西沙海域西琛1井生物礁性质及储层岩石学特征

西沙海域西琛1井生物礁主要是由红藻门壳状珊瑚藻、有节珊瑚藻和绿藻门仙掌藻等钙藻组成的植物礁,其次为珊瑚礁。礁相类型主要有礁核相和礁后泻湖相。岩石矿物成分单一,以碳酸盐矿物为主,包括低镁方解石和铁白云石;结构组分有生物骨架、粒屑、泥晶和亮晶;结构类型有生物格架结构、生物障积结构、生物节片结构、生物捆扎结构和生物粘结结构。岩石类型包括骨架石灰岩/白云岩、粘结石灰岩/白云岩、粒屑石灰岩/白云岩。储集空间类型有粒间孔、生物体腔孔和藻架孔等原生孔隙和铸模孔、裂缝、颗粒内溶蚀孔、藻类溶孔和扩大的粒间溶孔等次生孔隙。孔隙组合类型以粒间孔＋溶孔＋晶间孔最为发育,储集性能较好。     

珠江口盆地流花油田新近系生物礁灰岩储层特征及成因分析

南海珠江口盆地东沙隆起流花油田新近系灰岩储层为典型的台地边缘生物礁储层。岩石类型包括皮壳状珊瑚藻黏结灰岩、缠绕状珊瑚藻-珊瑚骨架灰岩、泥晶有孔虫-珊瑚藻颗粒灰岩、亮晶有孔虫-珊瑚藻颗粒灰岩、含红藻石灰岩、泥晶珊瑚颗粒灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩7类。孔缝类型丰富,包括泥晶基质溶孔、粒间溶孔、藻架溶孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、体腔孔、晶间微孔7类孔隙及溶蚀缝、珊瑚藻皮壳间隙缝、似缝合线溶蚀缝、构造缝4类裂缝。划分了孔洞-网状裂缝型、孔隙型、裂缝-孔洞型、致密裂缝型4种储集类型。皮壳状珊瑚藻灰岩属于孔洞-网状裂缝型储层,泥晶颗粒灰岩、含红藻石灰岩和红藻石灰岩属于孔隙型,珊瑚骨架灰岩属于裂缝-孔洞型,亮晶生屑灰岩和胶结作用较强的皮壳状藻灰岩属于致密裂缝型。沉积微相和成岩作用控制了不同储集类型的分布,生物礁形成过程中的多期暴露对沉积微相和储集空间有重要影响。沉积-成岩演化过程划分为早期成礁与早期暴露、晚期成礁与次级暴露、埋藏压实与泥岩再造水改造阶段、两期成藏与地下水溶蚀4个阶段。根据沉积-成岩演化分析,预测了研究区储集类型空间分布。     

西沙群岛西科1井梅山组一段储层物性特征及储集评价

基于岩芯观察和薄片鉴定,对西沙群岛西科1井梅山组一段生物礁储层特征进行系统分析和评价。研究表明,岩石成分为方解石和白云石;岩石组构为骨架和碎屑颗粒、基质、胶结物;岩石类型有白云岩、灰质白云岩、颗粒灰岩、泥粒灰岩和漂砾灰岩。储集空间类型包括原生粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔,次生溶孔、铸模孔、粒内溶孔和裂缝。白云岩储层物性好,颗粒灰岩储层物性差。研究区主体为高孔、高渗型储层,其次为中孔、中渗型储层,含有少量的低孔、低渗型储层。     

元坝气田长兴组生物礁储层特征及主控因素研究

通过岩心观察、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜以及物性测试分析,可知长兴组储集岩的主要岩石类型为晶粒白云岩、生屑白云岩、生物礁白云岩;主要储集空间类型为晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔及裂缝;喉道类型主要为片状、孔隙缩小型、缩颈型喉道。储层的发育主要受控于沉积相、白云岩化及溶蚀作用,储层主要发育于生物礁礁盖的潮坪及浅滩环境,主要分布于研究区东部长兴组上段的晚期浅滩和西部的礁盖中。     

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁储层特征及演化史

桂中坳陷泥盆纪生物礁滩发育,桂中1井钻探证实该区存在优质生物礁灰岩和白云岩储层。野外露头、显微照片和扫描电镜等分析测试手段表明,该区泥盆纪生物礁储集空间主要包括孔隙、裂缝和溶洞。孔隙类型有粒内溶孔、骨架孔、粒间孔、溶孔、缝合线伴生溶孔等,以晶间溶孔、晶间孔及非组构控制的溶蚀孔、洞、缝为主,储层类型主要为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型和孔隙型。沉积环境、成岩作用及构造裂缝控制有利储层的发育,现今储集空间以埋藏溶蚀孔隙和保留下来的残余孔、洞、缝为主。地球化学和成岩作用研究表明,储层孔隙演化与油气充注密切相关,可能发生两期油气充注。储层焦沥青的形成主要是由于地层深埋造成原油热裂解。因此,该区油气勘探应以原油裂解天然气为主,寻找具有保存条件的岩性体。     

