考虑地震作用下软土软化的土压力计算

对于地震作用下挡土墙的土压力,在以往的计算中仅仅把动荷载加于挡土墙上,或者将土的内摩擦角适当的减少,然后仍按静止土压力计算。本文通过动三轴试验研究软土在动荷载作用下强度变化规律,给出土体软化后强度的确定方法,推导考虑地震等动载作用下考虑土体软化的土压力计算方法,通过实例计算对比考虑软化后土压力和不考虑软化的土压力计算结果,研究成果可为考虑地震荷载及其他动载作用下土压力的计算提供依据。     

考虑地震作用下软土软化的土压力计算

对于地震作用下挡土墙的土压力,在以往的计算中仅仅把动荷载加于挡土墙上,或者将土的内摩擦角适当的减少,然后仍按静止土压力计算。本文通过动三轴试验研究软土在动荷载作用下强度变化规律,给出土体软化后强度的确定方法,推导考虑地震等动载作用下考虑土体软化的土压力计算方法,通过实例计算对比考虑软化后土压力和不考虑软化的土压力计算结果,研究成果可为考虑地震荷载及其他动载作用下土压力的计算提供依据。     

地震荷载作用下被动侧土压力计算方法研究

地震土压力的评价是土力学和岩土工程领域的基本研究课题之一。以往的研究结果表明,挡墙的位移量和位移模式对于地震土压力大小和分布具有显著影响。实际工程中,地震荷载下挡土墙后填土通常处于主动和被动状态之间。经典的物部-冈部公式只能计算主动和被动极限状态下的地震土压力,未考虑填土的侧向变形对于土压力的影响。文中基于拟静力法和曲面中间滑楔体的概念,给出了挡墙平动模式时,任意侧向变形条件下的被动侧地震土压力计算方法。在此基础上采用所提方法对一典型的挡土墙系统的被动侧地震土压力进行了计算,给出了地震土压力系数的计算图表,并与基于平面滑动面假定的计算结果进行了对比,讨论了平面滑动面所导致的误差。     

考虑填土侧向变形的地震土压力计算方法

地震土压力评价是挡土墙抗震设计的关键问题之一.以往的研究结果表明,挡墙上地震土压力的大小及分布与墙体的侧向位移或者墙后填土的侧向变形密切相关.经典的物部-冈部地震土压力公式可计算填土处于主动与被动状态的极限平衡条件下的土压力,未考虑挡墙侧向位移或填土侧向变形对土压力的影响.在研究土压力系数随应变增量比变化规律的基础上,本文指出土压力系数与挡土墙位移量之间不存在唯一性关系,发现正常固结填土的土压力系数与以应变增量比表述的填土侧向应变约束条件之间具有良好的唯一性,揭示了压剪耦合效应是土压力形成的物理本质;基于上述的唯一性关系和中间土楔等概念,提出了可考虑填土侧向变形的地震土压力实用计算方法,并通过土压力模型试验结果初步验证了该方法的合理性.     

一种计算地下结构地震主动土压力的新方法

针对目前地下结构地震土压力设计方法的研究现状,介绍了计算挡土墙地震主动土压力的物部·冈部公式及浅埋隧道谢家然围岩压力理论。并结合物部·冈部公式、谢家然理论提出了一种适用于计算地下结构地震土压力的新方法。该方法基于极限平衡理论,根据谢家然理论提供的滑裂面参数构造了滑动土体,采用物部·冈部公式计算了滑动土体作用在地下结构边墙上的地震土压力。最后结合工程实例,将本文方法与其它计算方法进行了比较,评价了该计算方法的优缺点。     

挡土墙地震主动土压力及其分布形式研究

物部理论认为地震主动土压力呈线性分布,而且作用点位于墙底以上1/3高度处,与实测结果相差较大。基于库仑土压力理论的平面滑裂面假定,根据挡土墙后滑裂土体的力矩平衡,引入了土体对地震的放大效应,提出了地震主动土压力作用点位置的确定方法,给出了地震主动土压力强度的理论公式,并分析了地震放大系数对地震主动土压力及其分布的影响。结果表明,如果不考虑地震放大系数,地震主动土压力值与物部理论的计算结果基本相同,可见物部理论是本文方法的一种特例;地震主动土压力作用点都位于墙底以上0.40~0.50倍高度处,与试验结果比较吻合,说明物部理论有待进一步完善;地震主动土压力强度是一种作用等价的非线性分布,沿墙高的分布形式接近于抛物线,最大值也不再恒定于墙底,在挡土墙的稳定性设计时应予以重视。     

