砒砂岩岩性特征对抗侵蚀性影响分析

砒砂岩区是黄河中游集中的基岩产沙区,强烈的岩土侵蚀与砒砂岩的岩性密切相关。通过对砒砂岩原状样品的矿物组成、微结构的测试和定量分析表明:砒砂岩中岩石矿物的组成特征是以不稳定、易风化、亲水性强的粘土矿物为主;岩石微结构特征表现为颗粒大小悬殊、排列无序、孔隙发育、胶结物为粘土矿物,影响岩石的物理力学性质,降低了砒砂岩的抗风化、抗侵蚀性能。     

砒砂岩化学成分特征对重力侵蚀的影响

本文以内蒙南部砒砂岩的重力侵蚀为例,研究岩石化学成分与重力侵蚀发育的主要控制因素抗剪强度的之间关系。通过对砒砂岩样品的化学成分、矿物组成、力学性质等参数的测试和试验结果,利用化学蚀变指数(CIA)阐明了岩石的风化程度,分析了岩石中不稳定的化学成分在水的作用下,对岩石的化学风化作用和岩石强度的影响。并对砒砂岩的化学成分含量与其内聚力进行两两相关分析和多元相关分析。这些对砒砂岩区基岩的重力侵蚀机理研究具有一定的参考价值。     

内蒙古南部砒砂岩侵蚀内因分析

内蒙古南部砒砂岩分布地区的岩土侵蚀非常强烈,外界原因是当地的气候自然条件十分恶劣,而内在根源是当地有大量易于侵蚀的物质-砒砂岩。本文从矿物成分、化学成分、岩性组合、颗粒密度、岩体构造和工程性质等方面对砒砂岩易于侵蚀的内在原因进行了初步解析。     

波阻抗反演技术在泉店煤矿二1煤层顶底板岩性趋势研究中的应用

通过泉店煤矿三维地震勘探区三维资料的分析研究,采用波阻抗反演技术对二1煤层顶底板岩性趋势进行研究,分析预测煤层顶底板岩石各种物理力学参数,如密度、横波速度、动弹性参数、抗压、抗拉强度、凝聚力等参数.     

水岩作用对内蒙古南部砒砂岩风化侵蚀的影响分析

砒砂岩是指在内蒙古东胜至准格尔旗一带,发育于三叠纪、侏罗纪、白垩纪时期的一套河流相碎屑岩沉积,是黄河中游集中的基岩产沙区和粗泥沙的主要来源地之一。通过野外调查、样品采集和测试、水岩作用模拟等方法,分析雨水对岩石风化侵蚀的影响。对水样品测试结果的逆向模拟显示雨水对砒砂岩主要有3个方面的作用：(1)减小岩体内部粘结力,增加岩体孔隙度,促使方解石、长石、白云石、石膏和岩盐等溶解,使得岩体内孔隙度增大;(2)发生化学溶蚀,长石等矿物易于风化成高岭石、钙蒙脱石,扩大岩体中的裂隙;(3)钙蒙脱石的沉淀量较大,其遇水即膨胀的特性会给岩体内部增大压力而破坏岩石结构。水岩作用影响了砒砂岩的物理力学性质,加剧了砒砂岩风化与侵蚀。      

冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响

为研究冻融交替对砒砂岩与沙复配土壤团粒结构的影响,采用室内模拟冻融实验方法,研究了不同冻融周期和黏粒含量对复配土壤团粒结构的影响.结果表明:冻融周期、黏粒含量及二者的交互作用对复配土壤各级团粒结构组成均具有显著或极显著的影响.复配土壤黏粒含量越高,团粒结构的稳定性越高;在冻融作用下,随着复配土壤中沙比例的增大,大团粒结构含量总体呈降低趋势,降低速率先减小后增大,且砒砂岩与沙比例为1:1时大团粒结构降低的速率最小.结果说明冻融交替作用降低了土壤团粒结构的稳定性,将较大颗粒团粒结构崩解破碎成小粒级颗粒,更易于砒砂岩和沙复配成土.     

