Recent snow cover variation in the Upper Indus Basin of Gilgit Baltistan,Hindukush Karakoram Himalaya

Mountainous basins like the Upper Indus Basin(UIB) of Gilgit Baltistan(GB) are dependent on seasonal snowmelt and glacier melt. Monitoring of the snow-covered area(SCA) is not only vital for the overall hydrology of the Indus basin but also important to the sustainable agriculture and hydropower system. The snow-covered area in the UIB of GB was investigated for changes over the last 18 years using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) snow product. The study area was divided into five elevation zones ranging from 877-8564 meters above sea level(m ASL). In contrast to the global cryosphere related studies, SCA in the UIB is slightly increasing. Elevation based SCA analysis also indicated that SCA is slightly increasing in each elevation zone. However, a significant amount of snow is concentrated in areas above 5000 m ASL. Due to the strong correlation between SCA and precipitation, the precipitation data also follow a similar trend. Analysis of the climatic data suggests a statistically significant increase in total monthly precipitation and relative humidity, a slight decrease in mean monthly temperature and a significant upward tendency in monthly solar irradiance data. All these trends in combination with the increasing trend in global precipitation, winter westerly disturbances and orographic precipitation are the important factors behind the slightly increasing SCA in the study area. Our results though constrained by short observation period mainly contribute to the understanding of advancing snow cover and glaciers in Hindukush Karakoram.     

沉积盆地动力学与盆地成藏(矿)系统

以沉积盆地动力学与盆地成藏(矿)系统为主线,梳理和归纳了笔者在此方面理论研究的部分认识和观点.在地球科学研究和应用的3大领域(科学研究、物质需求、生存环境)中,沉积盆地均处于极为重要的地位.其中展布面积大、发育时间长的大中型盆地(如含油气盆地)意义更为重要.沉积盆地是地史上地壳或岩石圈较长时间相对沉降、沉积物在其中不断充填过程中的一种负向地壳构造.将沉积盆地动力学定义为:直接控制和明显影响盆地沉降和沉积充填的地球内、外动力地质作用有机耦合的统一动力学系统和演化过程;属地球动力学大系统的重要组成部分.根据盆地沉降动力的不同,将盆地成因划分为热力、应力、重力和复合成因4种类型.从厘定和揭示盆地沉降、沉积和堆积中心的分布位置、演变规律及其相互关系入手,剔去非沉降作用产生的沉积效应,有可能揭示沉降作用特征和其与沉积、堆积中心的时空演变关联及原因.活动性强、深部作用活跃、后期改造强烈是中国沉积盆地的重要特点,这由中国大陆的特性所决定.根据后期改造的主要地质作用及改造形式的不同,将改造盆地划分为8种类型.剔去后期改造的影响,系统恢复原始盆地面貌,为深刻认识和揭示盆地演化改造过程和油气成藏、定位及分布的重要基础.根据改造盆地的地质实际和笔者的研究实践,探讨和提出了改造盆地研究和油气评价的思路及程式;从绝对时间和相对时限两方面,具体厘定了中国盆地油气晚期超晚期成藏定位的时限.探讨了深部作用对油气富集的影响、油气逸散及其地质效应等问题.含油气盆地动力学研究系统可划分为成盆、成藏和评价3大次系统.在盆地演化和改造过程中,各次系统及子系统之间联系密切、相互作用.倡导沉积盆地研究遵循"整体、动态、综合"的总则.世界已探明的砂岩型铀矿床逾82%与已生产的油气田或煤田同盆共存.这4种主要能源矿产同盆共存富集存在普遍,但其富集成矿区分布却有明显的分区性,其中尤以中东亚地区典型.在中东亚能源矿产成矿域诸盆地中,多种能源矿产赋存和分布的特点为:空间分布复杂有序、各含(储)矿层位及地区联系密切、成藏(矿)定位时期相同或相近、赋存环境和成藏(矿)作用有机相关;铀成矿过程和主成矿期与区域动力学环境演变有明显地响应关系,并与所在盆地油气的成藏定位时期基本一致;表明其间有着密切的内在联系和统一的地球动力学背景.沉积盆地集多种有机和无机、金属与非金属矿产以及水资源等共存于一盆,是诸多沉积矿产同盆成生、赋存的基本单元和成藏(矿)的巨型复杂系统,称之为沉积盆地成藏(矿)系统.该系统中各种沉积矿产的成藏(矿)不是孤立存在和单独出现;其形成和分布有机关联、相互作用、彼此影响,内在联系形式多样;有其自身的成矿特点和成藏(矿)环境,应将其作为一种独立的成矿系统与其他成矿系统相并列和区别.本文讨论了小型含油气盆地的类型和其油气赋存条件、成熟盆地再研究的必要性和指导思想,适于中国西部大陆动力学研究的(稳定陆)块、盆(地)、带(各类构造活动带)系统动力学等.地球和盆地均属非常复杂的巨系统,运用整体和系统的学术思想,研究地学等复杂性科学是一个有效途径.在复杂系统研究中,各子系统的相互作用最为重要,同时要重视研究思想和方法论的嬗变,揭示研究对象的个性特征.     

