, when MJO-related tropical deep convective anomalies move from the equatorial Indian Ocean towards the western Pacific Ocean. Compared with the results based on RMM, the MJO-related stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI are stronger and one phase ahead. Further analysis suggests that different sampling errors, observation principles and retrieval algorithms may be responsible for the discrepancies among different satellite measurements. The MJO-related stratospheric ozone anomalies can be attributed to the MJO-related circulation anomalies,i.e., the uplifted tropopause and the northward shifted westerly jet in the upper troposphere. Compared to the result based on RMM, the upper tropospheric westerly jet may play a less important role in generating the stratospheric column ozone anomalies based on OMI. Our study indicates that the circulation-based MJO index(RMM) can better characterize the MJOrelated anomalies in tropopause pressure and thus the MJO influence on atmospheric trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, especially over subtropical East Asia.     

东亚太平洋地区近地面臭氧的季节和年际变化特征及其与东亚季风的关系

利用东亚清洁背景站近地面臭氧观测资料,结合风场和降水资料,分析东亚各地区臭氧的多年季节变化特征,并探讨东亚太平洋地区臭氧的季节和年际变化与季风的关系以及影响近地层臭氧的主要因子。结果表明：东亚大部分地区与北半球背景站观测一致,近地层臭氧季节变化表现为春季最高、夏季最低的特征;但在东亚中纬度33～43°N,臭氧表现为夏季最高,而在东亚20°N以南地区臭氧则表现为冬末、春初最高。东亚太平洋沿岸近地面臭氧的季节变化主要受东亚冬、夏季风环流的季节变化控制。该地区不同纬度上春季峰值出现时间的差异与亚洲大陆春季不同时期污染物输送路径的差异有关。对东亚太平洋沿岸对流层顶附近位势涡度、高空急流和垂直环流季节变化的分析表明,冬春季可能是平流层向对流层输送的最强期,对近地面臭氧贡献最大。初夏至秋季（5-11月）,平流层向对流层输送较弱,对近地面臭氧贡献较小。东亚太平洋地区夏季风爆发的时间和强度以及季风环流型的年际差异是导致该地区春、夏季臭氧年际变化的主要原因;而季风降水和云带位置以及平流层一对流层交换是造成臭氧年际变化的其他原因。     

夏季风爆发前后中国区域对流层顶高度变化特征

利用2008—2014年全国高垂直分辨率的L波段探空资料,统计分析了东亚夏季风爆发前后我国不同区域对流层顶高度变化特征。研究表明:夏季风爆发后,对流层顶高值区向北推进,最大值位于青藏高原南部及其东南部地区;对流层顶高度的向南梯度和向东梯度大值区均由爆发前的30°~40°N北移至40°~50°N;受地面加热和垂直运动的影响,中国东北部和中东部在夏季风爆发后对流层升温,平流层-对流层过渡层降温,大气温度梯度增加,对流层顶上升,其中中国东北部在夏季风爆发前,大气温度廓线为双峰结构,易出现双对流层顶,第一对流层顶较低;中国南部整层大气温度廓线在夏季风爆发后略有增加,对流层顶有所下降。     

东亚季风及台风过程与臭氧含量变化的关系分析

文中用2001~2015年东亚区域的气压场和对流层顶臭氧含量的资料,选用并计算了最能代表东亚地区季风活动的两种指数,应用统计分析和个例分析的方法,对东亚地域内季风运动及台风过程与臭氧浓度变化的相关性进行了分析。得到如下结论:东亚的夏季风强度指数SMC与对流层顶臭氧含量两者在40°~50°N的高纬度地区有明显的正相关关系,赤道附近存在着负相关区。东亚IWT冬季风指数与对流层顶臭氧含量在南海—西北太平洋的海域有很好的正相关。在对流层上层受台风中心强上升气流影响最频繁的地区臭氧浓度低,而受到台风外围下沉气流影响最多的地区臭氧浓度高。      

平流层－对流层相互作用的多尺度过程特征及其与天气气候关系—研究进展

在过去5年中,在国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院的项目支持下,针对以大气上下层相互作用中的多时空尺度过程特征及其与天气气候的关系为主要关注内容,开展了几个方面的研究。本文介绍其中的一些主要进展与结果,包括:(1)平流层臭氧的探测与分析研究;(2)平流层－对流层质量交换(STME)与对流层顶特征研究;(3)中层大气多尺度波动特征研究;(4)大气辐射传输和中层大气卫星临边遥感新方法研究。     

Ozone structure over the equatorial Andes from balloon-borne observations and zonal connection with two tropical sea level sites