考虑力学参数关联的非均质煤概率模型

何考虑煤的力学参数之间的关联性是非均质煤储层模拟的关键。通过试验获得了阜新五龙矿某工作面102组煤样的弹性模量、单轴抗压和抗拉强度,定义了弹性模量无量纲因数、单轴抗压强度无量纲因数和抗拉强度无量纲因数及拉弹因数比、压弹因数比5个物理参数,并对试验数据进行统计分析,结果表明,（1）煤的弹性模量、单轴抗压强度和抗拉强度均具有统计分布特征,可以用Weibull分布描述;（2）弹性模量因数、单轴抗压强度因数和抗拉强度因数三者之间存在关联性;（3）拉弹因数比和压弹因数比都符合Weibull分布。以弹性模量为基准,建立了考虑参数关联的非均质煤随机概率模型,开发了相应的虚拟煤体生成程序。研究了2个数值算例,算例1分别按考虑力学参数关联和不考虑力学参数关联两种方法生成煤的力学参数,并与试验数据进行对比,结果表明,前者获得的结果与试验数据更接近;算例2对比了2种方法赋值的平面应变煤样单轴压缩下的宏观应力-应变曲线和煤样破坏过程,结果表明,考虑力学参数关联比不考虑力学参数关联得到的模拟结果更合理,利用文中模型能更好地模拟煤的非均质力学特性。     

内蒙古砒砂岩的模糊聚类分析

由于不同种类砒砂岩的风化与侵蚀程度不同,对其抗侵蚀性的研究需要对岩样进行科学的分类.采用模糊聚类多元统计分析方法,通过Matlab语言实现该方法并将其应用于内蒙古砒砂岩的分类,将研究区的砒砂岩大致划分为9大类,分别为紫红色砂岩夹灰绿色泥岩、紫红色砂岩、紫红色砂岩与灰白色砂岩互层、紫红色砂岩为主夹紫红色泥岩、灰白色砂岩为主夹紫红色砂岩、灰白色砂岩、紫红色泥岩为主、灰白色砂岩夹灰绿色砂岩和粉红色砂岩.     

长期注水对致密砂岩油藏岩石力学性质影响机制研究

注水开发是致密砂岩油藏增产的重要手段,长时间注水会改变地层岩石物理力学性质,影响油井产量。为探究长时间注水对地层岩石物理力学性质影响的微观机制,选取同一储层已注水15a及尚未注水岩芯进行对比试验分析。通过试验得到了注水前后地层岩石在弹性力学参数、矿物成分、微观孔隙结构等方面的差异。长时间注水后,岩石矿物成分及内部结构发生变化,主要表现为黏土矿物及方解石含量降低,岩石颗粒间填充物及胶结物大量减少,中小孔隙发育为大孔隙,孔隙度增大,进而导致致密砂岩力学性质弱化,变形能力增大。     

昆明红土微观结构特征参数分析

红土的特殊物理力学性质主要是由它的微观结构特征决定的。分析了昆明红土在电子显微镜下的微观结构特征,从经过处理的红土微观结构照片中提取了面积比例、平均周长、最大面积、圆形度、复杂度、定向度和分布分维等定量化参数,并将这些定量化参数与红土的物理力学性质之间建立了联系。     

Characterization of contact properties in biocemented sand using 3D X-ray micro-tomography

The mechanical efficiency of the biocementation process is directly related to the microstructural properties of the biocemented sand, such as the volume fraction of calcite, its distribution within the pore space (localized at the contact between grains, over the grain surfaces) and the contact properties: coordination number, contact surface area, contacts orientation and types of contact. In the present work, all these micromechanical properties are computed, for the first time, from 3D images obtained by X-ray tomography of intact biocemented sand samples. The evolution of all these properties with respect to the volume fraction of calcite is analyzed and compared between each other (from untreated sand to highly cemented sand). Whatever the volume fraction of calcite, it is shown that the precipitation of the calcite is localized at the contacts between grains. These results are confirmed by comparing our numerical results with analytical estimates assuming that the granular medium is made of periodic simple cubic arrangements of grains and by considering two extreme cases of precipitation: (1) The calcite is localized at the contact, and (2) the grains are covered by a uniform layer of calcite. In overall, the obtained results show that a small percentage of calcite is sufficient to get a large amount of cohesive contacts.

