破碎地层孔壁稳定技术的探讨与实践

在破碎地层钻探施工中,提高破碎带地层破碎岩块之间的胶结力、快速封堵地层裂缝形成完整孔壁及适当的冲洗液密度是破碎地层孔壁稳定的关键。防塌型随钻堵漏剂、改性沥青的加入能有效封堵地层裂缝,提高孔壁承压能力。LBM冲洗液体系和接枝淀粉冲洗液体系具有良好的造壁性能和流变性能,在破碎地层施工中取得良好的使用效果。     

青藏高原复杂地层地质钻探低固相冲洗液试验研究

青藏高原由于地质条件的多样性,分布有松散破碎地层、高应力地层、断层破碎带等复杂地层,在地质钻探中经常遇到塌孔、漏浆、缩径、卡钻、埋钻等问题。同时配套使用的冲洗液形成的泥皮质量差、胶结能力较差、携岩粉能力较弱等不足。冲洗液的性能是实现复杂地层顺利钻进的关键。结合青藏高原复杂地层的地质特点,研发了低固相聚合物新型冲洗液,该冲洗液以钠质膨润土和微泡剂等外加剂为基础,具有流动性好、胶结性强、降失水量适中的特点,适宜在青藏高原复杂地层地质钻探中使用。     

嵩县某金矿区复杂地层强抑制防塌泥浆技术

嵩县某金矿区钻遇地层复杂,岩石破碎,部分地层绿泥石化、高岭石化严重,钻进过程中缩径、垮塌、漏失、涌水等多种复杂情况频发,断钻杆、粘卡、烧钻等事故层出不穷。在对比邻近矿区施工经验的基础上,总结了本地区钻孔施工的技术难点,对比分析了分散泥浆、无固相聚乙烯醇泥浆、低固相聚合物泥浆的使用效果。结果表明,高浓度膨润土浆具有防塌、防漏、胶结松散岩石等多种功能,配制简单且使用方便,可用于上部覆盖层钻进。对于下部复杂地层,常规分散泥浆体系抑制性不足,难以应对该矿区复杂工况;无固相聚乙烯醇泥浆前期防塌能力强,但是处理坍塌事故能力不足;低固相聚合物泥浆体系抑制性强,流变性良好,防塌能力强,取得了良好的使用效果。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目WFSD-4S孔冲洗液技术

针对汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目四号孔浅孔（WFSD-4S）地质条件复杂,孔壁稳定性差,坍塌、掉块严重等问题,采用了双聚防塌冲洗液体系。该体系具有良好的稳定性和流变性,携屑能力强,防塌效果好,在WFSD-4S孔钻进施工中取得了良好的应用效果。通过对冲洗液配方的优化和性能参数的合理调整与维护,较好地解决了WFSD-4S孔的钻进技术难题,为顺利完成钻孔施工奠定了坚实的基础。     

川藏铁路复杂地层水平孔钻探护壁堵漏研究与应用

川藏铁路地处青藏高原东南部,由于构造活动发育,岩体松散破碎,裂隙及承压水发育,勘察这些地层过程中时常发生塌孔、掉块卡钻、冲洗液漏失等复杂情况。本文针对隧道出口段地层设计的定向水平孔,在钻进过程中出现孔壁失稳和冲洗液漏失等问题,通过分析孔内地层特征、漏失情况,提出了适宜的冲洗液体系。随后,进行正交实验快速得到护壁堵漏材料掺量的最优组合,并通过后续的工程实践结果验证并改进,使得冲洗液工艺效果明显。优化配方后的冲洗液,能够大幅度减少孔内事故,有效地促进勘探进度,取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔冲洗液护壁技术

宁夏灵武幅、磁窑堡幅综合地质调查LS01孔设计深度800 m,钻探过程中钻遇200余米第四系未胶结松散地层,主要有砾石（漂砾）—粗砂—中砂—细砂互层,钻孔护壁难度大,容易发生掉块、塌孔事故,取心困难;进入第三系钻遇清水营组紫红色泥岩,地层造浆且易打滑;进入白垩系宜君组,钻遇365.91 m的破碎砾岩,地层松散破碎,钻进过程易卡钻,回转阻力大,回次进尺少,进尺慢。根据类似钻孔施工资料及地层情况最终采用成膜护壁冲洗液,钻进过程中穿过多层复杂地层,成膜护壁冲洗液在破碎砾岩孔段起到了很好的护壁效果,没有出现掉块、塌孔事故;岩心采取率满足地质设计要求,全孔平均采取率达到95.89%;节约了套管下入深度,终孔深度800 m,终孔口径124.00 mm。     

PVA1788成膜体系无固相冲洗液在桂柳地1井的应用

桂柳地1井为广西柳州市鱼峰区雒容镇区块页岩气地质调查井,设计井深2350 m,钻遇水敏性地层等复杂地层。为了提高无固相冲洗液在页岩气复杂地层深孔钻进中维持孔壁稳定的能力,在PVA1788体系无固相冲洗液的基础上,添加成膜A剂、封堵剂GFD-1等处理剂。根据冲洗液试验及现场应用,成膜A剂具有降失水功能,不影响冲洗液的润滑性能,对粘度影响不明显,该PVA1788成膜体系无固相冲洗液滤失量较低,封堵裂隙效果好,减弱了地层水化膨胀,提高了成膜抑制防塌能力,满足了桂柳地1井深孔复杂地层维护孔壁稳定、安全钻进的需要。对类似复杂地层无固相冲洗液的推广应用具有参考价值。     

一种用于砂卵石层钻进的SM植物胶

SM植物胶冲洗液具有较强的护壁防塌能力,能维持覆盖层(含砂砾石层)、破碎层、水敏性地层的孔壁稳定和岩心的完整性,甚至能在松散层中取出柱状岩心;很好的减振作用;良好的滑动性;加工、配制简单,无毒、无污染,是适合于金刚石钻进的新型洗井液。     

页岩气钻探冲洗液体系的研究与应用

中国页岩气资源开发潜力巨大,近年来页岩气勘探开发力度不断加大,对钻探工艺和技术的要求不断提高。页岩气地层岩性主要为泥岩、砂岩、页岩、碳质板岩、灰岩,该类地层胶结性差、破碎、井壁强度低,钻进中易出现孔壁失稳,发生坍塌、卡钻、埋钻等孔内事故,需要研制具有强抑制性、低成本、绿色环保的冲洗液体系来保证施工安全。本文通过对页岩气井壁稳定机理的探究,优选出一种适用于页岩地层双聚防塌和成膜防塌低固相冲洗液体系,该体系由抑制剂、防塌剂、降失水剂、润滑剂、封堵剂、流型调节剂等处理剂组成,具有良好的抑制性和胶结性。现场应用取得了良好的效果,保证了项目的顺利施工。     

罗布泊盐湖深部钾盐地质科学钻探LDK02孔冲洗液工艺

罗布泊盐湖深部钾盐地质科学钻探LDK02孔钻遇地层主要为第四系松散层,其中,卵砾石层及砂层孔段易发生坍塌埋钻事故,粘土层孔段易缩径卡钻,导致钻探施工中孔壁极不稳定、极易引发孔内事故;现场使用卤水配制冲洗液,对冲洗液处理剂性能影响较大,导致配制的冲洗液胶体稳定性差、易沉淀分层、不能有效悬浮和携带岩粉。针对上述问题,对现场卤水进行了离子成分分析,选用抗盐性能好的处理剂配制卤水冲洗液,在LDK02孔现场应用,取得了良好效果,保证了钻探施工的顺利实施。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of