震旦纪陡山沱期凝源类Tianzhushania属研究进展

大型具刺疑源类TianZhushania的属名源于湖北长阳天柱山地区，模式标本最早发现于震旦系统陡山沱组的燧石结核中（岩石薄片）。本文综合了20多年来国内外有关该属的报道和研究，并结合最近笔者对贵州瓮安地区震旦系陡山沱组硅化保存的Tianzhushania tuberifera Yin,Gan and Xing2001与磷酸盐化保存的球状实体化石Megasphaera ornata Xiao and Knoll2000之间关系的最新研究结果，对大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania属的形态特征，巳定种的地理分布，地层意义和可能的亲缘关系等问题进行探讨。     

关于峡东陡山沱组具刺疑源类化石研究的补充

在峡东陡山沱组黑色燧石中前人报道了多种多样的具刺疑源类化石，笔者最近重新研究了陡山沱组岩石切片中的具刺疑源类，发现微化石三维地保存了几乎没蚀变的条件下，这个生物群落包括Filis phaeridi-um,Baltisphaeridium,Comasphaeridium和Tianzhushania等分子，它们中的Tianzhushania在外表及形态上可与产自挪威斯瓦尔巴德群岛晚里菲岩层中的Trachyhstrichosphaera aimika比较，Trachyhystrichosphaera aimika是晚前寒武纪最特殊和分布最广的一个分子，目前已知至少产自世界上15个地区的晚里菲岩层中，对于新古元代前文德地层似乎是一个出色的指示化石，产自陡山沱组的Tianzhushania似乎支持Butterfield的观点，即：陡山沱组硅化碳酸盐沉积的年代早于伊迪卡拉后生物多样化的时期，但是，由于化石只发展于少数岩石薄片中，因此，这些化石或许只代表峡东陡山沱组局部的生态环境。文中还讨论了陡山沱组的沉积环境及化石的保存。     

湖北峡东地区灯影组石板滩段微化石

本文研究了发现于湖北峡东地区，震旦系灯影组石板滩段燧石夹层岩石薄片中的微古植物化石，包括１０属５种（其中１新属新种）和５个未定种，石板滩段黑色薄层灰岩以富含宏观藻类及碳质印膜和少量后生动物而闻名，我们在燧石夹层牟岩石薄片中，不仅发现上述宏观藻类，而且首次发现共生的微化石。及其他保存很好的微化石，这一发现进一步丰富 我国震旦纪的古生物资料，为地层对比提供了依据。     

贵州瓮安震旦纪陡山沱期磷酸盐化球状化石的新观察

我国贵州瓮安陡山沱期磷块岩中的磷酸盐化球状化石是近年来受到广泛关注的一类微体化石。对于它们的生物亲缘认识，长期以来存在着动植物之争，特别是近年来一些学者发现，部分磷酸盐化球状化石内部保存了2、4、8、16等几何级数增长的细胞特征，根据化石的大小、细胞排列方式和表面纹饰可与现生甲壳类动物的胚胎比较，认为它们很可能是运动胚胎化石，但另一些学者却持截然不同的观点，认为它们不是动物胚胎化石的观察与研究，同时结合相同层位岩石薄片所发现的大量同类化石微细结构的对比。特别是把磷块岩中的化石与燧石中发现的化石详细比较，对一些磷酸盐化球状化石的归属和亲缘关系进行探讨，研究表明贵州瓮安陡山沱期燧石中发现的化石详细比较，对一些磷酸盐化球状化石的归属和亲缘关系进行探讨。研究表明贵州瓮安陡山沱期磷酸盐化微体化石群具有多样性特征，包含不同门类，是迄今为止全球保存最好的晚新元古代磷酸盐化的化石库。     

湖北峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石的新材料

通过对牛坪剖面和新测的晓峰河剖面燧石结核和条带的切片研究,进一步证实峡东地区陡山沱组下部和上部分别含有不同的微体化石组合。下组合以大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania为主,包括疑源类Appendisphaera magnifica、Leiosphaeridia tenuissima、Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis、Tanarium sp.、Tianzhushania fissura、T.spinosa、T.sp.、Unnamed A;丝状蓝藻Oscillatoriopsis longa、Polytrichoides induviatus、Salome hubeiensis、Siphonophycus kestron、S.robustum;多细胞藻类Sarcinophycus palilloformis、Unnamed multicelluar alga A。上组合以出现大量个体介于50～140μm的呈聚集保存的球状膜壳为特征,包括疑源类Leiosphaeridia tenuissima、Knollisphaeridium maximum、K.sp.、Meghystrichosphaeridium perfectum及Unnamed B、C。本文的两个微体化石组合与Yin等(2011)和Liu等(2013)的组合特征基本一致。     

