海底油气藏地质模型的冲激响应

海洋可控源电磁法(mCSEM)的时间域冲激响应特征可以反映海底油气高阻薄层.本文计算了水平电偶极子源均匀大地半空间,海洋均匀双半空间和海洋四层模型的阶跃响应和冲激响应,提出了瞬变冲激时刻的概念.分析了水平电偶源瞬变冲激时刻与介质电导率的指示关系.对于海底油气高阻薄层宜采用多偏移距同时测量方式,由于在低电导率介质中电磁能量传播得要快,在适当的收发距瞬变冲激时刻会提前到达,提出的瞬变冲激时刻道间变化量可以明确指示高阻薄层的存在及埋深.文中还分析了海水深度对瞬变冲激时刻的影响.由于“天波”干扰,瞬变冲激响应受到一定收发距观测的限制.消除 “天波”影响是时间域和频率域mCSEM数据处理的研究热点.     

CSAMT法一维层状介质灵敏度分析

为改善CSAMT一维反演的实用性,本文以电磁场数值模拟为基础,推导出偶极源激发下频率域电磁反演中的偏导数公式.并以三层水平层状地电模型为例,针对同线装置和赤道装置两种形式,利用扰动法对本文的半解析算法结果进行验证.对比结果表明无论同线还是赤道装置,本文半解析结果和扰动法计算结果拟合程度非常好,验证了偏导数公式推导及程序代码的正确性.进而,分析了CSAMT观测数据对中间薄层参数的灵敏度.灵敏度特征分析表明:CSAMT观测资料对中间低阻薄层比较敏感,对高阻薄层的分辨率较低,但对层厚度,即便是高阻薄层,仍存在较高的灵敏度.频率对层参数的灵敏度有重要影响.实际应用中,应同时考虑资料和参数加权,以提高中间层参数的求解能力.本文的算法不仅有助于CSAMT资料反演解释,同时为地下薄目标层的有效识别提供理论依据.     

逆Laplace变换新算法及其在时间域电磁响应计算中的应用

时间域电磁响应的正演计算多是由频率域响应经逆Laplace变换而得到.逆Laplace变换的计算精度和效率是时间域电磁响应计算中方法选择的重要指标.论文分析了几种逆Laplace变换的算法机制,并优选出Talbot算法计算了水平电偶源层状模型的时间域电磁响应.逆Laplace变换常用的算法有折线法、数字滤波算法和Gaver-Stehfest算法(简称G-S算法).折线法需要精细地确定分割步长以提高精度,数字滤波算法系数很多,适应频率范围受计算问题所限,而G-S算法受计算机字长和问题对象的影响大.本文在64位计算平台中计算比较了G-S算法、Euler算法和Talbot算法的节点数对于精度的影响,发现Talbot算法受节点数影响小,计算精度高,适应频率范围宽.最后利用21点Talbot算法计算了水平电偶源轴向偶极装置均匀大地模型径向电场的阶跃响应和冲激响应,计算精度及响应时间范围均优于G-S算法.计算了水平电偶源赤道偶极装置均匀大地模型垂直磁场的阶跃响应和冲激响应,冲激响应峰值时刻对于电阻率的变化响应灵敏,与轴向偶极径向电场响应能力相当,但垂直磁场随收发距增大,衰减较快.根据层状模型阶跃响应晚期渐近值计算的视电阻率,水平电偶源轴向偶极径向电场有能力发现大埋深高阻或低阻薄层,收发距应大于中间目标层埋深的5~6倍方可完整探测,类似的,采用水平电偶源赤道偶极装置测量垂直磁场也能达到与之相当的探测能力.计算结果证实了21点Talbot算法适应不同地电模型、不同观测方式的时间域电磁响应计算.     

一维时域磁场与频域电场联合反演方法研究

多方法、多参数的联合是地球物理反演的一个重要的发展方向.本文中,在水平电偶极发射下,频率域利用快速汉克尔变换法计算一维水平层状大地的水平电场响应,时间域利用G-S变换计算垂直磁场对时间的导数值.设计了四个简单模型进行对比,正演计算表明时域磁场对低阻体反映极为灵敏,对高阻体反映不灵敏;而频域电场对低阻体及高阻体反映都比较...     