考虑结构性和主应力轴偏转的黄土填料挡土墙地震被动土压力研究

针对黄土地区现有的地震荷载作用下挡土墙土压力计算方法中的不足,进行了4个含水量和3个围压的平面应变试验,首次建立了平面应变强度参数与结构性的关系,扩展了被动状态下考虑应力主轴偏转的粘性土侧土压力系数计算公式,采用水平微分层分析方法,提出了一种地震作用下同时考虑黄土结构性和主应力轴偏转的挡土墙被动土压力计算方法。参数分析结果表明平面应变条件下地震被动土压力均大于三轴条件下,结构性土地震被动土压力大于无结构性土,墙土面有摩擦时地震被动土压力大于墙土面光滑时;地震被动土压力随水平和竖向地震加速度系数的增大而减小、随摩擦角、均布荷载、墙土摩擦角、粘聚力、构度指标的增大而增大。黄土地区地震被动土压力计算应综合考虑平面应变强度参数、结构性和墙土摩擦效应的影响。     

地震作用下重力式挡土墙土压力特性数值模拟研究

重力式挡土墙在地震作用下的土压力特性一直是挡土墙设计的重要内容。本文通过数值模拟,在挡土墙墙背轴线上设置一系列监测点,得到地震过程中监测点的加速度、土压力强度时程曲线;然后根据时程曲线分析墙后土压力强度分布特征、根据土压力强度分布求出总土压力、根据总土压力求出其对墙趾的力矩;最后分别将土压力强度分布、总土压力、总土压力对墙趾的力矩与现有的研究方法及规范对比。结果表明:地震作用下墙背各点加速度峰值在同时刻发生,但土压力峰值不在同时刻发生;现有的一些研究方法未考虑土压力强度峰值时程变化,其结果比实际偏大;在低地震烈度条件下,规范计算的总土压力及倾覆力矩偏于保守,而在高烈度条件下则偏于危险。     

挡土墙地震被动土压力的拟动力分析

对地震土压力的研究是地震区挡土墙安全设计的一项重要课题。地震条件下,目前的研究主要是给出了土压力的近似拟静力解析解。本文采用可考虑动力荷载下的周期和纵波及横波效应的拟动力方法,对挡土墙后的地震被动土压力进行分析。在挡土墙后平面滑裂面假设的基础上,考虑了水平和垂直向地震加速度、纵波速度、横波速度、挡土墙摩擦角、填土内摩擦角、填土坡角对地震被动土压力的影响。与Mononobe-Okabe理论的拟静力法不同的是,用本方法得出了沿墙身地震被动土压力是非线性变化的结果,这更符合地震条件下土压力的变化规律。     

拟静力法公路路基结构抗震稳定性研究

中国是一个地震多发国家,特别是在中西部地区。地震的发生为偶然事件,发生频率并不大,但一旦发生所造成的破坏却是灾难性的,对于高等级公路也不例外。在以前的研究中,很少涉及路基填土的动力学特性以及路基结构在地震荷载作用下的稳定性,现行《公路工程抗震设计规范》对地震动力荷载作用主要是以区域地震烈度作为惟一的参考依据,没有考虑地震振动频率和地震持续时间等特性,因此无法真实反映路基结构在地震作用时的特性。针对以上问题,对路基结构的动力稳定性通过拟静力方法进行研究,对路基结构动力稳定性计算的拟静力公式进行了改进。对于挡土墙在地震荷载作用下挡墙加速度受到影响,在计算挡土墙土压力时考虑地震加速度分布系数的影响;对于路基通过引入加速度分布系数对地震惯性力进行了改进,并对路基边坡拟静力稳定计算的公式进行了改进。     

Computation of sliding displacements of bridge abutments by pseudo-dynamic method

The paper focuses on seismic sliding displacement calculations of gravity wall bridge abutments when subjected to passive condition during earthquakes. Pseudo-dynamic approach has been used for the calculation of the passive seismic earth pressure. A novel element of the present investigation is the computation of seismic passive earth pressure coefficients by considering the composite curved rupture surface behind the abutment wall in the framework of limit equilibrium method. Sliding failure along the wall base is considered in the new pseudo-dynamic method. The critical seismic acceleration coefficient for sliding and sliding component of the displacement, resulting from horizontal and vertical sinusoidal ground accelerations, are computed by using Newmark's sliding block method. The effect of sliding on the response of earth structures is evaluated and comparisons are made between sliding displacements calculated using planar and composite failure mechanisms. Results of the comparative study showed that the assumption of planar failure mechanism for rough soil–wall interfaces significantly overestimates the critical seismic accelerations for sliding and underestimates the sliding displacements.     