寒武系底部宽川铺生物群中的卵裂胚胎过程:来自化石薄片的证据

陕南寒武纪早期宽川铺生物群中保存的大量磷酸盐化动物胚胎化石为古生物研究开辟了一个新领域。目前已报道了囊胚期之后不同发育阶段的胚胎化石标本,并且初步建立了从光滑球形胚胎化石Olivooides到带有瘤刺的锥体化石Punctatus的发育序列,而对卵裂期的胚胎化石却鲜有报道。基于通过醋酸浸泡获得的多枚卵裂期、囊胚期及原肠胚期的三维化石标本,加上应用岩石切片技术获得的卵裂期胚胎化石的切片标本,共同见证了从单个卵细胞(Olivooides)经卵裂到囊胚、原肠胚的完整胚胎发育序列。新化石材料的发现,不仅填补了宽川铺生物群中卵裂期胚胎化石的空白,完善了从单个卵细胞(Olivooides)经卵裂到囊胚、原肠胚,再到孵化的锥形幼体(Punctatus)的完整胚胎发育序列,而且通过与贵州瓮安生物群中卵裂期细胞胚胎化石及一些现生的低等动物卵裂期胚胎的对比,对揭示Olivooides胚胎的卵裂过程和特点,探讨其亲缘关系,以及后生动物的早期演化提供了新的化石证据。     

Huroniospora Barghoorn属的观察资料:冈弗林微生物群古生态学的含义

通过对保存完好的冈弗林燧石薄片的检查,揭示出利用Huroniospora属作为关键性评价的新颖生态学标志,其形态从球形到椭球形变化不一。所检查的1/3标本要么是简单圆形孔眼,要么是脉管壁的坡折。壁构造和表面结构似乎随保存的完好程度而变化。这些特征和其它特征导致Huroniospora代表孢子或被囊细脆而不是无性细胞的结论。Schreiber Beach组合带中Huroniospora的出现并不构成纹层间群落的原始光合作用性质的直接证据。     

湖北秭归庙河地区震旦系陡山沱组微化石的新发现

庙河地区震旦系陡山沱组燧石中的激化石，前人曾有过报道。但是，所报道的激化石组合与已知峡区的其他震旦系剖面陡山沱期微化石明显不同。具刺疑源类以ＭｉｃｒｈｙｓｔｒｉｄｉｕｍｔｌａｎｃｅｄｅｔｕｍＬ．Ｙｉｎ为主（样品号：Ｈｍ８０—１４—２，Ｙｉｎｂｏｒｎｉｎｇ，１９８５）。１９９２年作者等重新研究了庙河震旦系沿江剖面，系统采集了燧石样品。结果，并未在陡山沱组发现上述微化石组合，而在寒武系底界附近的燧石夹层中，发现了与其相同的微化石群，因而，对上述微化石组合出现的层位提出质疑。最近，作者再次对庙河地区陡山沱组燧石     

贵州瓮安震旦系陡山沱组磷酸盐化疑源类化石新材料

贵州瓮安磷矿震旦系陡山沱组磷质岩中含有丰富的磷酸盐化疑源类化石，化石个体大，具形态多样的刺饰和多层结构的外壁，与峡东地区同期硅化疑源类组合总体特征相似，可直接对比。本文系统描述了在贵州瓮安磷矿陡山沱组新发现的疑源类化石4属4种，其中包含新属2个，新种2个，未定种1个。它们是Bacatisphaera baokangensis Zhou，Brasier et Xue，2001，Taeniosphaera doushantuoensis gen．et sp．nov．、Rugospinasphaera speciosa gen．et sp．nov．和Meghystichosphaeridium sp．。新材料的发现丰富了瓮安生物群的化石内容，为研究震旦纪陡山沱期海洋微体浮游植物群特征提供了重要的化石资料。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组硅磷质结核中的微体化石