TEM方法中磁场垂直分量Bz强度特征研究

瞬变电磁法由于其高效、轻便等诸多优点成为现今应用较为广泛的地球物理勘探手段.但由于二次场随时间衰减较快,TEM方法在勘探深度上受到一定的限制.近几年,低温 SQUID(Superconducting Quantum Interference Device)磁传感器硬件已经研发成熟,可以应用到TEM方法中,用于磁场强度探测.本文提出了均匀半空间TEM磁场分量Bz的显式表达式,并借助正弦数值滤波变换,得到了层状介质的磁场时间域计算公式.针对均匀半空间地层,分别进行了不同收发距、不同电阻率条件下的Bz响应特征计算.此外,对于层状介质模型,针对不同层厚的两层介质、低阻薄层和高阻薄层的三层介质,均进行了Bz正演结果.最后,对1 km长偶极的TEM磁场响应在地表空间分布情况进行讨论.结果表明,Bz作为TEM测量手段,对深部低阻薄层的探测灵敏度优于高阻薄层;且相对于传统TEM方法中测量磁场变化量,直接测量磁场Bz可以明显地提高探测方法的优势,增大勘探深度,并且电偶极其测量空间范围更大,效率更高.     

一维垂直各向异性介质频率域海洋可控源电磁资料反演方法

本文提出了一维垂直各向异性(VTI)介质倾斜偶极源频率域海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)资料高斯-牛顿反演方法.在电阻率各向异性介质水平偶极源和垂直偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法的基础上,利用欧拉旋转方法,实现了各向异性介质倾斜偶极源海洋CSEM正演算法.海洋可控源电磁场关于地下介质横向电阻率(ρ_h)和垂向电阻率(ρ_v)的偏导数(即灵敏度矩阵)是解析计算的,结合垂直各向异性介质横向电阻率与垂向电阻率的关系,将各向异性率融入到正则化因子选择中,实现了正则化因子的自适应选择.理论模型合成数据和实测资料反演算例表明,我们提出的反演方法能够较准确的重构海底围岩和基岩的各向异性电阻率以及高阻薄层的埋藏深度、厚度和垂向电阻率.     

三种阵列声波测井数据频散分析方法的应用与比较

针对正交偶极声波测井检测地层各向异性和确定构造应力中频散分析的必要性，本文利用合成和实测阵列声波测井数据分析和比较了三种频散分析方法：Prony方法、同态处理方法和谱域加权相似法. 这三种频率域处理方法提取得到了合理的、一致的慢度结果. 谱域加权相似法只能用于每一频率下单一波模式的慢度估计；同态处理方法还可以同时估计单一波模式的衰减、幅度和初相位；利用SVD_TLS算法确定波模式的阶数后，Prony方法可以有效地估计每一频率下多个模式的上述参数. 另外，通过谱域加权相似法对正交偶极声波测井阵列数据进行频散分析，观察到了弯曲波频散曲线的交叉现象，从而确定出了对应地层所受最大水平主应力的方向.     

虚拟波动域三维海洋可控源电磁场正演模拟

本文基于对应原理将似稳态条件下频率域电磁场扩散方程转换成虚拟波动域电磁场波动方程,采用高阶时域有限差分进行求解,引入复频移完全匹配层吸收边界条件,降低了内存需求,提高了计算效率,并在虚拟波动域用伪δ函数离散电偶极源,实现了虚拟波动域任意取向电偶极源三维海洋可控源电磁场高阶时域有限差分正演算法.通过与拟解析解和频率域三维可控源电磁场数值模拟结果的对比,验证了本文算法的正确性和高效性,且探讨了网格参数和边界条件对不同频率电磁场模拟结果的影响.     

薄层时频特征的正演模拟

基于正演模拟的薄层时频特征响应分析是薄层定性识别与厚度定量预测的基础与关键.本文基于波场延拓理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度薄层进行了正演模拟.采用广义S变换对零偏移距地震道的反射复合波进行瞬时频谱分析,发现当薄层顶底反射系数极性相反时,复合波的干涉作用具有升频降幅作用,而极性相同时具有升幅降频作用;理论推导和实验分析均证明主峰值频率与薄层双程旅行时间厚度存在定量解析关系,这为薄层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段;由于峰值频率对反射系数大小与极性变化不敏感,因此,峰值频率方法与时域振幅方法相比更具稳定性.     