     

堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法研究

围绕堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的颗粒流模拟方法展开研究。首先,基于FISH二次开发建立了堆石料的随机不规则单粒模型,充分考虑堆石料的形状特征和破碎现象;然后,建立了堆石料单粒强度尺寸效应的等效模拟方法,以单粒强度随其粒径的变化规律为基础,推导了堆石料模型中细观黏结强度与堆石料等效粒径的负指数经验公式;其次,基于建立的数值模型对堆石料的室内单粒压缩试验进行仿真模拟,验证数值模型的正确性和合理性,并对较大粒径堆石料的单粒强度进行模拟预测,突出数值试验的优势;最后,基于建立的数值模型对相同粒径不同形状特征堆石料的单粒强度分布特征进行模拟研究。研究结果表明：（1）堆石料内部缺陷含量和尺寸随粒径增加对其单粒强度所产生的尺寸效应,可通过堆石料模型中细观强度参数随粒径折减进行等效模拟;（2）形状特征对堆石料的破裂机制具有重要影响,方形颗粒为压剪破裂,单粒强度较高,而随机不规则颗粒和圆形颗粒为拉剪或劈裂,单粒强度相对较低;（3）拉剪或劈裂条件下,堆石料形状越不规则,其单粒强度的离散程度越高,反之则离散程度越低。相关研究成果可为进一步研究荷载作用下堆石体内各粒径段堆石料的破碎量奠定基础,从而更加真实地反映堆石体的级配演化规律。     

The estimation of seismic properties of rocks with heterogeneous microstructures using a local cluster model — Preliminary results

The estimation of physical properties for non-porous rocks has frequently been limited to considering the modal composition and orientation of the constituent grains. Studies of porous rocks indicate that the heterogeneity of microstructure can strongly influence the physical properties. Recently the increase in digital microstructural information has motivated the development of a local cluster model, which is sufficiently simple to be computationally fast and robust. The objective of this model is to be able to capture the microstructural sensitivity of physical properties. The stress distribution around an inclusion suggests that a first order elastic model needs only consider adjacent neighbours of a given point in the microstructure, this greatly simplifies the model.A preliminary set of model calculations were made on two rock types; a simulated water saturated porous sandstone composed of randomly oriented quartz grains and a polyphase non-porous gabbro with a strong crystal preferred orientation. The simulated isotropic sandstone provided a test case as analytical expressions for Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds are known. The local cluster bounds for three microstructural models (random, layered and corner sharing) are within the Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. Further the local cluster bounds for the layered and corner sharing microstructural models are respectively 76% and 90% tighter than the Voigt-Reuss bounds, and 67% and 86% tighter than the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. The local cluster lower bound was numerically unstable for a random microstructure due to the small values associated with the compliance of the pore fluid. The cluster model for the gabbro with experimentally measured grain orientation and spatial arrangement produced bounds that are 80% tighter than the Voigt-Reuss bounds, suggesting that microstructure in non-porous materials may be as important as in porous materials.     

