亚高山不同海拔高程中的岩溶泉水化学特征对比研究--以重庆金佛山碧潭泉和水房泉为例

金佛山岩溶泉水化学呈现日变化和空间变化的动态特征.在时间上,碧潭泉水化学特征呈现周期性的日变化规律,而水房泉日变化规律不甚明显.由于海拨高程的影响,金佛山岩溶泉水化学变化动态对降雨直接响应的效应不同:在同一时间里,碧潭泉对降水的响应微弱;而水房泉水中的Ca 、Mg2 和HCO3-等离子浓度随降雨而上升,它主要受碳酸盐岩-水-CO2相互作用中的CO2的控制.金佛山岩溶泉水化学特征还受岩性的控制.     

山区岩溶作用对土地利用方式的响应——以金佛山碧潭泉和水房泉两区岩溶系统为例

不同的土地利用方式可使土地理化性质产生一系列的变化和差异,从而影响到岩溶作用的方向和强度。通过野外溶蚀试片实验法,对金佛山典型岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域岩溶生态系统的5种典型土地利用方式下的土壤溶蚀速率进行雨季短时间尺度变化的野外观测。2006年7月中旬开始,重庆地区罕遇43天高温无雨的特殊天气,测试结果表明不同土地利用方式甚至同一土地利用方式下不同海拔的岩溶区石灰岩试片溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,碧潭泉域雨季绝对溶蚀量仅为水房泉域的13.3%,6个测试点土下溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛、碧潭泉耕地。在研究时间内降雨量、温度和土壤CaCO3含量差异的基础上,金佛山两泉域岩溶作用主要有两个控制因素:土壤CO2浓度、土壤有机质。     

发展中的板块边界:天山-贝加尔活动构造带

不同的土地利用方式可使土地理化性质产生一系列的变化和差异,从而影响到岩溶作用的方向和强度。通过野外溶蚀试片实验法,对金佛山典型岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域岩溶生态系统的5种典型土地利用方式下的土壤溶蚀速率进行雨季短时间尺度变化的野外观测。2006年7月中旬开始,重庆地区罕遇43天高温无雨的特殊天气,测试结果表明不同土地利用方式甚至同一土地利用方式下不同海拔的岩溶区石灰岩试片溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,碧潭泉域雨季绝对溶蚀量仅为水房泉域的13.3%,6个测试点土下溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛、碧潭泉耕地。在研究时间内降雨量、温度和土壤CaCO3含量差异的基础上,金佛山两泉域岩溶作用主要有两个控制因素:土壤CO2浓度、土壤有机质。     

亚高山不同植被类型区的雨季岩溶溶蚀速率研究

关于岩溶溶蚀速率,前人在研究中肯定了岩溶区内CO2浓度的时空变化对溶蚀速率的驱动作用,然而不同的植被条件产生的土壤理化性质差异和变化对溶蚀速率的方向和强度也具有较大的影响.通过野外溶蚀标准试片法,测试得出重庆金佛山岩溶区碧潭泉和水房泉两泉域4种典型植被类型下的5个测试点的雨季绝对溶蚀量和平均面积溶蚀量.测试结果表明不同植被条件甚至同一植被类型下不同海拔下岩溶区石灰岩标准试片的溶蚀速率都存在较大差异,5个测试点溶蚀量由大到小依次为水房泉竹林地、水房泉林地、水房泉草地、碧潭泉林地、碧潭泉灌草丛.通过测试点的土壤基本理化性质分析得出以下结论:在研究区研究时间内的降雨量、温度差异的基础上,除了土壤CO2浓度,土壤有机质也是控制金佛山两泉域岩溶速率的主要因素之一.     

表层岩溶泉域短时间尺度岩溶作用碳汇效应初步研究——以重庆市金佛山水房泉域为例

本文以水房泉表层岩溶泉域为例,通过CDTP300多参数自动水质监测仪提供的年际连续的电导率、水温、水位,利用岩溶水化学-径流量方法计算出水房泉连续两年各月的CO2吸收量和年吸收总量。计算结果显示水房泉各月CO2吸收量中6、7、8三个月吸收量较大,1、2、12月吸收量均较小;年最大CO2吸收量出现在7月份,年中最小CO2吸收量出现在1月份。水房泉各月CO2吸收量同水房泉出口月径流量和月降雨量都有很好相关性,雨季吸收量远大于旱季吸收量。泉水HCO3-含量受到气温、降水、径流量和土壤CO2含量的综合影响, HCO3-含量的最高值与月CO2吸收量的最大值在时间上存在2个月的滞后现象。相对于较大流域碳汇的估算,以小流域为对象从短时间尺度计算碳汇更加精确,而且对于流域岩溶作用碳汇过程及其控制机理的深入揭示也是非常必要的。      