半航空频率域电磁测深2.5D正演模拟中几个关键问题

基于伪随机发射的半航空频率域电磁测深方法具有信号强、采集速度快、成本低廉的勘探优势,近年来得到迅速发展,实际应用取得了较好的勘探效果．本文针对该领域在2.5D数值模拟中存在的一些核心问题．采用有限单元数值方法,分析讨论了电偶源加载方式、网格剖分、边界处理、观测区域、以及感应磁场随收发距和频率的分布特征．模型计算表明,采用均匀网格剖分、增加吸收边界条件能够提高有限单元法模拟精度．发现电偶极场源和长导线场源产生的感应磁场三分量H_x、H_y、H_z的场值在距离地面20 m的空气中具有如下特征：(1)当场源为电偶极源时,H_y对异常不敏感,而H_x和H_z及其转换的视电阻率异常特征明显,H_x在低阻体上方表现为“高阻特征”,且低频段特征比高频段特征明显;H_z的异常比较复杂,在AB偶极源中垂线两侧的异常会出现“对称特征”：左侧的低阻体特征为“先低后高”,右侧的低阻体为“先高后低”,左侧的高阻体特征为“先低后高”,右侧的高阻体为“先高后...     

Controlled source electromagnetic three‐dimensional grid‐modelling based on a complex resistivity structure of the seafloor: effects of acquisition parameters and geometry of multi‐layered resistors

A comprehensive controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) modelling study, based on complex resistivity structures in a deep marine geological setting, is conducted. The study demonstrates the effects of acquisition parameters and multi‐layered resistors on CSEM responses. Three‐dimensional (3D) finite difference time domain (FDTD) grid‐modelling is used for CSEM sensitivity analysis. Interpolation of normalized CSEM responses provides attributes representing relative sensitivity of the modelled structures. Modelling results show that fine grid, 1 × 1 km receiver spacing, provides good correlations between CSEM responses and the modelled structures, irrespective of source orientation. The resolution of CSEM attributes decreases for receiver spacing >2 × 2 km, when using only in‐line data. Broadside data in the grid geometry increase data density by 100 – approximately 200% by filling in in‐line responses and improve the resolution of CSEM attributes. Optimized source orientation (i.e., oblique to the strike of an elongated resistor) improves the structural definition of the CSEM anomalies for coarse‐grid geometries (receiver spacing ≥3 × 3 km). The study also shows that a multi‐resistor anomaly is not simply the summation but a cumulative response with mutual interference between constituent resistors. The combined response of constituent resistors is approximately 50% higher than the cumulative response of the multi‐resistor for 0.5 Hz at 4000 m offset. A gradual inverse variation of offset and frequency allows differentiation of CSEM anomalies for multi‐layered resistors. Similar frequency‐offset variations for laterally persistent high‐resistivity facies show visual continuity with varying geometric expressions. 3D grid‐modelling is an effective and adequate tool for CSEM survey design and sensitivity analysis.     

地形对长偏移距瞬变电磁测深的影响研究(英文)

用基于张量格林函数的体积分方程法对三维异常体进行瞬变电磁响应的正演模拟,首先在频率域内计算电磁场分量的频率域响应,然后利用快速数字滤波技术将计算结果转换到时间域。设计和计算了水平电偶极子源激发下层状水平地层模型背景下的常见地形如山谷、山峰地形的模型,并考察分别把源和接收器放于这些地形中的瞬变电磁场响应,详细分析了这些地形对长偏移距瞬变电磁测深(LOTEM)的影响。结果表明,山谷和山峰地形对LOTEM的结果均有不同程度的影响。当电偶极子源放在山谷谷底时,地形对观测异常场的畸变非常严重;当接收器放在山谷中时,接收器处地形的影响强烈但该影响在空间和时间上只是局部的。总体来讲,不论山峰地形位于何处,其对LOTEM的影响相对较小。当地形处于发射源与接收器之间时,地形对LOTEM的影响非常小,表明在进行LOTEM勘探时,选择发射源的放置比接收器的位置更加重要,野外勘探是尽量把发射源选择在开阔的平坦位置。     