Petroleum Exploration in the Yemeni Red Sea and Offshore Area (Tihama Basin)

The Red Sea is a pericratonic upper Tertiary basin which developed on the continental margin of Arabia. It is characterized by halokinetic tectonics in the upper structural stage and block- Rifting in the lower structural stage. This margin is overprinted on a Pre - rift Mesozoic platform. Hydrocarbon exploration interest in the Yemeni Red Sea sector and Offshore area (Tihama Basin) is based on three objectives, which cross pond to stages in geotectonic evolution; Mesozoic Pre - rift targets; Miocene Syn- Rift Salt targets; and upper Miocene- Pliocene Post - rift drift sequences. Reservoirs with appropriate sealing units ( salt or shale ) have been recorded. Models of source rock maturation using observed geothermal gradients are consistent with analytical results, and prove of oil and gas generation. Most traps are described as faulted, fault - blocks, listric - faults or structural. The evaporite group mainly consists of Halite and Anhydrite, that exhibits a strong halokinesis affecting a structural style- of Infra and Intra evaporite sequences in offshore (Tihama basin ).     

Petroleum Exploration in the Yemeni Red Sea and Offshore Area (Tihama Basin)

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Palynoflora of Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin （ Zeya-Bureya Basin, China）

The palynological assemblage from Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin from southeastern Zeya-Bureya Basin was studied. The high content of pteridophytes spores is characteristic for this assemblage. The further characters are in decrease of abundance-tricolpate pollen, Ginkgocycadophytus, pollen of Taxodiaceae, Cup ressaceae and Taxaceae ( TCT) , bisaccate pollen of Pinaceae, and triporate pollen. The bone-bearing burials of Wulaga dinosaur site formed under conditions of vast swampy river valley covered by ferns and taxodialeans. Tricolpate pollen, produced by plants, close to those of Platanaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae, counts in favor of valley river open canopy forests.     

Palynoflora of Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin （ Zeya-Bureya Basin,China）

The palynological assemblage from Wulaga dinosaur site in Jiayin from southeastern Zeya-Bureya Basin was studied. The high content of pteridophytes spores is characteristic for this assemblage. The further characters are in decrease of abundance-tricolpate pollen, Ginkgocycadophytus, pollen of Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae （TCT） , bisaccate pollen of Pinaceae, and triporate pollen. The bone-bearing burials of Wulaga dinosaur site formed under conditions of vast swampy river valley covered by ferns and taxodialeans. Tricolpate pollen, produced by plants, close to those of Platanaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, and Juglandaceae, counts in favor of valley river open canopy forests.     