典型表层岩溶泉水短时间尺度动态变化规律

通过多功能自动化监测记录仪CTDP300,对金佛山表层岩溶泉碧潭泉物理化学性质的昼夜变化过程进行了研究.短时间尺度监测表明,岩溶动力系统对环境变化比较敏感,响应及时,水的物理化学性质昼夜动态变化在不同气候条件下有不同表现.在无雨条件下,水温的变化与气温基本一致,电导率峰值区滞后温度数小时,这可能与植被从光合作用向呼吸作用转变导致大气CO₂浓度产生较大的梯度变化有关,而这种梯度十分有利于岩溶作用的进行,但由于植被覆盖和地质构造等因素的差异,滞后时间有较大不同;在暴雨期间,虽有植被和土壤的阻挡和调蓄作用,降雨对碧潭泉岩溶水还是有较强的稀释作用,但开始降雨后数小时左右,表层岩溶带高裂隙率和渗透性开始发挥作用,水动力作用和CO₂效应逐渐占主导地位.     

岩溶水系统的水化学曲线及其在水文地质研究中的应用

为了认识水文地质条件与岩溶泉水化学之间的关系,以西南地区的6个典型岩溶水系统丫吉试验场S31号泉、毛村地下河、官村地下河、陈旗岩溶泉、青木关地下河以及金佛山水房泉为例进行研究。通过对比发现,在这些强烈非均质的山区裸露型岩溶水系统中,仪器能够实现自动化监测的电导率、温度和pH值等指标的水化学曲线存在差异。分析可知控制水化学变化的主要因素如下:首先是降雨补给引起系统的水量与碳酸盐岩溶解过程的变化;其次是CO₂气体随降雨进入含水层,促进碳酸盐岩的溶解;最后是地表污染物的淋滤。当电导率、水温、pH曲线出现降低和碳酸盐岩矿物饱和指数下降时,反映的是岩溶水的稀释作用;当电导率曲线出现高峰时,反映的是岩溶水补给的CO₂效应,此时水中二氧化碳分压(p_CO2)升高;当场雨中水化学曲线的变化滞后于水文动态曲线时,反映的是岩溶管道的活塞流效应;与人类活动有关的NO₃^-等污染物质量浓度在降雨后出现高峰,反映土壤的降雨淋滤作用,并可能影响电导率的变化趋势。某个系统的水化学曲线趋向于经常出现某几种效应,并且彼此的类型不同,表明了降雨补给的面状渗流方式和集中灌入方式对岩溶水影响的强弱不同,以及系统在径流方式和调蓄机制上的差异。一般而言:以面状补给方式为主的系统,水化学曲线多表现为CO₂效应,较少出现稀释作用;而岩溶发育强烈的系统,降雨补给受控于溶蚀裂隙和管道,其水化学曲线较多出现稀释作用,较少出现CO₂效应;以管道为主要径流方式的系统易出现活塞流效应,而包气带厚度大和含水层储水能力强的系统水化学变化被减弱。     

森林覆盖的喀斯特地区表层岩溶带的产流阈值

选择中国南方喀斯特森林石山地区的表层岩溶带中出露的泉水为研究对象,通过对泉水水位、pH、电导率、水温和降水的连续监测,发现表层岩溶带的降水补给的产流阈值为12mm。同时分析了不同降水补给引起的表层岩溶泉pH、温度、电导率的变化规律。雨季pH在降水后出现暂时的降低,电导率和水温出现暂时的升高。旱季pH、电导率等表现出比雨季更复杂的变化。按照水位、pH、电导率、水温对降水补给的反应的强弱不同,将表层岩溶带对降水的反应分成三个等级。第一等级为表层岩溶泉的流量等都不发生变化;第二等级是表层岩溶泉的4个指标有部分发生微小缓慢的变化;第三等级是表层岩溶泉的4个指标发生显著的变化。表层岩溶带的产流阈值是区别有效降雨和无效降水的标准,并对理解岩溶地下水的形成有帮助。     