编码电磁测深

利用逆重复M序列伪随机信号良好的自相关特性,提出相关检测地电传输特性的编码电磁勘探法.分析了编码电磁测深原理及参数提取方法.同时记录发送电流信号和多收发距电磁场响应,对源信号和场信号进行相关运算,解卷积分离接收系统响应后可得到大地的频率特性或时间特性,以此实现地电断面的精细探测.在时间域,大地冲激响应和阶跃响应含有丰富的地电信息.通过冲激响应的峰值时间或阶跃响应的晚期渐近值可估计地电阻率分布.基于层状模型的大地冲激响应和阶跃响应正演计算结果表明,编码电磁测深法对大埋深薄层目标体有精细的分辨能力.可应用于能源、矿产资源、水资源、环境地质及工程地质勘察,有良好的应用前景.     

Effects of the sea floor topography on the 1D inversion of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic data

Time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods have been used successfully for the detection of resistive targets such as hydrocarbons, gas hydrate, or marine groundwater aquifers. As the application of time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods increases, surveys in areas with a strong seabed topography are inevitable. In these cases, an important question is whether bathymetry information should be included in the interpretation of the measured electromagnetic field or not. Since multi‐dimensional inversion is still not common in time‐domain marine controlled source electromagnetic methods, bathymetry effects on the 1D inversion of single‐offset and multi‐offset joint inversions of time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods data are investigated. We firstly used an adaptive finite element algorithm to calculate the time‐domain controlled source electromagnetic methods responses of 2D resistivity models with seafloor topography. Then, 1D inversions are applied on the synthetic data derived from marine resistivity models, including the topography in order to study the possible topography effects on the 1D interpretation. To evaluate the effects of topography with various steepness, the slope angle of the seabed topography is varied in the synthetic modelling studies for deep water (air interaction is absent or very weak) and shallow water (air interaction is dominant), respectively. Several different patterns of measuring configurations are considered, such as the systems adopting nodal receivers and the bottom‐towed system. According to the modelling results for deep water when air interaction is absent, the 2D topography can distort the measured electric field. The distortion of the data increases gradually with the enlarging of the topography's slope angle. In our test, depending on the configuration, the seabed topography does not affect the 1D interpretation significantly if the slope angle is less or around 10°. However, if the slope angle increases to 30° or more, it is possible that significant artificial layers occur in inversion results and lead to a wrong interpretation. In a shallow water environment with seabed topography, where the air interaction dominates, it is possible to uncover the true subsurface resistivity structure if the water depth for the 1D inversion is properly chosen. In our synthetic modelling, this scheme can always present a satisfactory data fit in the 1D inversion if only one offset is used in the inversion process. However, the determination of the optimal water depth for a multi‐offset joint inversion is challenging due to the various air interaction for different offsets.     

基于站间天然电磁场单位脉冲响应的大地电磁时间序列去噪方法

针对天然大地电磁场信号在人文活动密集地区易受噪声干扰的问题,本文提出利用两个同步测点天然电磁场时间序列之间的单位脉冲响应,合成本地点受干扰时段的数据,从而去除大地电磁噪声.首先,选择高信噪比时段的数据,采用最小二乘法,估算本地点与参考点之间的单位脉冲响应,再根据卷积定律,结合参考磁场合成本地点的磁场和电场.最后用合成数据替换含噪声时段数据,实现时间域去噪.实测高信噪比数据和含噪数据的处理结果表明,该方法可以高精度合成本地点磁场与电场信号,有效去除本地点电场和磁场噪声,包括相关噪声,提高大地电磁数据质量.     

