空斗墙抗剪性能试验研究及有限元分析

通过24片1/2模型的空斗墙墙体和3片1/2模型的实砌墙体,在低周反复荷载下试验,研究3种砌筑方式的空斗墙在2种高宽比、4种砂浆强度和2种竖向压应力的影响下,墙体的抗剪承载力和破坏模式。建立有限元分析模型,分析砌筑方式、材料强度、高宽比和竖向压应力对空斗墙抗剪性能的影响。研究表明:不同砌筑方式的空斗墙极限荷载接近,约为实砌墙体的60%～85%;抗剪承载力随着砖和砂浆强度的提高而增大;抗剪承载力随着高宽比的增大而减小,破坏模式从剪切破坏转变为弯曲破坏;当N/Nu=0.6左右时,抗剪承载力最大。在此基础上提出空斗墙的抗剪强度计算公式。     

RPC面层加固约束空斗墙参数分析和抗震承载力研究

为弥补空斗墙抗震性能差和发挥活性粉末混凝土(RPC)的超高韧性,对1片未加固处理的空斗墙和2片由RPC面层加固处理的空斗墙分别进行拟静力试验,并结合有限元对三组试验进行参数分析。得出影响墙体抗震性能的主要因素有:墙体构造柱尺寸、轴压比、RPC单双面加固以及面层加固厚度。根据试验和有限元所得到的破坏特征,结合圈梁-构造柱对墙体的约束作用,引入等效受压斜撑模型,并量化圈梁-构造柱对墙体约束效应。基于圈梁-构造柱与墙体、RPC面层与被约束的墙体的协同受力特性,建立约束墙体及面层加固体墙的抗剪承载力的计算式。     

ECC面层加固空斗墙抗震性能试验研究

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)具有高强度、高延性和水硬过程中粘结性能良好,在砌体加固工程中具有广泛的应用前景。通过对2片未加固、2片单面和2片双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙进行水平拟静力试验,对比加固不同砌法下单面和双面空斗墙破坏模式、滞回曲线、刚度退化、承载能力和延性性能,进而研究ECC面层加固对墙体抗震性能的影响。利用ABAQUS有限元软件,采用预留孔洞的整体建模方式进行有限元分析,对比了试验值与计算值。结果表明:ECC面层与砖墙之间粘结较可靠,ECC面层优越的材料抗力可以抵抗墙体承担的水平剪力;单、双面ECC面层加固后空斗墙体极限变形能力及极限承载力均得到大幅提升,试件延性和抗震性能同步改善;有限元计算的水平承载力值与试验值相差不大。     

HPFL条带加固眠墙抗剪试验研究

为了了解高性能水泥复合砂浆薄层(High Performance Ferrocement Laminate,简称HPFL)加固低强度眠墙的抗震性能,本文通过1片未加固眠墙和4片采用HPFL条带加固的眠墙的水平低周反复荷载试验,对比研究了各个墙片的抗震性能.试验结果表明,用HPFL条带加固后的眠墙显著提高了其开裂荷载和极...     

砖砌体墙片抗震修复与加固伪静力试验

对在各种压应力下的240标准砖墙片、试验之前及试验开裂以后用GFRP粘贴墙面和增加钢筋网砂浆面层方法加固的墙片，采用伪静力装置水平加载方法，检验加固的效果。试验证明了对于砂浆强度很低的砌体，GFRP加固能有效增强砌体抗震整体性，具有等效于提高砂浆强度的效果，要提高抗裂和极限承载力则GFRP的厚度应满足其抗拉能力大于砌体的抗剪能力。对于到达过极限承载力破坏后的墙片，GFRP加固能使得墙片基本恢复到原有的最大承载力。而钢筋网砂浆面层加固能有效提高砌体的抗震能力。     

