伊拉克鲁迈拉油田优化固井技术

伊拉克鲁迈拉油田地层破裂压力低,技术套管固井易发生漏失,生产层页岩层发育导致井眼不规则,存在“大肚子”和井眼缩径、固井顶替效率低、固井质量难以保证的情况。为此在后期固井施工中,通过分析地层特性,从影响固井质量的几个关键因素出发,优化堵漏技术措施。利用固井设计软件,优化扶正器下放数量,通过室内试验优选抑制性加重钻井液,控制调节不稳定页岩层钻井液性能参数,将钻井液API失水量控制在4 mL、密度1.35 g/cm3,优化固井工艺措施,形成了一套适合该地区的综合固井技术。现场试验中,固井质量合格井段达到了80%以上,优于同区块其他队伍施工井段。     

无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系在伊拉克鲁迈拉油田的应用

伊拉克鲁迈拉油田三开地层存在大段的泥页岩,易发生剥落坍塌,储层砂岩段长,渗透性好,易发生渗漏和形成小井眼。钻井液体系从一开始单纯追求井下的稳定性,到兼顾井壁稳定、储层保护、S型和J型井的摩阻降低,最终形成了无固相KCl聚合物钻井液体系。主要从室内实验和现场应用方面详细阐述了体系的形成和现场应用效果。     

松辽盆地基岩水平风险探井钻井优化设计与应用

为了保证松辽盆地首口基岩水平风险探井安全钻进、缩短施工周期,开展了井眼轨道、井身结构、钻井提速、复杂事故预防等优化设计,建立了不同开次套管抗内压强度计算方法,确定了有针对性的技术措施。通过地震剖面连线,确定了地质靶点,根据邻井实钻统计,121/2 in井眼设计采用1.5°螺杆,造斜率控制在(5°～7°)/30 m,设计了井眼轨道。基于气体与流体压缩系数的不同,研究了不同开次套管抗内压强度,发现生产套管井底是抗内压薄弱点,而其它开次套管抗内压薄弱点则是井口处。在井震结合的地质预测基础上,采用复合钻头、强化钻井参数等措施,比邻井钻速提高13.38%,采用复合堵漏技术,配套施工工艺,累计减少钻井液漏失247 m3。通过上述技术的研究与应用,隆平1井钻井周期同比隆探2井缩短21.16 d,从而为松辽盆地基岩风化壳勘探开发提供了技术支撑,为以后同类井的实施提供了依据。     

伊拉克艾哈代布油田AD205H井钻井液技术

AD205H井是伊拉克艾哈代布油田的首口简化三开水平井,上部水敏泥岩易分散造浆、缩径,中部存在高压盐水层、燧石结核地层,储层灰岩含量高,从而增加了施工周期,制约了该区水平井发展步伐。针对上述钻井难点,开展了钻井液抑制性、抗温性、抗盐性、抗污染评价试验,研制了混油聚磺钻井液体系。现场应用表明,聚磺钻井液体系抗污染能力强,施工过程中性能稳定。对于上部水敏性泥浆有很强的抑制作用,对于下部易渗漏的灰岩地层有很好的封堵作用,减少了井下复杂事故的出现。此井为该地区简化井身结构第一口井,低密度优质钻井液保证了该井的顺利施工,创造了该油田钻井施工的多项纪录。     

哈萨克斯坦科扎萨伊油田优快钻井技术

哈萨克斯坦科扎萨伊油田钻井地质环境复杂,储层位于盐下,钻遇的地层层系多,地层性质差异大,具多套压力系统。钻井过程中发生地层漏失、坍塌、掉块及盐膏层蠕变等复杂情况,严重影响了钻井时效和钻井安全。针对这些技术难题,开展了油田井身结构、井身质量、提速潜力、高效钻头等分析与优化,提出了预弯曲钻具高倾角地层井斜控制技术、混合钻头减震提速技术,以及PDC-孕镶块复合钻头高研磨性地层提速技术。现场应用取得了较好的效果,平均机械钻速提高50%以上,钻井周期缩短28%。     

渤海低渗油田定向井井身结构优化

渤海25油田沙河街组低渗储层地层压力系统复杂,一期开发时采用渤海常规井身结构,但是作业复杂情况频发,工期较长,导致成本高,整体经济效益较差。通过对地质油藏、地层特点做深入研究分析,优化出一套φ355.6 mm井眼×φ273.1 mm套管 φ241.3 mm井眼×φ177.8 mm套管 φ152.4 mm井眼×φ114.3 mm尾管的井身结构及其配套提速技术。通过在2口井的应用试验,取得了较好的效果,2口井平均井深3607.5 m,平均钻井周期19.32天,钻井周期共计比基本设计节余5.37天,钻井时效比基本设计提高24%,同时小井眼钻井所使用的器材及材料费用相应减少,而且投产后产量较好,经济效益显著,具有广阔的应用前景。     

伊拉克米桑油田深井水平井钻井技术

为应对伊拉克M油田深井水平井高压盐膏层盐水侵、下部灰岩地层漏、喷、塌和卡等多种风险,同时尽可能降低钻井成本,提高作业时效,开展了深井水平井研究和实践。根据区块作业经验将深井水平井设计为六开井身结构;针对高压盐膏层地层,采用高密度饱和复合盐钻井液技术;在深部灰岩地层实施了一系列定向井和尾管固井技术。上述技术在64H井成功应用,解决了该区块钻井过程中的技术难题,提高了钻井安全性和时效(打破了M油田深井水平井钻井记录)。     

鲁迈拉定向井钻井设计优化与应用

为了降低定向井摩阻扭矩,提高钻井速度,针对地质特点和钻井难点,建立了井眼轨道和岩石可钻性回归计算模型。通过五段制轨道剖面的优化,最优井眼曲率为（2.85°～3°）/30 m、最大井斜角为30°;技术套管下至Sadi层8～15 m,确保了S型定向井安全钻进,裸眼内摩阻系数由0.52降至0.35,套管内摩阻系数由0.35降至0.28;Rus软硬夹层优选试验KM533复合钻头,解决了常规PDC钻头磨损快、牙轮钻头机械钻速低的问题。通过上述3项技术的研究与应用,鲁迈拉S型定向井实际顶驱扭矩降低30%以上,钻头使用数量降低2.7只,钻井周期缩短18.58 d。     

普光105丛式井平台井身结构的设计与应用

分析了丛式井在解决普光气田地质不确定、地表环境复杂等问题方面的技术优势。在对普光气田井身结构必封点分析的基础上,确定了各层套管下深范围,以此为据,优化出适用于普光气田水平井的2套井身结构方案。以普光105丛式井平台为例,分别对普光105-1水平井和普光105-2井的井身结构进行了优化设计,并对其钻井施工效果进行了总结与分析。应用实践证明,丛式井有助于缩短该地区的钻井周期、降低复杂失效、提高钻井速度,具有较为广阔的应用前景。     

欠平衡钻井技术在梨深1井的应用

欠平衡钻井技术是准确发现和评价油气资源的方法之一,尤其适合评价和开发低压低渗油气层。介绍了梨深1井四开井段实施欠平衡钻井技术的详细情况。该井四开钻井液密度0.90～1.05 g/cm3,使钻井液液柱压力低于地层压力,地层大量气体侵入井筒,进一步增大井底欠压差。自井深3582.5 m后一直维持点火钻进,为后续井钻井施工提供了很好的借鉴。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with