多通道瞬变电磁法2D有限元模拟

多通道瞬变电磁法的反演工作是在大地脉冲响应的基础上进行的,因此本文用2D有限元正演来求取大地脉冲响应,实现多道瞬变电磁法的正演模拟研究.研究工作首先在有源大地电磁法2D有限元模拟的基础上进行,原有2D有限元法的频带相对于多通道瞬变电磁法的频带是窄频的,为此采用校正法将其扩展到所需的宽度,实现了频率域宽频带有源电磁勘探方法的正演模拟;然后通过频时变换变换到时间域,得到瞬变电磁法的阶跃响应;最后通过求取阶跃响应的时间导数,得到大地脉冲响应.针对多通道瞬变电磁方法的装置特点,用有一定埋深的顺层成矿模型分析了大地脉冲响应特征,发现对有一定埋深的顺层产出的矿脉模型来说,频率域电磁场结果以及时间域大地脉冲响应结果均需移除背景场才能突出异常体的存在,然而,在实际工作中,未知的背景场限制了其实用性.为此,本文利用多通道瞬变电磁方法数据量大的特点,提出用不同偏移距的等时曲线与等时断面来展示脉冲响应模拟结果,事实表明这两种展示方式可以清晰地分辨出矿体引起的异常,且能准确定位矿体的中心在地面的投影位置,从而说明多通道瞬变电磁方法相对于频率域有源电磁方法,对有一定埋深的顺层矿床有更高的分辨能力.     

Insight into the marine controlled‐source electromagnetic signal propagation

In marine controlled‐source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys the subsurface is explored by emitting low‐frequency signals from an electric dipole source close to the sea‐bed. The main goal is often to detect and describe possible thin resistive layers beneath the sea‐bed. To gain insight into how CSEM signals propagate, it is informative to study a stratified model. The electromagnetic field is then given in terms of integrals over TE‐ and TM‐polarized plane‐wave constituents. An asymptotic evaluation of the field integrals for large propagation distances results in explicit spatial expressions for the field components and the derived expressions can be used to analyse how the CSEM signals propagate. There are two major signal pathways in a standard CSEM model. One of these pathways is via the thin resistive layer and the resulting response is accounted for by a pole in the reflection response for the TM mode. The signal is propagating nearly vertically down to the resistor from the source, then guided while attenuated along the reservoir, before propagating nearly vertically up to the receiver. The response is slightly altered by the sea‐bed interface and further modified in shallow water due to multiple reflections between the sea‐surface and sea‐bed at both the source and receiver sides. The other major signal pathway is via the resistive air half‐space, the so‐called airwave. The airwave is generated by the TE mode and interacts with the subsurface via vertically propagating signals reflected between the sea‐surface and subsurface at both the source and receiver sides.     

Two types of marine controlled source electromagnetic transmitters

Marine controlled source electromagnetic methods are used to derive the electrical properties of a wide range of sub‐seafloor targets, including gas hydrate reservoirs. In most marine controlled source electromagnetic surveys, the deep‐tow transmitter is used with a long horizontal electric dipole being towed above the seafloor, which is capable of transmitting dipole moments in the order of up to several thousand ampere‐metres. The newly developed deployed transmitter uses two horizontal orthogonal electrical dipoles and can land on the seafloor. It can transmit higher frequency electromagnetic signals, can provide accurate transmission orientation, and can obtain higher signal stacking, which compensates for the shorter source dipole length. In this paper, we present the study, key technologies, and implementation details of two new marine controlled source electromagnetic transmitters (the deep‐tow transmitter and the deployed transmitter). We also present the results of a marine controlled source electromagnetic experiment conducted from April to May 2014 in the South China Sea using both the deep‐tow transmitter and the deployed transmitter, which show that the two types of marine transmitters can be used as effective source for gas hydrate exploration.     

井间电磁场时域有限差分数值模拟

为进一步了解井间地下介质结构及其电性特征,本文用时域有限差分方法(FDTD),实现了井间电磁场响应的数值模拟.激发源是探测深度相对磁偶极子更大一些的电偶极子,首先选择一个位于井轴上的垂直电偶极子作为场源,并假设参与计算的介质相对于发射井井轴是轴向对称的,这样可将研究区域作为二维问题处理.推导了二维井间电磁波传播时域差分公式.该方法适用于任何方向入射的电偶极子源,尤其善于解决频域差分方法所难以描述的宽频脉冲.给出了井间金属圆柱和矿体圆柱数值模拟2个例子,结果表明,时域有限差分方法能有效的模拟井间地下介质中电磁波的传播,揭示电磁波传播规律.该方法速度快、精度高、结果稳定,适合用于井间电磁场反演成像的正演响应计算.