单轴压缩下红色砒砂岩水泥土的能量演化机制研究

砒砂岩水泥土受荷变形的过程中伴随着能量的积聚和耗散,在能量的驱动下致使水泥土变形破坏。为了探寻单轴加载过程中砒砂岩水泥土的能量演化规律,根据不同养护龄期和不同水泥掺量下砒砂岩水泥土在变形破坏过程中总能量、峰值点总能量、峰值点弹性应变能、峰值点耗散能的演化规律,从能量的角度分析了龄期和水泥掺量对砒砂岩水泥土的影响。研究表明:能量耗散与砒砂岩水泥土的强度衰减密切相关,试样受荷过程中的损伤情况可以用耗散能的多少来反映,砒砂岩水泥土单轴受压破坏的整个过程中,破坏总能量和耗散能均呈“S”状增长,弹性应变能呈先增加后减小的“凸”状趋势发展;随水泥掺量的增加有效能比也随之增加,不同龄期下各水泥掺量的砒砂岩水泥土都是以吸收弹性能为主,而峰值点应变能可以代表水泥土试样的储能极限,因此有效能比、峰值点应变能能够很好地反映砒砂岩水泥土抵抗破坏的能力。通过利用能量分析原理对砒砂岩水泥土的变形过程进行研究,可以打破以往仅仅利用传统的应力-应变强度来描述其破坏特征的思路,为该类材料的受荷变形分析提供了新的方法和思路。     

Chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids subjected to precipitation and dissolution of mineral species

This paper studies the chemo‐mechanics of cemented granular solids in the context of continuum thermodynamics for fluid‐saturated porous media. For this purpose, an existing constitutive model formulated in the frame of the Breakage Mechanics theory is augmented to cope with reactive processes. Chemical state variables accounting for the reactions between the solid constituents and the solutes in the pore fluid are introduced to enrich the interactions among the microstructural units simulated by the model (i.e., grains and cement bonds). Two different reactive processes are studied (i.e., grain dissolution and cement precipitation), using the chemical variables to describe the progression of the reactions and track changes in the size of grains and bonds. Finally, a homogenization strategy is used to derive the energy potentials of the solid mixture, adopting probability density functions that depend on both mechanical and chemical indices. It is shown that the connection between the statistics of the micro‐scale attributes and the continuum properties of the solid enables the mathematical capture of numerous mechanical effects of lithification and chemical deterioration, such as changes in stiffness, expansion/contraction of the elastic domain, and development of inelastic strains during reaction. In particular, the model offers an interpretation of the plastic strains generated by aggressive environments, which are here interpreted as an outcome of chemically driven debonding and comminution. As a result, the model explains widely observed macroscopic signatures of geomaterial degradation by reconciling the energetics of the deformation/reaction processes with the evolving geometry of the microstructural attributes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method for quantitatively analysing dynamic recrystallization in deformed quartzitic rocks

Quantification of the microstructural changes brought about by dynamic recrystallization is essential for the interpretation of deformation mechanism histories and for the understanding of recrystallization as a syn-kinematic process. A method is presented for analysing the degree of dynamic recrystallization and for reconstructing the original grain-size distribution from that measured in the deformed specimen. This is based on size distribution measurements and comparative volume calculations between subsets of grains which contain rutile inclusions and subsets which do not. Application of the method to some quartzites from the Kilmory Bay Syncline, S. W. Highlands, Scotland, demonstrates that up to 25% of the apparent matrix grains are new grains produced by the dynamic recrystallization of porphyroclasts, and that the new grains alone compose more than 12% of the total rock volume. These figures are 2–3 times larger than estimates made by normal petrographic inspection. It is also shown that grain-size distributions alone convey little information about the microstructural changes and that grain-size vs volume fraction graphs are more meaningful.     

碎石颗粒形状测量与评定的初步研究

颗粒形状是影响碎石料密实特性及力学、渗流特性的因素之一。选取粒径为2～5 mm和5～10 mm的两组灰岩碎石颗粒样本作为研究对象,采用影像测量仪和特制夹具,获取不同旋转角度下的颗粒轮廓影像;使用图形处理软件获得颗粒几何尺寸测值;计算获得各旋转角度下常用颗粒形状评定参数值,运用其平均值进行统计分析,避免了依据单一角度测值评定伴随的人为因素影响。结果表明,灰岩碎石颗粒与标准圆有较大差异, 且粒径大者差异性更明显;两组样本颗粒形状参数均服从偏态分布;长宽比、扁平度和球形度能够更敏感地反映颗粒偏离球形颗粒的程度,而长宽比和球形度便于获取,因而更具优势。     

