湖北宜昌地区寒武系—下奥陶统的碳氧同位素记录

对宜昌地区寒武系和下奥陶统的碳酸盐碳、氧同位素进行测定,所得δ18O大 于－10‰且与δ13C不相关,表明研究区碳酸盐样品基本上保存了碳、氧同位素的初 始比值。δ18O在白云岩样品中呈现正漂移而在非白云岩样品中呈现负漂移,认为δ 18O反映海水古盐度变化,即δ18O随着古盐度升高而增大;δ13 C在缺氧沉积物中呈现负漂移,但负漂移的δ13C却不限于缺氧沉积物,推测δ13 C可能反映古海洋的初级生产力,即δ13C随着初级生产力的提高而降低。研究还指 出,由于Z值与δ13C密切正相关（相关系数为0.99）,综合运用δ18O和δ 13C的经典盐度公式不适用于研究区古盐度环境的重建。     

三峡地区岩家河埃迪卡拉系-寒武系界线剖面碳同位素地层学研究

湖北宜昌三峡地区埃迪卡拉系一寒武系界线位置尚存争议,跨越这一界线的岩家河组地层的分段工作也缺乏统一的意见。对岩家河剖面开展岩相学和碳同位素地层学研究,揭示其碳同位素演化可与扬子板块内滇东北老林剖面和肖滩剖面对比,即自下而上在该界线附近存在一个大的δ13C负漂移、一个稍小的δ13C负漂移和一个大的δ13C正漂移。结合该剖...     

湘西寒武系鼓山阶底界附近碳同位素组成演化趋势

湘西王村剖面寒武系鼓山阶(Drumian)底界附近碳酸盐岩的δ~(13)C值分布于0.5‰~–3.0‰之间,δ~(18)O值分布于–4.0‰~–12.0‰之间,少数碳酸盐岩样品的δ~(18)O值低于–10.0‰,指示岩石经历成岩期后蚀变作用影响,但δ~(13)C、δ~(18)O之间的非协变关系指示碳同位素组成比较稳定。鼓山阶底界附近δ~(13)C表现为负漂移演化趋势,负漂移幅度为4.0‰,最低值出现在鼓山阶底界之上9 m处,与美国犹他州Drum Mountains剖面鼓山阶负漂移(DICE)出现的位置基本一致,负漂移幅度可与美国内华达州Desert Range剖面、Panaca Hills剖面、犹他州House Range剖面、Drum Mountains剖面对比,表明DICE负漂移具有洲际可对比性,可作为寒武系鼓山阶划分与对比的工具。湘西王村剖面寒武系第二统顶部清虚洞组、第三统底部敖溪组白云岩为海平面下降期形成的进积序列,寒武系第三统花桥组下部黑色泥灰岩、钙质泥岩夹富含黄铁矿结核的硅质条带为深水斜坡相沉积,超覆于白云岩之上。因此,寒武系鼓山阶底部附近的DICE负漂移发生在寒武纪第三世鼓山期海侵时期,与美国Drum Mountains剖面鼓山阶DICE负漂移所处的沉积环境相似。     

华北寒武系芙蓉统底界附近的碳同位素组成演化特征

为了确定我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶的底界,对豫北沙滩剖面碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成演化趋势进行了研究.结果表明寒武系δ13C演化表现出3次正漂移和2次负漂移,正漂移分布于张夏组下部、中部和炒米店组上部,δ13C分别达到最大值2.0‰、1.0‰和3.0‰;负漂移分布于张夏组底部和中下部,δ13C分别降到最低值-3.4‰和-1.0‰.炒米店组上部的δ13C正漂移起始于三叶虫Chuangia带底部,相当于美国、澳大利亚、西伯利亚及我国华南地区的芙蓉统排碧阶的SPICE正漂移.张夏组底部的δ13C负漂移对应于三叶虫Bailiella-Lioparia带,相当于鼓山阶底部的DICE负漂移.这2次δ13C漂移事件不仅可作为区域地层对比的依据,还可作为我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶底界确定的标志.寒武纪δ13C漂移事件与海平面变化、古生态环境演化密切相关,因海侵作用导致的古生态环境扩大及海洋初始生产力的繁盛可能是海相碳酸盐岩δ13C正漂移演化的主要原因.      