In this paper we present first-time measurements of ozone profiles from a high altitude station in Quito, Ecuador (0.19°S, 78.4°W, and 2391 masl) taken from June 2014 to September 2015. We interpret ozone observations in the troposphere, tropopause, and stratosphere through a zonal comparison with data from stations in the Atlantic and Pacific (Natal and San Cristobal from the SHADOZ network). Tropospheric ozone concentrations above the Andes are lower than ozone over San Cristobal and Natal for similar time periods. Ozone variability and pollution layers are also reduced in the troposphere above the Andes. We explain these differences in terms of reduced contributions from the boundary layer and from horizontal transport. In the tropical tropopause layer, ozone is well-mixed up to near the cold point tropopause level. In this regard, our profiles do not show constraints to deep mixing above 14 km, as has been consistently observed at other tropical stations. Total column ozone and stratospheric column ozone are comparable among the three sites. However, the contribution of tropospheric column ozone to total column ozone is significantly lower above the Andes. Our comparisons provide a connection between observations from tropical stations in equatorial South America separated by the wide continental mass. Identified differences in ozone throughout the atmospheric column demonstrate the global benefit of having an ozone sounding station at the equatorial Andes in support of global monitoring networks.     

Study of TOVS applications in monitoring atmospheric temperature,water vapor,and cloudiness in East Asia

Summary A new Statistical-Physical Retrieval Method (STPRM) has been developed for applications with TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) measurements. The method uses physical modeling combined with statistical regression to develop straightforward retrieval expressions for temperature, moisture content, and tropopause height based on brightness temperature measurements from both the HIRS and MSU instruments used in the TOVS system. The selection of HIRS and MSU channels used in the various retrievals is based on channel sensitivity coefficients which relate to the amplitude of the change of a given channel's brightness temperature to a given change in a retrieval parameter. The temperature retrieval procedure is designed for all-weather situations, and emphasizes the use of MSU microwave channels including linear combinations of these channels to improve vertical resolution. Cloud parameters are retrieved using radiances from HIRS channels to generate clear column radiances for the moisture and tropopause height retrievals, which depend almost exclusively on the HIRS channels. The STPRM scheme is then used to obtain and evaluate distributions of temperature, mixing ratio, and tropopause height. Distributions of ozone content are also retrieved from an independent iterative retrieval procedure using the cloud corrected radiances from the STPRM scheme as input. The retrievals are compared to in situ measurements obtained from radiosonde observations and ground-based Dobson spectrometer measurements situated throughout East Asia with generally good results. The temperature retrievals are also used in a synoptic analysis of a winter storm situation that developed over northern China in January 1989, giving a geopotential height distribution which is confirmed by aerological observations.With 16 Figures     

夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送的源区、路径及其时间尺度的模拟研究

基于NCEP/NCAR分析资料和拉格朗日轨迹输送模式FLEXPART, 通过气块轨迹计算, 对2005年夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送 (Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport, 简称TST) 的近地层源区、 输送路径及其时间尺度问题进行了一些初步探讨。结果表明: (1) 夏季亚洲季风区TST两个主要的边界层源区, 一个是热带西太平洋地区; 另一个是青藏高原南部、 孟加拉湾以及印度半岛中北部等地区, 上述两个区域与夏季强对流的分布相一致。在对流层顶高度附近 (约16 km高度), 两个近地层源区的垂直输送贡献相当。但进一步分析发现, 穿越对流层顶高度的质量输送只有约10％能够进入20～22 km高度的平流层中, 且主要源于以青藏高原南侧为代表的南亚季风区 (约贡献75%), 这进一步强调了青藏高原及其周边区域在全球TST过程中的重要地位。 (2) 轨迹分析显示, 夏季亚洲季风区对流层进入平流层的 “入口区” 主要在 (25°N～35°N, 90°E～110°E) 区域的青藏高原及其周边区域。TST路径受对流层上层南亚高压闭合环流、 北半球副热带西风急流和赤道东风急流的共同控制。 (3) 亚洲季风区TST两个主要的过程, 一个是和夏季湿对流抬升直接联系的快速输送过程, 它可以使近地层大气在1～2天内输送到平流层中, 贡献了整个TST的10%～30%; 另一个是大气辐射加热所致的大尺度垂直输送, 该输送是一个相对的慢过程, 时间尺度一般为5～30天。此结果意味着, 源于地表的短生命周期的大气污染物可通过光化学反应过程对该区域平流层臭氧及其他大气痕量成分平衡产生重要影响。