基于三角条块法的土体主、被动临界滑动场及土压力的计算

提出基于三角条块法的土体主、被动临界滑动场的数值模拟方法,并得到相应的土压力分布。首先,将土体划分为若干三角条块,引入带参数的条间力函数,建立土体极限平衡方程;然后,由最优控制理论得到一系列互不相交的临界滑动面,选定通过墙脚的临界滑动面,根据平衡方程求解格式,不断调整条间力函数中的参数,使土体满足力与力矩的平衡;最后,利用有限差分法,由墙面上各离散点的临界推力计算墙面上的土压力分布。数值计算结果表明,此方法适应性强,可计算任意倾斜角度的填土和墙体,且精度高、与现有解析解一致,可用于工程计算。     

Static and seismic limit equilibrium analysis of sliding retaining walls under different surcharge conditions

The static and seismic sliding limit equilibrium condition of retaining walls is investigated, and analytical solutions for the angle of the active slip surface, the critical acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are provided for different surcharge conditions. In particular, walls retaining a horizontal backfill without surcharge, walls supporting an extended uniform surcharge applied at different distances from the wall and walls supporting a limited uniform surcharge or linear uniform surcharge parallel to the wall are considered in the analysis.The solutions have been derived in the framework of the limit equilibrium approach, considering the effect of the wall through its weight, and accounting for the shear resistance at the base of the wall and the inertia force arising in the wall under seismic conditions.For the wall without surcharge the effect of the vertical component of the seismic acceleration as well as the effects of the inclination of the wall internal face and of the soil–wall friction were also investigated.The angle of the slip plane, the critical seismic acceleration coefficient and the coefficient of active earth pressure are given as functions of dimensionless parameters and the boundary conditions for the applicability of each solution are specified. The influence of soil weight, surcharge conditions and inertia forces on the active earth pressure coefficient is analysed.     

Seismic behavior of an inverted T-shape flexible retaining wall via dynamic centrifuge tests

In the design procedure for a retaining wall, the pseudo-static method has been widely used and dynamic earth pressure is calculated by the Mononobe–Okabe method, which is an extension of Coulomb’s earth pressure theory computed by force equilibrium. However, there is no clear empirical basis for treating the seismic force as a static force, and recent experimental research has shown that the Mononobe–Okabe method is quite conservative, and there exists a discrepancy between the assumed conditions and real seismic behavior during an earthquake. Two dynamic centrifuge tests were designed and conducted to reexamine the Mononobe–Okabe method and to evaluate the seismic lateral earth pressure on an inverted T-shape flexible retaining wall with a dry medium sand backfill. Results from two sets of dynamic centrifuge experiments show that inertial force has a significant impact on the seismic behavior on the flexible retaining wall. The dynamic earth pressure at the time of maximum moment during the earthquake was not synchronized and almost zero. The relationship between the back-calculated dynamic earth pressure coefficient at the time of maximum dynamic wall moment and the peak ground acceleration obtained from the wall base peak ground acceleration indicates that the seismic earth pressure on flexible cantilever retaining walls can be neglected at accelerations below 0.4 g. These results suggest that a wall designed with a static factor of safety should be able to resist seismic loads up to 0.3–0.4 g.     

刚性挡土墙后轻量土主动土压力特性模型试验研究

为了研究轻量土的主动土压力特性,通过开展大比尺刚性挡土墙模型试验,采用人工控制挡土墙位移的方式,分析轻量土作为墙后填土时的主动土压力分布规律。结果表明：轻量土的侧向土压力随着挡墙位移量的增加先降低后逐渐趋于稳定,侧向土压力在挡墙位移量为3 mm时初步达到稳定状态,对比发现轻量土的主动土压力显著小于重塑黄土,这表明轻量土可以有效降低墙背主动土压力。轻量土的主动土压力系数处于0～0.16之间,沿着挡墙分布较为稳定,而重塑黄土主动土压力系数介于0～0.57之间,显著大于轻量土的主动土压力系数。经朗肯理论值与模型试验值对比分析,发现轻量土的朗肯主动土压力小于试验值,理论值与试验值之间的绝对误差处于0～6.32 kPa之间,其在实际工程中可以忽略不计。鉴于模型试验中墙背与填土之间存在一定的摩擦,朗肯理论在计算轻量土的主动土压力时仍较为准确。通过模型试验研究和传统理论分析,揭示了轻量土的主动土压力特性,对于完善轻量土土压力理论具有重要意义。     

Seismic active earth pressure of cohesive-frictional soil on retaining wall based on a slice analysis method

The M–O (Mononobe–Okabe) theory is used as a standard method to determine the seismic earth pressure. However, the M–O theory does not consider the influence of soil cohesion, and it cannot determine the nonlinear distribution of the seismic earth pressure. This paper presents a general solution for the nonlinear distribution of the seismic active earth pressure of cohesive-frictional soil using the slice analysis method. A new method is proposed to determine the critical failure angle of the backfill wedge under complex conditions, and an iterative calculation method is presented to determine the tension crack depth of the seismic active earth pressure. The considered parameters in the proposed method include the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients, wall inclination angle, backfill inclination angle, soil friction angle, wall friction angle, soil cohesion, wall adhesion and uniform surcharge. The classical methods of the M–O and Rankine theories can be regarded as special cases of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method is compared with the test results and previously existing solutions to validate the correctness of the results. Additionally, the parameters׳ effect on the critical failure angle, the resultant force, the application-point position, the tension crack depth and the nonlinear distribution of seismic active earth pressure are studied in graphical form.     