典型表层岩溶动力系统的环境敏感性研究--以广西马山县弄拉峰丛洼地为例

利用多参数自动记录仪(CTDP300)对广西马山县弄拉监测站的降雨量及表层岩溶泉水的水位、水温、pH值、电导率进行了监测。结果表明,系统对环境变化响应及时。其地球化学行为表现为明显的季节与昼夜动态变化,且在不同的气候条件下,水化学动态变化有不同的表现。在正常气候(无雨)条件下,水温、pH与电导率之间具有较好的正相关关系。暴雨期间,降雨开始阶段稀释作用明显。降雨中后期,CO2效应逐渐占主导地位。因此有必要把水、岩、CO2气体作为一个整体来解释表层岩溶作用的水文地球化学行为。     

典型表层岩溶泉短时间尺度动态变化规律研究

本文以广西马山县弄拉岩溶动力系统监测站为例,通过人工及自动记录,分别对表层岩溶泉水的物理化学特征变化进行了研究。短时间尺度监测表明,岩溶动力系统对环境变化十分敏感,响应及时。在不同的气候条件下,水的物理化学特征多日与昼夜动态变化有不同的表现。在正常气候(无雨)条件下,水温的变化与气温变化基本一致,pH与电导率之间具有较好的负相关关系,电导率峰值区滞后最高温度约4～5h。这可能与植被从光合作用向呼吸作用转变导致大气CO2浓度产生较大的梯度变化有关。而这种梯度十分有利于岩溶作用的进行。暴雨期间,稀释作用可贯穿整个降雨过程,但降雨1～2h后,表层岩溶带的高裂隙率和渗透性开始发挥作用,水动力作用和CO2效应逐渐占主导地位,而稀释作用对弱降雨过程仅作用于降雨的开始阶段。因此有必要把水、岩、CO2气体作为一个整体来解释表层岩溶作用的水文地球化学行为。     

Hydrochemical variations of epikarst springs in vertical climate zones: a case study in Jinfo Mountain National Nature Reserve of China

High temporal resolution (15 min) measurements of stage, pH, electric conductivity, temperature, and other hydrochemical parameters of groundwater at two sites in the Jinfo Mountain Nature Reserve of China were collected using automatic data loggers. Bitan Spring (BS 700 m a.s.l.) sits in subtropical climate zone, while Shuifang Spring (SS 2,060 m a.s.l.) is located in plateau temperate climate. The data show that hydrochemistry of epikarst springs at different altitudes is very sensitive to the changes of their physical environment, especially two factors: air temperature and soil CO₂ concentration. Springs at lower altitude are associated with higher air temperature and soil CO₂ concentration, thus more likely leading to more active karst processes than those at higher elevation. Water temperature and pH of BS showed a noticeable diurnal circle with high values in daytime and low values at night. The data also indicate that at least there are two effects that could impact the variations of groundwater hydrochemistry during flood pulse: dilution effect and CO₂ effect.     

亚高山表层岩溶泉域土壤溶蚀速率季节变化及碳汇量估算——以重庆金佛山水房泉流域为例

利用标准溶蚀试片法测定了重庆金佛山水房泉流域林地、草地和灌丛三种土地利用类型不同深度年溶蚀速率。结果表明,不同土地利用类型、不同季节、不同土壤深度的溶蚀速率具有很大的差异。通过对各土地利用类型下不同季节不同深度土壤有机质、土壤CO2浓度和土壤pH分析发现:土壤有机质和pH相互耦合共同对溶蚀速率产生影响,有机质含量越高,则pH值越低,溶蚀速率就越大;三种土地利用方式下土壤CO2浓度与溶蚀速率具有一定的相关性,夏秋季土壤CO2浓度较冬春季高,相对应地,其土下溶蚀速率也比冬春季大。最后利用试片溶蚀数据对泉域内年碳汇量进行了估算,结果约为:25.595t/a。      

Environmental isotope investigation for the identification of source of springs observed in the hillock on the left flank of Gollaleru Earthen Dam,Andhra Pradesh,India