Tectonic mechanism of the Suining (Ms5.0) earthquake, center of Sichuan Basin, China

On Jan.31 of 2010,the Suining earthquake occurred at Suining City whch is located the center of Sichuan Basin.It is unusual for the strong earthquake to occur at the center of Sichuan Basin with a stable geotectonic environment and a low-level historical seismicity.The macro-epicenter of the earthquake is located at Moxi town of Suining city,Sichuan province,China.The earthquake intensity of the epicenter area is degree VII,and the long axis of the isoseismal line trends in NE orientation.The Suining earthquake caused the collapse or destruction of 460 family houses.The earthquake focal mechanism solution and records of the near-field seismographic stations showed the earthquake occurred at the reverse fault at a depth 34 km.Based on the waveform and focal mechanism,we consider the Suning earthquake is triggered by the reverse fault and not by the gravitational collapse or man-made explosive sources.Basing on seismic refraction profile and borehole,we consider that the earthquake is triggered by the backthrust fault of Moxi anticline rooted in detachments at a depth 3-4 km.Furthermore,we infer that tectonic mechanism of the Suining(Ms5.0) Earthquake is driven by the horizontal crustal shortening and stress adjustment on a shallow detachment after the Wenchuan(Ms 8.0) earthquake.     

Vegetation-environment relationship in conifer dominating forests of the mountainous range of Indus Kohistan in northern Pakistan

Environmental variables play a crucial role in shaping vegetation structure,mainly in mountainous ecosystems.Different studies have attempted to identify the environment-vegetation relationship of Conifer Dominating Forests(CDF) worldwide.However,due to differences in local climate and soil composition,different environmental drivers can be found.By applying multivariate analysis techniques,this study investigated the vegetation-environment relationship of CDF of Indus Kohistan in northern Pakistan.Our results showed that CDF of Indus Kohistan are distributed in five distinct ecological groups,which are dominated by different trees and understory species.A total of 7 trees and 71 understory species were recorded from the sampling sites.Cedrus deodara was the leading species among four groups,having the highest importance value(IV),density and basal area.Group I was dominated by Pinus wallichiana with the second highest importance value,density and basal area.In addition,elevation,slope,maximum water holding capacity(MWHC),soil moisture(SM),total organic matter(TOM),sodium,phosphorus and nickel showed highly significant influence on composition and distribution pattern of Indus Kohistan vegetation.Therefore,this study shows a new evidence of vegetation-environment relationship,pointing out specific drivers of vegetation structure in CDF of Indus Kohistan region in northern Pakistan.     

Lipovtsy flora of Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin,Primorye region,Russia

The Lipovtsy flora originates mostly from the synonymous Formation exposed at the coal quarries in the Razdolnaya( Suifun) River Basin in Heilongjiang Province( China) and Primorye Region( Russia). The thorough study of this flora has revealed its high diversity and abundance. One of the most prominent groups in the Lipovtsy flora is the ferns. Next in diversity are conifers( Miroviaceae,Taxodiaceae,Podozamitaceae,Taxaceae,Cephalotaxaceae). It was revealed the remarkable quantity of bennettitalean remains( 24 taxa). The main peculiarity of this flora is the appearance of first angiosperms( pollen,dispersed cuticle,leaves). The fine preservation of the cuticles from the coals allows us to research the taxonomical composition of peat-forming plants and clear main components of the swamp plant communities. These plants supplied the material for the accumulation of resinite coals on the territory of Razdolnaya River Basin were conifers Miroviaceae,taxodialeans,bennettites,as well as gleicheniaceous and cyatheaceous ferns.     

Projection of future streamflow of the Hunza River Basin,Karakoram Range (Pakistan) using HBV hydrological model

Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalansavdeling(HBV) Light model was used to evaluate the performance of the model in response to climate change in the snowy and glaciated catchment area of Hunza River Basin. The study aimed to understand the temporal variation of streamflow of Hunza River and its contribution to Indus River System(IRS). HBV model performed fairly well both during calibration(R2=0.87, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=-0.36) and validation(R2=0.86, Reff=0.83, PBIAS=-13.58) periods on daily time scale in the Hunza River Basin. Model performed better on monthly time scale with slightly underestimated low flows period during bothcalibration(R2=0.94, Reff=0.88, PBIAS=0.47) and validation(R2=0.92, Reff=0.85, PBIAS=15.83) periods. Simulated streamflow analysis from 1995-2010 unveiled that the average percentage contribution of snow, rain and glacier melt to the streamflow of Hunza River is about 16.5%, 19.4% and 64% respectively. In addition, the HBV-Light model performance was also evaluated for prediction of future streamflow in the Hunza River using future projected data of three General Circulation Model(GCMs) i.e. BCC-CSM1.1, CanESM2, and MIROCESM under RCP2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 and predictions were made over three time periods, 2010-2039, 2040-2069 and 2070-2099, using 1980-2010 as the control period. Overall projected climate results reveal that temperature and precipitation are the most sensitiveparameters to the streamflow of Hunza River. MIROC-ESM predicted the highest increase in the future streamflow of the Hunza River due to increase in temperature and precipitation under RCP4.5 and 8.5 scenarios from 2010-2099 while predicted slight increase in the streamflow under RCP2.6 during the start and end of the 21 th century. However, BCCCSM1.1 predicted decrease in the streamflow under RCP8.5 due to decrease in temperature and precipitation from 2010-2099. However, Can ESM2 predicted 22%-88% increase in the streamflow under RCP4.5 from 2010-2099. The results of this study could be useful for decision making and effective future strategic plans for water management and their sustainability in the region.     

拟刺葵（苦戈维尔叶）亚属Phoenicopsis（Culgoweria）在内蒙古鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗统的发现

大量茨康类压型化石在鄂尔多斯盆地中侏罗世含煤地层延安组中被发现。本文根据叶外部形态和表皮构造特征,首次发现拟刺葵属的苦戈维尔叶亚属Phoenicopsis （ Culgoweria）,并建立了鄂尔多斯拟刺葵（苦戈维尔叶）（新种） Phoenicopsis （ Culgowaria） ordosensis sp.nov。新种代表了该亚属在我国中侏罗世的第一个化石记录,为研究其地质、地理分布提供了新的证据,也为研究该类植物在欧亚大陆中侏罗世的多样性增添了新内容。     

基于水文地球化学特征的黄河流域(济阳段)地热水成因机制研究

黄河流域(济阳段)地热资源丰富,阐明地热田的成因机制对区域地热水资源的开发利用和黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。以黄河流域(济阳段)齐广断裂以南灰岩热储为研究对象,进行水化学分析和同位素分析,结果表明研究区地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄·Cl-Ca·Na型、SO₄-Ca·Na型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型、SO₄-Ca型,地热水总体上受大气降水的入渗补给,地热水补给区高程范围为497.81～2117.97m,地热水属于亚现代与近期补给的混合水和现代水。     

Assessment of sea water inundation along Daboo creek area in Indus Delta Region,Pakistan

Indus Deltaic Region (IDR) in Pakistan is an erosion vulnerable coast due to the high deep water wave energy. Livelihood of millions of people depends on the fisheries and mangrove forests in IDR. IDR consists of many creeks where Daboo is a major creek located at southeast of the largest city of Pakistan, Karachi. Unfortunately, there has been no detailed study to analyze the damages of sea water intrusion at a large temporal and spatial scale. Therefore, this study is designed to estimate the effects of sea water inundation based on changing sea water surface salinity and sea surface temperature (SST). Sea surface salinity and SST data from two different surveys in Daboo creek during 1986 and 2010 are analyzed to estimate the damages and extent of sea water intrusion. Mean salinity has increased 33.33% whereas mean SST decreased 13.79% from 1987 to 2010. Spatio-temporal analysis of creek area using LANDSAT 5 Thematic mapper (TM) data for the years 1987 and 2010 shows significant amount of erosion at macro scale. Creek area has increased approximately 9.93% (260.86 m² per year) which is roughly equal to 60 extensive sized shrimp farms. Further Land Use Land Cover (LULC) analyses for years 2001 and 2014 using LANDSAT 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) has indicated 42.3% decrease in cultivated land. Wet mud flats have spread out at the inner mouth of creek with enormous increase of 123.3%. Significant sea water intrusion has increased the area of barren land by 37.9%. This also resulted in overall decrease of 6.7% in area covered by mangroves. Therefore, this study recorded a significant evidence of sea water intrusion in IDR that has caused serious damages to community living in the area, economical losses. Additionally, it has also changed the environment by reducing creek biological productivity as reported by earlier studies over other regions of the world.     

