辽宁营口后仙峪硼矿区超镁橄榄岩的控矿作用

为了研究辽宁营口后仙峪硼矿区超镁橄榄岩与硼矿的关系,作者通过硼矿与超镁橄榄岩两者在产出空间关系、岩石学和地球化学方面的比较,发现:①硼矿体与超镁橄榄岩空间关系上具一致性;②硼矿体与超镁橄榄岩在岩石学上具继承性;③硼矿石、超镁橄榄岩的地球化学特征具相似性,从而得出超镁橄榄岩不仅是该区硼矿的容矿岩石,而且对硼矿的形成有决定性的岩控作用,进一步认为辽东硼矿的容矿岩石不全是镁质大理岩,其他富镁岩石在一定条件下也可成为硼矿的容矿岩石。     

辽东砖庙硼矿含硼岩系富镁大理岩地球化学特征及其成因

富镁大理岩是辽东砖庙硼矿的主要容矿岩石。对该区富镁大理岩的岩石特征、全岩化学、稀土元素、微量元素和C、O同位素地球化学进行了测试分析。结果表明本区富镁大理岩具有岩浆碳酸岩的特征：主量元素具富镁高硅的特点;微量元素中B、F、Rb、Cs、Th和U含量较高,V、Cr、Co、Ni等相对较低,高场强元素相关比值与岩浆碳酸岩相似;稀土元素含量偏低,分配型式略显右倾,与后仙峪镁橄榄岩的稀土配分型式一致;C、O同位素含量较世界各地岩浆碳酸岩偏高。分析认为,辽东砖庙硼矿富镁大理岩的形成可能与地壳物质混染有关,δ¹⁸O-δ¹³C相关图解显示其为海相原生碳酸岩。     

新疆中天山白石泉含铜镍矿镁铁-超镁铁岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

白石泉含Cu-Ni硫化物镁铁-超镁铁侵入体位于中天山地块,其主要岩石类型有辉石橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄长岩、辉长岩及角闪辉长岩等,具有明显的堆晶结构.对岩体的主要、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征研究表明,岩体属铁质镁铁-超镁铁岩,具有拉斑玄武质岩浆的分异趋势;并相对富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Sr等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),以及具有LREE富集((La/Yb)n=1.27～9.95)的右倾型稀土元素分布模式.Pb同位特征表明母岩浆与软流圈地幔和EM Ⅱ地幔物质有关.综合地球化学特征表明,母岩浆为来源于受早期俯冲物质混染的软流圈地幔的高镟拉斑玄武岩浆.岩浆在上升过程中,没有受到上地壳及围岩的混染.原生岩浆形成后,经过了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石及铬铁矿的分离结晶作用和硫化物的熔离作用.目前出露的岩体为富含橄榄石及硫化物的“晶粥“在高位岩浆房中演化的产物.     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区兴地Ⅱ号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的地球化学特征与岩石成因

兴地Ⅱ号镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于塔里木盆地东北缘的库鲁克塔格地区,形态为不规则的漏斗状岩盆,出露面积约10km²。岩石类型主要有方辉橄榄岩、二辉橄榄岩、(含长)单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、方辉辉石岩、二辉辉石岩、单辉辉石岩、橄榄辉长苏长岩、辉长苏长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉长岩等,岩石类型属拉斑玄武岩系列。岩体的稀土元素含量低(∑REE=10.73×10^-6~77.44×10^-6),富集轻稀土元素(La/Yb)_N=4.06~7.73和大离子亲石元素(Cs、Rb、Sr、Ba),亏损高场强元素尤其是Nb、Ta、Ti、P等,δEu为0.90~2.46多数岩石显示出正铕异常。岩相学及地球化学特征表明,岩浆运移过程中主要发生了橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用以及斜长石的聚集/堆晶。原生岩浆为富镁拉斑玄武岩,岩浆源区为富集型岩石圈地幔,岩浆上升侵位过程中局部遭受了陆壳的同化混染。兴地Ⅱ号岩体与金川岩体具有很多的相似之处,而且兴地Ⅱ号岩体已见有铜镍矿化。因此,兴地Ⅱ号岩体具有很好的找矿前景。     