四川盆地西部中三叠统储层特征与类型

主要通过中46井、青林1井、川科1井、龙深1井等的钻井岩心、岩石薄片、岩石样品地球化学的分析测试,并结合四川盆地西部地区中三叠统雷口坡组钻井、录井、测井资料,对川西雷口坡组储层的储集岩性、储集空间、物性特征等进行了详细研究,进而对储层类型进行了划分,并指出7影响其发育的主要控制因素,以期对川西雷口坡组的勘探提供理论基础,明确勘探方向.研究区中三叠统储层主要发育层位为雷三段,储集岩性主要为(藻)砂屑白云岩、残余砂屑白云岩和藻团块白云岩等各类颗粒白云岩和藻黏结白云岩,储集空间以各类次生溶蚀孔隙为主(如粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔),属于中孔中低渗和中孔高渗的孔隙型和裂缝—孔隙型储层.储层可划分为3种类型:(礁)滩相白云岩型储层、风化壳岩溶型储层和热液白云岩型储层,其形成发育受沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用(抬升和断裂活动)的明显影响和控制.     

达县—宣汉地区长兴组礁滩白云岩成岩过程中的孔隙演化

川东北达县—宣汉长兴组礁滩白云岩具有良好的油气储集潜力。作者通过大量岩石常规薄片、铸体薄片观察研究,发现该礁滩白云岩储层储集空间主要为次生成因的晶间孔、晶间溶孔、粒间粒内溶孔、生物体腔内溶孔和生物格架间溶孔。这些孔隙的形成和演化除了受沉积作用、构造作用和有机质热演化史的影响外,还受成岩作用的控制。首先在海底-暴露-浅埋藏环境下,压实及胶结使原生孔隙基本消失;而准同生混合水白云石化及早期暴露溶蚀作用改变了沉积物内部结构,形成众多微小孔隙的网络及溶孔,为后期形成大量孔隙创造了条件。其次在中—深埋藏环境下,强烈的重结晶作用和溶蚀作用使得岩石形成大量的次生孔隙,大大提高了礁滩白云岩的储集性能。     

黔南、黔北及南盘江坳陷古生代碳酸盐岩储层特征

黔南、黔北及南盘江坳陷发育有相当规模的古生代海相碳酸盐岩沉积,沉积厚度大;重要储层岩性为微晶-亮晶生物碎屑灰岩、藻礁-生物礁灰岩和生物碎屑叠层泥晶灰岩;储集空间类型为原生和次生孔隙:原生孔隙有生物体腔孔、生物骨架孔和原生粒间孔,次生孔隙有晶间孔、粒内溶孔、铸模孔、溶蚀孔和微孔,以及缝合线孔隙和裂隙。本区溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙增大了储层储集空间,使面孔率达到8.7%,而后期形成的构造裂缝又改善了储层的连通性,提高了储层的渗透能力;从储集空间的配置关系角度对碳酸盐岩储层进行油气资源评价分析,得出黔南坳陷碳酸盐岩储层为I类储集层;南盘江坳陷和黔北坳陷碳酸盐岩储层为II类储集层。     

四川盆地西北部中三叠统雷口坡组储层研究

根据四川盆地西北部中三叠统雷口坡组野外剖面及钻井岩心的宏观及微观特征，结合常规物性资料，对其储层的储集空间类型、岩性与物性、纵向分布等基本特征以及沉积和成岩作用等主要控制因素进行了较为深入的研究，探讨了主要储层的形成与演化过程，预测了有利储层分布。该套地层的储层集中分布于雷口坡组雷三段中亚段，主要岩石为砂屑白云岩、藻粘结白云岩和晶粒白云岩；以溶蚀孔隙占绝对优势，溶洞和原生孔隙较少，裂缝起到连通孔隙的作用。该套储层属于中孔中低渗的孔隙型和中孔高渗的裂缝-孔隙型。它是在内碎屑滩和藻粘结颗粒滩沉积体的基础上经受了表生期和埋藏期岩溶作用的改造，以粒间溶孔、藻粘结“格架”溶孔和晶间溶孔为主的岩溶型储层，主要受沉积和成岩作用及其他因素控制，滩体和岩溶发育部位相叠合的中坝-双鱼石区块，为良好储层的分布区带。     

四川南江地区灯影组白云岩优质储层的形成与演化

南江地区震旦系灯影组白云岩优质储层主要为潮坪或粒屑滩环境成因的藻白云岩、粒屑白云岩和重结晶成因的粉-细晶白云岩,现存储集空间都是与溶解作用和重结晶作用相关的晶间（溶）孔、粒间溶孔、特大溶孔、缝合线溶孔和残余岩溶孔洞等。通过对原生和后生控制因素研究表明,灯影组优质储层是经过5个演化阶段后的最终产物,主控因素为表生期大气淡水岩溶作用及深埋期埋藏溶蚀作用。原始的沉积微相和岩石类型控制着岩溶作用的强度,埋藏溶蚀作用主要是对岩溶孔洞进行溶蚀扩大或充填破坏。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).