A hydrometric, hydrochemical and environmental isotopic study was conducted to identify the source and origin of observed springs on the foot of the hillock abutting the left flank of the Gollaleru earthen dam, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples (springs, reservoir water and groundwater) in and around the dam area were collected and analyzed for environmental isotopes (\(\updelta ^{18}\!\hbox {O}\), \(\updelta ^{2}\hbox {H}\) and \(^{3}\hbox {H}\)) and hydrochemistry. Reservoir level, spring discharges and physico-chemical parameters (temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, etc.) were monitored in-situ. Isotopic results indicated that the source of springs is from the Owk reservoir and groundwater contribution to the springs is insignificant. Based on hydrometric observations, it is inferred that the springs might be originated from the reservoir level of 209 m amsl. It is found that the lower spring discharges were derived from diffuse sources (seepage) which could be a mixture of reservoir water and the groundwater, while the relatively higher spring discharges were resulted from concentrated sources (leakage) from the reservoir. Thus, the study portraits the usefulness of isotope techniques in understanding the dam seepage/leakage related problems.     

High-resolution study on the hydrochemical variations caused by the dilution of precipitation in the epikarst spring: an example spring of Landiantang at Nongla,Mashan, China

In addition to rainfall, high-resolution measurements of water level, pH, specific conductivity and temperature of Landiantang epikarst spring at Nongla, Mashan county in Guangxi Province, China were recorded in summer rainy season by using a data logger with time interval of fifteen minutes. Water from the spring issues along a karst conduit. During the rainstorms in summer, it was found that the pH and temperature of Landiantang spring increased while its specific conductivity decreased. As HCO₃ ⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are the dominant ions, linear relationships between concentrations of those ions and specific conductivity were developed. According to the ion concentrations from the linear relationships, the saturation indexes of calcite (SI_C), the saturation indexes of dolomite (SI_D) and CO₂ partial pressure (Log ) of the spring were calculated. Results indicated that the Log of the spring during the rainstorms was lower than that without rain, and its SI_C and SI_D was also lower. Combined with the characteristics of the epikarst zone, it was inferred that the above results were caused by the dilution of rainwater, because overland flow with high pH (due to neutralization of carbonate rock dusts in the air to rainwater) and low specific conductivity traveling through the conduit rapidly during rainstorms, showed greater influences on the hydrochemical variations of the epikarst spring.     

Characterization of the hydrogeology of the sacred Gihon Spring, Jerusalem: a deteriorating urban karst spring

The Gihon Spring, Jerusalem, is important for the major monotheistic religions. Its hydrogeology and hydrochemistry is studied here in order to understand urbanization effects on karst groundwater resources, and promote better water management. High-resolution monitoring of the spring discharge, temperature and electrical conductivity, was performed, together with chemical and bacterial analysis. All these demonstrate a rapid response of the spring to rainfall events and human impact. A complex karst system is inferred, including conduit flow, fissure flow and diffuse flow. Electrical conductivity, Na⁺ and K⁺ values (2.0 mS/cm, 130 and 50 mg/l respectively) are very high compared to other nearby springs located at the town margins (0.6 mS/cm, 15 and <1 mg/l respectively), indicating considerable urban pollution in the Gihon area. The previously cited pulsating nature of the spring was not detected during the present high-resolution monitoring. This phenomenon may have ceased due to additional water sources from urban leakage and irrigation feeding the spring. The urbanization of the recharge catchment thus affects the spring water dramatically, both chemically and hydrologically. Appropriate measures should therefore be undertaken to protect the Gihon Spring and other karst aquifers threatened by rapid urbanization.     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of central Jianghan Plain, China

The central Jianghan Plain is the semi-closed basin in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. A total of 78 water samples targeting groundwater were collected from 75 sites in this study site, the area between Yangtze River and Han River, including rivers and lakes for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) and ion composition measurements. Correlation matrix was used to assess the geochemical and anthropogenic processes. The most confined groundwater was grouped into HCO₃–Ca–Mg, while phreatic groundwater and surface water had a more diversified hydrochemistry. The spatial variation in overall water quality as well as comparison with WHO (World Health Organization) standards for drinking water is illustrated. Mn, As and NO₃ ^? concentrations were found to exceed the allowable limits for drinking water of WHO guidelines, and they also show remarkable spatial variations. Abnormally high nitrate concentration, up to 150–190 mg/l, was found only in phreatic groundwater, which suggested that the nitrate pollution might be caused by agricultural activities. The present study may be helpful in further studies concerning water quality issues in this area where groundwater is a vital source for drinking and other activities.