扬子地台新元古代碳酸盐盖帽碳、氧同位素研究

地质历史上最严重的冰期发生在新元古代末期（约635 Ma），其结束的标志是沉积了一层薄薄的、横向连续展布的、δ13C呈明显负异常的碳酸盐盖帽。地质学家提出了多种成因模型来解释碳酸盐盖帽δ13C负漂移，最著名的有：生物产率下降说，滞留海水翻转说的甲烷渗漏分解说。对黔南、浙西新元古代碳酸盐盖帽碳氧同位素研究表明，δ13C负异是甲烷渗漏和海水翻腾共同作用的结果。理由如下：① 贵州瓮安和朵丁剖面的岩石结构与现代古代甲烷渗漏形成的碳酸盐沉积相似；② 碳酸盐盖帽上覆的浅水相磷块岩沉积为海水倒转说提供了佐证，因为浅水区磷质来源于水体倒转时携带的深海磷。始于 Marrinoan 冰期结束的海水倒转导致碳酸盐盖帽的形成，并促使磷块岩在浅水区域的沉积成矿。水体倒转的另一效应是将深海负δ13C 的碳酸盐带到浅水区域，碳酸盐盖帽和上覆磷块岩的负δ13C值证实了这一点。     

扬子地台寒武系碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成及地质意义

贵州金沙地区寒武系上部娄山关组岩性单一,为蒸发相白云岩,生物化石稀少,沉积时代归属不清.为寻找地层对比与划分的岩石地球化学标志,按5 m的样品间距对贵州金沙地区相邻的长岩沟剖面、岩孔剖面寒武系采集了250件碳、氧同位素样品进行测试分析,对其演化趋势进行了研究.结果表明,贵州金沙地区寒武系碳同位素组成演化表现出4次显著负漂移和3次显著的正漂移.负漂移分布于清虚洞组中部(NE-1)、陡坡寺组下部(NE-2)、陡坡寺组与娄山关组的分界处(NE-3)、及娄山关组下部(NE-4),δ13C值分别降低到-2.3‰0、-2.6‰o、-6.2‰和-4.8‰;正漂移分布于清虚洞组底部(PE-1)、顶部(PE-2)及娄山关组上部(PE-3),δ13C值分别上升到1.3‰、2.1‰和2.6‰.δ13C的演化趋势可与世界各大陆寒武系δ13C演化趋势对比,它将娄山关组下部、中部、上部分别划归全球寒武系第二统上部、第三统及第四统.     

云南东部上新元古界-下寒武统地层碳同位素变化

云南东部上新元古界-下寒武统沉积序列中碳酸盐岩较多，本文研究的三条剖面上厚约500m，包括：东龙潭组、渔户村组及筇竹寺组底部，覆于海相冰水沉积之上，反映了从潮上蒸发至浅水相环境。已获得的δ^13C和δ^18O值显示出较大的变化范围，分别是-7．33～ 2．64(‰)和-14．98～ 0．78(‰)。依靠δ^13C测试，结合岩矿鉴定，发现梅树村震旦系．寒武系界线层型剖面岩石成岩作用中有改造现象。显然，δ^13C总的变化范围及变化模式比世界其它地区小，但却包含一个δ^13C负异常，直接位于古生物学上的前寒武系-寒武系界线之下。     

广西柳桥深水相二叠系/三叠系界线剖面有机碳同位素地层学对比研究及事件响应

研究了广西柳桥地区东攀剖面有机碳同位素的组成,并和浙江煤山剖面进行了对比。结果表明东攀剖面在1δ3Corg变化趋势上,既具有全球PTB剖面普遍存在的共性,又具有其独特性。在东攀剖面一个显著的1δ3Corg负漂移出现在事件界线(EB)之上和二叠系/三叠系界线(PTB)之下,这与煤山剖面具有相似性。显著的1δ3Corg负漂移指示了P/T之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始生产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加,并得到放射虫绝灭事件、火山事件和海退事件的响应。煤山剖面1δ3Corg负漂移从第27层就开始向13C富集的方向恢复,而东攀剖面1δ3Corg在下Induan阶仍持续亏损,表明东攀剖面早三叠世的生物复苏明显滞后于煤山剖面的。     