Boundary of Cretaceous and Paleogene continental deposits in Zeya-Bureya Basin,Amur(Heilongjiang)River region

It was conducted the comparison of palynological assemblages of the Middle Tsagayan,Upper Tsagayan subformations,Furao and Wuyun formations from Zeya-Bureya Basin of Amur (Heilongjiang) River region with assemblages obtained from the marine deposits of Northeast Russia,Sakhalin,Kuril,and Hokkaido Islands,dated by ammonites,foraminifers and other invertebrates. Based on detail correlation,the geological age of the terrestrial beds was defined. The guide fossils are recognized Marsypiletes cretacea,Tricolpites variexi- nus,Aquilapollenites conatus,A. stelkii,A. rombicus,Integricorpus bellum,Pseudointegricorpus clarireticula- tus,Triprojectus amoenus,Orbiculapollis lucidus,Wodehouseia aspera,Quercoidites minor,which had last oc- currence in the late Maastrichtian. The Danian palynofloras usually are dominated by Triatriopollenites plicoides and T. confusus. The species Anacolosidites subtrudens,Aquilapollenites proceros,A. spinulosus have last occurrence in the Danian. The K-T (K-Pg) boundary in the terrestrial deposits is defined in the base of the Upper Tsagayan Subformation and the base of the lower part of the Wuyun Formation. The latter is represented by aleuropelite to fine-grained sandstones. The change of taxonomical composition of palynospectra in similar environments could be determined by real change of flora at the Mesozoic and Cenozoic boundary,but not by changes of lithological facies or depositional environment,generally.     

柴北缘鱼卡河超高压变质金红石中Si含量及其地质意义

利用LA-ICP-MS方法对柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡河超高压变质的多硅白云母榴辉岩及共生的石榴角闪钠长岩中的金红石进行了详细的矿物学和LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素研究。结果表明:多硅白云母榴辉岩中金红石显示Si成分环带,且Si含量(质量分数,下同)随变质压力而发生规律性的变化;从进变质到峰期变质阶段,金红石中Si含量从核部向边部呈升高趋势,峰期金红石的边部Si含量达到最高,退变质阶段金红石中Si含量从核部向边部呈降低趋势;石榴角闪钠长岩中的金红石主要呈包体产于多硅白云母、石榴子石、角闪石和钠长石中;在相同的超高压变质条件下,石榴角闪钠长岩中多硅白云母包体金红石的Si含量((1018~2741)×10^-6,平均为1924×10^-6)明显高于多硅白云母榴辉岩中的峰期金红石((450~2397)×10^-6,平均为952×10^-6)。综合多硅白云母榴辉岩和石榴角闪钠长岩的产状、变质演化和全岩成分以及前人对大别—苏鲁超高压榴辉岩中富硅金红石的研究结果提出,超高压变质岩石中金红石的Si含量与变质压力成正相关关系,金红石中Si含量大于500×10^-6可以作为榴辉岩经历超高压变质作用的指示标志。超高压金红石中Si含量与全岩成分中SiO2和TiO2含量有关,随SiO2含量的升高和TiO2含量的降低而升高。     

Inter-annual variation of streamflow,precipitation and evaporation in a small humid watershed (Chengcun Basin,China)