砖墙体抗震承载力仿真分析与试验对比

为研究竖向压应力和高宽比对砖墙体抗震性能的影响,以砖墙体抗震承载力典型试验试件为基础,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立适当的空间模型。根据砖墙体的破坏模式和材料性能把墙体划分成块体单元、灰缝单元以及接触单元,为各部分材料选用不同的本构关系模型与破坏准则。并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证文中模型的可适用性。选用经验证后的模型,变换竖向压应力和高宽比,得出相应的结论:墙体的开裂荷载和抗侧承载力随着高宽比的增大明显呈降低的趋势;不同高宽比的墙体,竖向压应力的影响规律不尽相同。     

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居抗震加固振动台试验研究

木构架承重-空斗墙围护民居大量分布在我国南方农村地区,该类民居整体性较差,历次地震中该类民居破坏较严重。采取高延性混凝土ECC面层加固围护空斗墙,扁钢、角钢及薄钢板增强木构架节点,穿墙钢筋捆绑木构架与围护墙体等加固措施。设计了1/2缩尺模型进行振动台试验,通过调整输入地震波峰值加速度来考虑不同水准地震烈度,分析了围护空斗墙损伤,探讨了模型频率与阻尼比变化特性,对比了围护空斗墙体与木构架加速度放大系数和位移包络值,并验证了二者在地震中的变形协调性。试验结果表明:（1）围护墙体仅在外侧出现明显裂缝,内侧ECC面层与墙体始终未脱离且未出现裂缝,围护墙整体性仍可得到一定保障;（2）木构架与钢加固件连接部位仅发生轻微破坏,木构架没有出现明显损伤;（3）木构架与围护墙体之间出现滑移,整体上二者协同抗震变形性能良好。该系列措施的加固效果较理想,适用于该类民居的抗震加固。     

双层打包带加固窗间墙抗震性能试验研究

地震时砌体结构窗间墙易发生破坏,为了提高其抗震性能,对高宽比为1的2组共4片墙体,其中:2片为双层打包带加固墙体,2片为原墙,进行了拟静力试验,研究墙体的破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回曲线和耗能等抗震性能。试验发现原墙发生剪切破坏,加固后墙体发生摇摆破坏,加固改变了墙体破坏模式,加固后墙体滞回曲线饱满但有捏笼,破坏荷载、延性和耗能能力都有提高,破坏时未发生剥离,表明双层打包带加固法有效地提高了窗间墙体抗震性能,对承受较大竖向应力墙体效果更好,建议加固时要加强加固层与窗下和窗上墙体的连接。     

HPFL加固多孔砖砌体抗震性能的试验研究

为了解高性能水泥复合砂浆钢筋网薄层(HPFL)加固对多孔砖砌体抗震性能的加固效果及纵筋数量和加固方式因素的影响,制作了2个对比试件和10个加固试件进行拟静力试验.试验结果表明:加固后试件的抗震抗剪承载力得到了显著提高,提高幅度达22.3％～ 49.4％;变形能力和耗能能力也得到明显的提高.圈梁构造柱条带加固对抗剪承载力的提高稍低于剪刀撑条带加固方式,但对延性和耗能能力的提高却更显著.条带纵筋数量的增加可以有效提高加固效果.根据试验结果和理论分析,拟合了HPFL加固多孔砖砌体抗震抗剪承载力的计算公式,可供工程加固设计时参考使用.     

聚合物砂浆嵌缝加固石墙灰缝抗剪性能研究

根据条石砌筑石墙的砌筑和构造特点,提出了采用聚合物砂浆对石墙进行嵌缝抗震加固的方法。通过对12片聚合物砂浆嵌缝加固的双剪试件和12片有垫片干砌甩浆砌筑的对比试件进行抗剪性能试验研究,探讨采用聚合物砂浆嵌缝加固对石墙通缝抗剪承载能力的提高效果,分析不同砂浆强度、不同压应力水平下的嵌缝加固情况。试验结果表明,聚合物砂浆嵌缝加固能有效提高石墙灰缝的抗剪承载能力和剪切变形能力。在低砂浆强度、低压应力水平的情况下,其加固效果更明显。在试验的基础上,提出了聚合物砂浆嵌缝加固后石墙通缝的抗剪强度计算公式,计算值与试验值吻合良好。本文提供的内容可供石墙抗震加固研究和工程应用借鉴参考。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.