本文报道的微体化石产于湖北宜昌樟村坪万家沟剖面埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组第10层的硅磷质结核中,化石组合包括疑源类Appendisphaera grandis、Ericiasphaera spjeldnaesii、Knollisphaeridium maxi mum、Leiosphaeridia tenuissi ma、Meghystrichosphaeridium perfectum、Tianzhushania polysiphonia、T.spinosa、T.ornata;丝状蓝藻Oscillatoriopsis obtusa、Polytrichoides induviatus、P.lineatus、Salome hubeiensis、Siphonophycustypicum;多细胞藻类Sarcinophycus palilloformis、Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合面貌与黄陵背斜东、南翼陡山沱组二段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania为特征的组合相同,与贵州瓮安地区陡山沱组上磷块岩下部保存的微体化石组合面貌基本一致。     

First record of metazoan eggs and embryos from early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation,Tal Group,Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya

The phosphatized globular to sub-oval metazoan eggs with distinctively ornamented covering and phosphatized polar lobe forming embryos are recorded for the first time from the black phosphatic chert lenticles and bands of early Cambrian Chert Member of Deo ka Tibba Formation, Tal Group, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya. Similar metazoan eggs have been recorded earlier from early Cambrian rocks of Shaanxi Province, China, northwestern Canada, Australia, Mongolia, Siberia and Kazakhstan. These eggs are found in association with Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) and may belong to them. However, polar lobe forming embryos have been earlier recorded from Neoproterozoic rocks of southwestern China only. Similar embryos are common in modern molluscs and bilaterians.     

New Bivalved Arthropods from the Cambrian (Series 3, Drumian Stage) of Western Hunan,South China

We report two new three-dimensionally phosphatized microfossils, Cambrolongispina reticulata gen. et sp. nov. and Cambrolongispina glabra gen. et sp. nov., from the middle Cambrian （Series 3, Drumian Stage） at Wangcun, Yongshun County, western Hunan, South China. They are bivalved arthropods, with thin, pliable, originally chitinous or chitin-calcareous shields （c. 350-517 I1 m long）. The shields are equipped with a pair of antero-dorsal spines. The spines are internally hollow, varying in length from 1/2 of to as long as the shield length in C. reticulata, and uniformly longer than the shield length in C. glabra. The spines of C. reticulata are ornamented with a longitudinal row of conical or blade-shaped denticles along the posterior edge. Cambrolongispina lacks marginal rims, valve lobation and sulci which are diagnostic of the Bradoriida sensu stricto. It also lacks a donblure/duplicature characteristic of phosphatocopids and some bradoriids. It could be related to the Monasteriidae （which may belong to Bradoriida sensu lato）, both characterized by a pair of antero-dorsal spines. Cambrolongispina may have been meiofaunai detritus feeders that lived on or within sediments. The antero-dorsal spines may have been sensory organs to detect nearby predators. The posterior denticles on these spines might have facilitated the sensory function of the spines.     

贵州瓮安陡山沱期矿化生物群的研究进展和意义

贵州瓮安陡山沱期矿化（磷酸盐化和硅化）生物群的研究近年来倍受关注，它为研究包括后生动物在内的多细胞生物早期演化提供了十分难得的机遇。最近，由于其中部分磷酸盐化球状化石保存了与某些后生动物胚胎早期发育阶段类似的卵裂特征，被认为是后生动物的休眠卵和胚胎化石。但是，由于至今未发现可靠的囊胚期到原肠胚期和幼体孵化的化石证据，此类化石的动、植物之争一直没有停止。作者近期对该套含磷地层进行了系统的分析研究，除已报道的大量休眠卵和胚胎化石外，还发现保存原肠发育特征的磷酸盐化实体化石、蓝藻细胞集合体、可疑海绵动物化石及类似瓶形的不明化石等。研究表明，陡山沱期矿化生物群具有多样性特征，包含了多种门类的不同类型，是迄今为止全球保存最完好的未元古纪磷质化石库。     

Phosphatization of calcium carbonate in phosphorites: microstructure and importance

Fabrics of phosphatized calcium carbonate particles in various phosphorites have been studied using scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray dispersive microanalysis. Replacement of calcium carbonate by apatite has been observed in bivalve shell fragments and in foraminiferal tests; replacement proceeds at constant volume with excellent preservation of the original microtextures. In some deposits, replacement of carbonate by apatite is the main phosphogenic process. However, in general, the process seems to be far less important than might be believed purely on the basis of thin section observations. In many phosphorites, internal or external apatite moulds of bioclasts are common, including very small particles such as coccoliths in phosphatized chalks. Apatite precipitation was typically followed by carbonate dissolution. Later apatite precipitation within the dissolution voids may produce partial or total phosphate pseudomorphs of the original carbonate grain. In these examples direct replacement of carbonate by phosphate cannot be demonstrated.     