东天山红包山—碱泉—带镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的地球化学特征与岩石成因

红包山—碱泉一带镁铁-超镁铁质岩体位于东天山卡瓦布拉克地区,岩体呈脉状或透镜状产出,出露面积约8km~2。岩石类型主要为纯橄榄岩、橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩等。地球化学数据表明,该区岩体具高Mg~#的特征,属镁质超基性岩。岩石稀土元素为平缓右倾型配分模式,稀土元素总量(0.96×10~(-6)~10.02×10~(-6))较低,轻重稀土元素组间分馏较强((La/Yb)_N=2.14~4.08),δEu变化于0.63~1.08,可能与斜长石的结晶有关。微量元素蛛网图表明,岩石具富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Sr和高场强元素U、Pb及LREE,而亏损高场强元素Nb(Ta)、Hf、Ti的特征。主微量元素等地球化学相关图解说明,红包山—碱泉一带岩体原生岩浆为幔源的钙碱性玄武质岩浆,成岩作用以岩浆结晶分异为主导,并受到壳源物质的同化混染作用。     

攀西地区大板山岩体的年代学、元素地球化学及其对铜镍硫化物矿床成因的约束

大板山镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体位于攀西地区西北部,受金河-菁河断裂带控制,主要岩石类型有辉长岩、苏长辉长岩和二辉橄榄岩。本次研究集中于苏长辉长岩和二辉橄榄岩,其中,二辉橄榄岩具有明显的堆晶结构,橄榄石Fo值最高可达81.4。二辉橄榄岩SiO₂含量为42.93%~44.18%,苏长辉长岩SiO₂含量为44.89%~52.76%,稀土总量(∑REE)相对较低(23.2×10^-6~61.7×10^-6),并均呈现出近平行的、相对平缓的右倾稀土元素配分模式,说明其为同源岩浆演化的关系。此外,大部分样品相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE;如Rb、Sr、Ba等),适度亏损高场强元素(HFSE;如Nb、Ta、Ti等)。结合其较低的SiO₂含量和微量元素比值(如Th/Ta和La/Nb等),表明岩浆未遭受大量的地壳混染。岩相学和岩石地球化学特征均显示了非常明显的分离结晶作用。根据(Tb/Yb)_PM-(Yb/Sm)_PM图解,大板山岩体的原始岩浆主要来源于岩石圈地幔轻度富集不相容元素的尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩。二辉橄榄岩样品中橄榄石Fo-NiO图解中多数点落在硫化物未熔离的范围,且样品全岩Cu/Zr比值为7.04~103,而苏长辉长岩中Cu/Zr比值为0.88~5.56,反映了二辉橄榄岩-苏长辉长岩可能经历了由S不饱和到过饱和的过程。推测硫化物的熔离可能是岩浆在上地壳岩浆房中发生了以橄榄石和辉石为主的分离结晶作用,造成硫化物达到过饱和。锆石LA-ICP-MS测年表明,岩体年龄为259.69±0.61Ma,与峨眉山大火成岩省其它镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的形成时间基本一致。     

新疆哈密黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿作用

黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床赋存于橄榄岩、苏长岩、辉长岩和闪长岩组成的镁铁-超镁铁质杂岩体中,赋矿岩体包含至少4套岩石组合。不同类型岩石微量元素和稀土元素原始地幔标准化配分模式指示,该矿床明显亏损Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Cr元素,富集Sr及大离子亲石元素;(La/Yb)N=1.08～2.70,δEu=0.50～2.57;含矿岩石Cu/Pd比值和Ti/Pd比值大于原始地幔值,表明不同类型岩石是高镁玄武质岩浆在深部分异结晶演化的产物。根据橄榄石和全岩化学组成可估算出母岩浆MgO含量约为12%。成矿岩浆深部演化过程中,富硅的地壳混染组分和外来流体的加入可能促成了岩浆中的硫饱和;深部熔离的不混溶硫化物珠滴被上升岩浆携带,富集在橄榄岩和苏长岩的底部。     