新元古代陡山沱组－灯影组中 C-Sr 同位素演化及其古环境意义

碳酸盐岩中碳同位素组成的演化对于古环境研究重要意义。笔者研究了浙江煤山剖面的新元古代地层陡山沱组和灯影组中δ13C，δ18O，87Sr/86Sr以及微量元素含量的演化。所分析的87Sr/86Sr值都大于0.714，同时大多数Mn/Sr比值在4～20之间。因为Sr在海洋中的存留时间很长（约3Ma），盖帽碳酸盐的87Sr/86Sr可指示冰期海水的Sr同位素组成，而在雪球事件期间87Sr/86Sr不可能这么高。在冰期之后，由于冰期前沉积的大量碳酸盐岩和冰期时喷发的玄武岩与陆壳岩石一起风化，海洋87Sr/86Sr也不会升到如此之高，可以认为所研究地层87Sr/86Sr已被成岩改造。大多数δ13O大于－10，并且δ13O和δ13C之间不存在明显的相关关系，表明大多数样品记录了初始的碳同位素组成。δ13C的演化曲线在碳酸盐盖帽以及陡出沱组－灯影组交界呈现明显的负漂移（－4‰～－3‰），在主要的陡山沱和灯影时期则最高升至＋3‰～＋4‰。碳酸盐盖帽中的δ13C负漂移可能由多种原因造成，例如：因为在雪球事件时海洋中光合作用几乎完全中止，造成海水与海底热液中CO2（约－6‰）的δ13C值趋同；冰期后即使生物产量已经快速恢复，但是极高的碳酸盐沉积速率仍会造成较低的δ13C值；原来甲烷水合物在冰期后中释放出甲烷；冰期后原来分层的海洋发生垂向洋流。目前尚不能唯一地确定碳酸盐盖幔中的δ13C负漂移是由某一个原因造成的，可能是由几个因素共同作用的结果。随着生物产量、大气中CO2含量和洋流都在雪球事件之后逐渐恢复正常，陡山沱组碳酸盐岩中δ13C也逐渐升高到正常的正值。当大气中巨量的CO2通过风化、碳酸盐岩沉积和有机质埋藏等途径被移除以后，气候开始变冷。当气个冷到某个临界范围时，强烈的温盐环流造成的上升洋流把富集12C的深部海水带到表层海水，造成陡山沱组－灯影组交界处的δ13C表现负漂移，同时使大气中的CO2升高到正常水平。灯影时期的气候要比陡山沱稳定。大气和海洋环境在几乎整个灯影时期都维持在适合生态系统的状态中，因面灯影组的δ13C大多为正值。     

半干旱岩溶区土壤次生碳酸盐比例及对岩溶碳汇计算的影响

定量评价半干旱岩溶区土壤次生碳酸盐比例和来源有助于认识土壤系统影响岩溶作用的机理。选取山西晋中盆地西南,吕梁山东侧的半干旱岩溶区马跑神泉小流域为研究对象,通过对林地、退耕地、灌丛地土壤剖面进行分层取样并测定碳酸盐含量及其δ13C、CO2浓度及其δ13C值,分析其随深度的变化规律和控制因素;并结合研究区碳酸盐岩的δ13C值计算3个剖面各层土壤次生碳酸盐所占比例。研究结果表明:3个土壤剖面的碳酸盐含量、CO2浓度在0~50 cm土层随深度增加而增加,在50~70 cm土层随深度增加而减少;土壤碳酸盐δ13C值、δ13CCO2值在0~50 cm土层随深度增加而偏负,在50~70 cm土层随深度增加而偏重;土壤碳酸盐含量及其δ13C值主要受次生碳酸盐比例控制,而土壤CO2及其δ13CCO2值在上层主要受大气CO2和土壤有机质分解生成的CO2共同影响,下层还受土-岩界面岩溶作用过程制约;退耕地、林地、灌丛剖面次生碳酸盐所占比例的均值分别为52%、42%和32%,证实北方半干旱岩溶区土壤中存在原生碳酸盐向次生碳酸盐转化过程。      

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.