Discovery of animal eggs and embryos from the Ediacaran (Terminal Proterozoic) Chambaghat Formation,Krol Group,Himachal Lesser Himalaya

The globular to suboval microfossils with distinctively ornamented outer coverings interpreted as animal eggs and embryos have been discovered from the black phosphatic chert lentils of the Ediacaran (Terminal Proterozoic) Chambaghat Formation (Krol sandstone), Krol Group, Himachal Lesser Himalaya, India. Similar animal eggs and embryos have earlier been recorded only from the phosphorites of the uppermost Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation (Ca. 570±20 Ma) exposed at Weng’an, South China. Present record of eggs and embryos is comparable with extant eggs and embryos of cnidarians and bilaterians like molluscs, annelids and arthropods. The eggs and embryos from the Terminal Proterozoic rocks of India are the only one recorded from the equivalent stratigraphic horizon outside China. This discovery of eggs and embryos adds to the understanding the evolutionary trends in the Proterozoic metazoan life.     

Distinctive Scleritome with Marginal Tubercles of a New Palaeoscolecid Worm from the Shipai Fauna (Cambrian Epoch 2) at Three Gorges, South China

SEM analysis of trunk ornamentation on a compressed palaeoscolecid fossil from the Shipai fauna, Cambrian Series 2 and Stage 4 at Three Gorges, South China, allows a reassignment of the material to a new taxon, Sanxiascolex papillogyrus gen. et sp. nov. The preserved body is entirely annulated. Each annulus is ornamented by four rows of irregularly alternating plates and each plate bears numerous tubercles at the marginal region and a variable number (zero to six) of nodes at its central part. These features are unique among known palaeoscolecids. Comparative analyses with other compressed palaeoscolecid macrofossils and phosphatized material on the pattern of trunk ornamentation indicates that a detailed examination of the cuticle ornament weighs heavily in analyses of their taxonomic distinctions. A similar sclerite pattern to that of S. papillogyrus has been found in some phosphatized palaeoscolecid cuticle fragments as well as in isolated sclerites. The upper series of nodes and tubercles of these sclerites suggest an accretional mode of sclerite growth. The considerable variation in node number observed across the plates of S. papillogyrus demonstrates that phosphatic palaeoscolecid taxonomy based on?relatively?minor variations in?the number of sclerite nodes?should perhaps be reconsidered. As the origins of the phosphatized specimens are quite diverse, a large variety of isolated sclerites from the Early Palaeozoic may not reflect actual biodiversity.     

Phosphorites of the Chiatura manganese deposit and specific features of their formation

The paper presents results of the detailed study of phosphorites from manganiferous beds of the Chiatura deposit. The relatively high-grade (P₂O₅ 20–28%) phosphorites are represented by various rocks ranging from the variety dominated by massive phosphates with a rare aleuritic admixture of quartz and feldspar grains to rocks mainly composed of terrigenous material with phosphates in the matrix. Phosphates make up the matrix of various organic remains: differently preserved diatom algae and microbial species. Some relatively large organic remains (in particular, sponge spicules) are typically composed of iron minerals (with manganese admixture) rather than phosphates. Manganese ores comprise phosphorite fragments composed of phosphatized cyanobacterial mat. Phosphorites of the Chiatura deposit were likely formed in a shallow-water zone away from the continental land.     

瓮安生物群中后生动物化石研究进展及问题讨论

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉（震旦）纪陡山沱期磷酸盐化生物群具有生物多样性特征，包含有蓝菌、多细胞藻类、疑源类、后生动物休眠卵及胚胎、可疑的海绵动物、管状后生动物和微小两侧对称的后生动物等化石类型，是迄今为止全球保存最为完好的晚前寒武纪磷质化石库。瓮安陡山沱组磷质岩提供了早期生命从简单到复杂进化过程中的重要化石记录，展示了埃迪卡拉生物群出现以前早期多细胞生物的生命景观，为研究晚前寒武纪生物圈面貌提供了一个重要的埋葬学窗口。近来，通过醋酸浸解法，在贵州瓮安陡山沱期含磷地层中发现了大量疑似后生动物的实体化石（包含了所有已经报道的类型或与之相似的化石类型）新材料，为了解这些化石的内部构造特征，将一些化石包埋后制作了定向薄片。基于上述化石新材料，结合定向薄片的研究和前人的研究成果，本文详细介绍了瓮安生物群中后生动物化石研究的新进展和存在的问题。