Structural changes during microstructural development in natural salt samples

This paper presents the microstructural and structural properties of two natural salt samples from Iran and Portugal. Their strength-ductility behavior is explored by uniaxial compression experiments that, demonstrate that the observed differences lie not only in the inhomogeneous composition of the samples and their different grain sizes but also in their internal microstructural inhomogeneities. Microstructural inhomogeneities and substructural changes were observed with the SEM method (Scanning Electron Microscopy), the thin section microscope investigations and the EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) spectroscopy. EBSD (Electron backscattered diffraction) analyses show maximum in the [100] or [110] directions in the inverse pole figure. This demonstrates that recrystallization and grain growth processes took place together. A weak [111] texture sometimes observed nearby indicates that residual stress is still present in the recrystallized sample.Comparison of the textural and structural results show that local structural rearrangements take place during textural development; this is attributed to different orientations influencing the deformation and recrystallization of adjacent grains influencing the bulk final texture.     

Characterisation of rock aggregate breakage properties using realistic texture‐based modelling

Realistic texture‐based modelling methods, that is microstructural modelling and micromechanical modelling, are developed to simulate the rock aggregate breakage properties on the basis of the rock actual microstructure obtained using microscopic observations and image analysis. The breakage properties of three types of rocks, that is Avja, LEP and Vandle taken from three quarries in Sweden, in single aggregate breakage tests and in inter‐aggregate breakage tests are then modelled using the proposed methods. The microstructural modelling directly integrates the microscopic observation, image analysis and numerical simulation together and provides a valuable tool to investigate the mechanical properties of rock aggregates on the basis of their microstructure properties. The micromechanical modelling takes the most important microstructure properties of rock aggregates into consideration and can model the major mechanical properties. Throughout this study, it is concluded that in general, the microstructure properties of rock aggregate work together to affect their mechanical properties, and it is difficult to correlate a single microstructure property with the mechanical properties of rock aggregates. In particular, for the three types of rock Avja, LEP and Vandle in this study, crack size distribution, grain size and grain perimeter (i.e. grain shape and spatial arrangement) show good correlations with the mechanical properties. The crack length and the grain size negatively affect the mechanical properties of Avja, LEP and Vandle, but the perimeter positively influences the mechanical properties. Besides, the modelled rock aggregate breakage properties in both single aggregate and inter‐aggregate tests reveal that the aggregate microstructure, aggregate shape and loading conditions influence the breakage process of rock aggregate in service. For the rock aggregate with the same microstructure, the quadratic shape and good packing dramatically improve its mechanical properties. During services, the aggregate is easiest to be fragmented under point‐to‐point loading condition, and then in the sequence of multiple‐point, point‐to‐plane and plane‐to‐plane loading conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of the microstructural properties of biocemented sand on its mechanical behavior

The mechanical efficiency of the biocementation process is directly related to the microstructural properties of the biocemented sand, such as the volume fraction of calcite, its distribution within the pore space, coordination number, contact surface area, and types of contact. In the present work, some of these microscopic properties are computed, from 3D images obtained by X-ray tomography of biocemented sand. These properties are then used as an input in current analytical models to estimate the elastic properties (Young and shear moduli) and the strength properties (Coulomb cohesion). For the elastic properties, the analytical estimates (contact cement theory model) are compared with classical bounds, self-consistent estimate and numerical results obtained by direct computation (FEM computation) on the same 3D images. Concerning the cohesion, an analytical model initially developed to estimate the cohesion due to suction in unsaturated soils is modified to evaluate the macroscopic cohesion of biocemented sands. Such analytical model is calibrated on experimental data obtained from triaxial tests performed on the same biocemented sand. In overall, the presented results point out the important role of some microstructural parameters, notably those related to the contact, on such effective parameters.