For sustainable water resource management,it is important to determine the relationship between streamfl ow and other variables that infl uence availability of water resources.However,many catchments do not have suffi cient data to allow for a more detailed study of these relationships.We faced a similar challenge in the Chengcun Basin(limited historical data: from 1986–1999); and therefore we used a new approach to overcome this.We found that,using nonparametric trend methods in conjunction with the climate elasticity analyses and the 2D visualization of hydrologic data,it is possible to assess the relationships between streamfl ow and other hydro-climatic variables.In the past,streamfl ow trends in the basin were more correlated with precipitation than with potential evapotranspiration(PET).In addition,there is a gradual shift in the hydrological regime of the catchment,which may affect the occurrence of available water resources and activities that depend on them.In addition,based on our climate sensitivity analyses,the streamfl ow is dependent and more sensitive to variations in precipitation than to PET(δQ=0.79δP+0.42δE; precipitation elasticity,ε P=1.32; PET elasticity,ε E=-2.10).Therefore pending more detailed studies,the use of our approach will provide a rapid means to assess the variation of water resources(streamfl ow)in a watershed.In the future,we hope to carry out related research in other watersheds and also perform a more detailed studies to improve upon the results of this study.     

胶东中生代盆地边缘区——大（超大）型金矿的摇篮

胶东中生代盆地边缘区是近年来金矿勘查取得新突破的地区之一,已陆续探明了乳山蓬家夼、西涝口、牟平金庄、宋家沟、海阳郭城、平度大庄子、栖霞西林、笏山、福山杜家崖等中—大（超大）型金矿床。这些金矿床与胶西北蚀变岩型金矿具有同时、同源的特点,但形成于不同的地质空间、不同的围岩条件,构成了一组与中生代燕山晚期岩浆构造活动有成生联系的热液矿床。其成岩、成矿时代介于127.6～105Ma;物质来源具有壳、幔混合源特点,岩浆活动造成围岩中的活化流体及岩浆分离溶出的新生流体萃取花岗岩内部和围岩中的金元素,是重要的成矿因素;金矿床赋存于盆缘断裂系统中,伸展拆离为成矿提供了有利空间;伴随中生代岩石圈减薄、大规模侵入岩（隐伏）侵位产生的热隆伸展构造,形成了盆地边缘独特的蚀变杂岩型金矿。矿床特征与胶西北地区蚀变岩型金矿具有可比性,预示该区具有巨大的找矿潜力。     

Last 150-year variability in Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) abundance based on the anaerobic sediments of the Yellow Sea Basin in the western North Pacific

Relatively short historical catch records show that anchovy populations have exhibited large variability over multi-decadal timescales. In order to understand the driving factors (anthropogenic and/or natural) of such variability, it is essential to develop long-term time series of the population prior to the occurrence of notable anthropogenic impact. Well-preserved fish scales in the sediments are regarded as useful indicators reflecting the fluctuations of fish populations over the last centuries. This study aims to validate the anchovy scale deposition rate as a proxy of local anchovy biomass in the Yellow Sea adjoining the western North Pacific. Our reconstructed results indicated that over the last 150 years, the population size of anchovy in the Yellow Sea has exhibited great fluctuations with periodicity of around 50 years, and the pattern of current recovery and collapse is similar to that of historical records. The pattern of large-scale population synchrony with remote ocean basins provides further evidence proving that fish population dynamics are strongly affected by global and basin-scale oceanic/climatic variability.     

亚纯函数f(z)的微分多项式φψ(z)f(z)P(f)(z)的值分布

设k∈N,f(z)为复平面上的超越亚纯函数,φ(z)、ak-1(z),…,a0(z)为f(z)的小函数,且φ(z)≠0.置P(f)(z)=f(k)(z) ak-1(z),k-1((z) … a1(z)f'(z) a0f(z),且P(f)(z)不恒为常数.当k≤4时,满足Nk)(r,1/f)=S(r,f);k≥5时,满足N4)(r,1/f)=S(r,f),则T(r,f)＜20-N(r,1/φfP-1) S(r,f).     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部砂体发育特征

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长6期湖盆中部地区物源分析、沉积相特征等研究,分析了厚层砂体的形成机理和砂体类型.认为长6期物源主要来自东北、西南方向,发育三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝、远端砂坝和浊流等砂体类型,湖盆演化从鼎盛转向萎缩的长6早期厚层砂体比较发育.白豹、合水地区砂层厚度大,储层条件良好,是石油勘探的有利地区.