Seismic active pressure distribution history behind rigid retaining walls

Evaluating the seismic active earth pressure on retaining walls is currently based on pseudo-static method in practices. In this method, however, it is not simple, choosing an appropriate value for earthquake coefficient, which should fully reflect the dynamic characteristics of both soil and loading is an important problem. On the other hand, by using only two extra dynamic parameters that are shear wave velocity of soil and predominant frequency of probable earthquake, one can benefit from another more accurate tool called pseudo-dynamic method to solve the problem of earth pressure.In this study in the framework of limit equilibrium analysis, pseudo-dynamic method has been applied into horizontal slice method of analysis to account for the effect of earthquake on lateral earth pressure history behind rigid retaining walls. The pressure history resulted from a number of analyses shows that before and after reaching the peak resultant force, different pressure distributions occur behind a wall that put more local pressure than the same at peak. This method would be a tool to control this phenomenon in wall design.     

不同土压力模式下土钉受力特征探讨

土钉支护体系作为一种经济、有效的支护方式而得到广泛的应用。但关于土钉力计算的理论依然相对缺乏,远远落后于工程实践,严重制约了土钉技术的发展。基于杨光华提出的土钉力简化计算方法[1],以4种不同的土压力模式为背景进行简化,并对比分析不同土压力模式下的土钉力分布,结果表明:采用根据侧壁主动土压力与总土钉力相等并考虑施工过程的影响和增量法的土钉力简化计算方法简便,且采用三角形土压力分布模式与梯形土压力分布模式(二)较采用其他两种土压力分布模式简化计算得到的结果与监测结果更接近。     

地基条件对仰斜式挡墙地震响应影响及墙高限值研究

地基条件和墙高是影响挡土墙地震响应特征的重要因素。建立不同地基条件的仰斜式挡土墙有限元时程分析模型,以墙身外倾最大危险状态为最不利时刻,研究地基条件和墙高对挡墙动力响应及墙-土相互作用的影响特征,并以满足力学检算和墙身位移限值为出发点,提出同时考虑地基条件和地震峰值加速度PGA的仰斜式挡墙墙高控制建议。结果表明：岩质地基挡墙墙背动土压力沿墙高呈中部大、上下小的凸形分布,大震下土压力较中震时有小幅减小;基底反力呈墙踵为0、墙趾集中的三角形图式,且随PGA和墙高的增加踵部脱空趋势更为明显;土质地基挡墙因墙底地基土变形对墙后填土的牵连作用,填土跟随墙身运动的趋势加剧,墙背动土压力与PGA呈正相关并沿墙高近似呈线性分布,于墙底处最大;墙身往复摆动使踵趾端地基土体塑性变形较基底中部明显,基底反力峰值向中部转移;根据最不利时刻稳定性、承载力检算,考虑对墙身位移合理限制,提出地震区仰斜式挡墙的允许墙高在设防PGA不超过0.2g时为8 m, 0.4g大震下硬质岩地基挡墙可达8 m,软质岩地基挡墙不宜超过6 m,碎石土、砂质黏土地基挡墙不宜超过4 m。     

平面应变条件下基于弹性理论的土压力计算及适用性研究

针对工程中大量存在的平面应变问题,依据平面应变条件和广义胡克定律,基于SMP、Lade-Duncan、AC-SMP和广义Mises强度准则,推导出考虑中主应力及泊松比影响的无黏性土主、被动土压力计算公式,并将其扩展至黏性土,讨论基于各强度准则土压力计算公式的适用范围。结果表明：考虑中主应力对土强度的贡献后,基于各强度准则所计算的主动土压力均小于朗肯主动土压力,被动土压力均大于朗肯被动土压力;主动土压力P_a随着泊松比的增大而减小,被动土压力P_P随着泊松比的增大而增大,且泊松比越大,与实测数据更为接近;基于同一强度准则下得到的主、被动土压力适用的内摩擦角范围随着泊松比的增大而增大;基于各强度准则的土压力计算公式均能较好的描述挡土结构上土压力的大小,其中广义Mises强度准则计算结果与实际工程更为吻合,研究成果可为挡土结构上土压力的计算提供一定理论参考。