银山矿区火山作用与矿化关系的初步探讨

银山多金属矿床是一个典型的火山热液矿床。矿区的火山岩和次火山岩划分为两种成因类型,分属于两个火山旋回。两个火山旋回的岩浆均起源于地壳深部或上地幔。第Ⅰ旋回的岩浆受硅铝壳物质混染较强,其成矿能力强;第Ⅱ旋回的岩浆受硅铝壳物质混染微弱,成矿能力则差。两个旋回岩石的成因差别清楚地反映在它们的矿物成分、微量元素和同位素地球化学特征等方面,据此可以确定评价岩体(或岩石系列)含矿性的地质和地球化学准则。     

内蒙古阿拉善右旗吊井子一带镁铁质—超镁铁质岩石地球化学特征及成因分析

内蒙古自治区西部阿拉善右旗吊井子一带发育有3处镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体,位于华北板块之巴丹吉林坳陷西缘,其主要岩石类型为角闪石岩及橄榄岩。相对比与北大山镁铁质—超镁铁质岩体,本文研究区内角闪石岩分异明显,具有低钾、高钛、高铝、低磷等特征;大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素亏损,稀土元素分异不明显,La/Sm、La/Ce、La/Yb较低,为亏损地幔来源的(N-MORB)洋中脊玄武岩的特点;橄榄岩富镁贫铁,具有镁质超基性岩的特点,岩浆未发生明显分异,微量元素中Cu、Ni、Co、Cr、V等地幔来源的元素强烈富集,不相容元素富集,稀土元素分异明显,稀土曲线右倾,具有弱Eu异常,La/Sm、La/Ce、La/Yb值较高,岩浆源于富集地幔物质的部分熔融。两种岩石地球化学成分及特征差异较大,不具备同源性特征。     

义县组主期中酸性岩墙群与熔岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

对义县组主期中酸性岩墙与熔岩的地球化学、成因岩石学对比分析显示：中酸性岩墙Mg^#平均36.68%,Na₂O/K₂O平均为1.07;微量元素标准化配分图表现出富集Rb、Ba、K大离子亲石元素,亏损Sr及高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti;稀土元素标准化配分图上表现出负Eu异常,HREE强烈分异,Y/Yb平均10.10,（Ho/Yb）_N平均1.13,LREE配分曲线与熔岩LREE配分曲线重合.中性、中基性熔岩Mg^#平均大于55%,除无Sr负异常外,微量元素标准化配分图与岩墙相似;中性、中基性熔岩稀土元素标准化配分曲线相互平行,并且配分高低与SiO₂含量呈反相关关系,说明二者是部分熔融的非同源岩浆发生混合作用的产物;中性、中基性熔岩Y/Yb分别平均为11.27、11.98;（Ho/Yb）_N分别平均为1.25、1.32,Sr大于400×10^-6,Sr/Y均大于40,显示出了典型埃达克岩地球化学特征.地球化学特征表明中酸性岩墙与火山熔岩来自不同源区,前者来源于斜长石稳定的加厚角闪石麻粒岩地壳部分熔融,而后者来源于受幔源岩浆底侵并且混染过的加厚石榴石麻粒岩相下地壳部分熔融,并且岩墙母岩浆、熔岩岩浆与幔源底侵岩浆在形成过程中可能发生过不同比例的混合作用.结合义县组最底部高Mg^#幔源玄武质岩浆成因机制,主期中酸性岩墙与熔岩岩浆形成机制揭示了早白垩世期间华北板块壳-幔之间岩浆动力学过程.     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。