Earthquake effects along paths of VLF radio noise and impulsive signals as observed at Yakutsk

An analysis of amplitude variations in the noise and storm-induced impulsive VLF electromagnetic signals recorded at Yakutsk along paths above earthquakes is reported. It is shown that amplitude characteristics of storm-induced VLF signals can usefully supplement signals of radio stations as used in the radio monitoring of regions above earthquakes. The effect on these signals due to earthquakes of magnitude greater than 5 is observed as an amplitude increase within the three days following an earthquake. The pre-seismic variations in the storm-induced signal amplitude which can be regarded as precursors are generally observed as increased amplitudes (within 10 days before the earthquake) with a subsequent minimum.     

强震前后空间电磁场时空演化特征

本文利用DEMETER卫星观测到的电磁场数据, 统计分析了2005—2009年全球M_S≥7.0强震前后空间电磁场的时空演化特征． 在震中上空±10°范围内, 使用震前90天至震后30天的5年同期观测到的电磁场极低频/甚低频(370—897 Hz)功率谱密度数据构建了稳定的背景场观测模型, 提取了震中上空的空间电磁场相对于背景场的扰度幅度, 并统计分析了强震前后空间电磁场的时空演化特征． 统计结果显示: 45次M_S≥7.0强震中, 35次强震在地震发生前后磁场最大扰动幅度超过2.2倍标准差, 39次强震的电场最大扰动幅度超过2倍标准差; 最大的电磁扰动主要出现在震中±4°—±10°范围内． 另外, 震中上空的电磁场扰动幅度时序变化表现为3种不同类型的扰动特征, 且震前出现电磁异常的强震震中位置的分布特征与纬度存在一定关系; 而随机选择的非震区上空空间电磁场的扰动幅度则比较小, 未呈现出明显的特征．      

东北亚地区Ms5.0以上地震前后空间电场时空演化特征研究

本文利用2005年1月—2009年12月DEMETER电磁卫星观测的极低频/甚低频(ELF/VLF)39 Hz~6 kHz频段电场功率谱密度(PSD)观测量, 将研究频段划分为5个子频段对东北亚地区(38°N~58°N; 105°E~145°E)内发生的8个M_S≥5.0地震前后空间电场时空演化特征进行研究。 研究发现同一地震不同频段异常扰动区域并不完全在同一位置, 且同一地震的不同频段地震前后扰动形态也并不一致; 8个地震40次统计中有25% 的统计数据虽然基本在地震前后所有时间段都超过阈值2σ, 但未见明显扰动规律, 其余75%的统计数据中发现其扰动特征可以归纳为3类: 52%的统计数据在震前扰动幅度增大, 达到最大时发震, 震后持续降低; 7.5%的统计数据在震前扰动幅度达到高值, 而后下降过程中发震; 15%的统计数据在震前扰动幅度一直在增加且绝大部分时间低于2σ, 直至震后超过2σ, 且出现这种类型的异常均为震例的第五频段演化特征。 异常扰动区域主要集中在震中±4°以外的区域。     

Electric and electromagnetic processes in the near-Earth atmosphere before earthquakes on Kamchatka

Simultaneous records of the diurnal variations in the quasistatic electric field in the near-Earth atmosphere, fluxes of discrete electromagnetic pulses in the VLF band, source azimuths, narrowband filter output emission intensity at frequencies of 4.65 and 5.3 kHz, and time forms and spectra of VLF pulses have been analyzed. The anomalous behavior of these parameters in October 2002 and August 2004 with different time delay was accompanied by earthquakes near the southeastern coast of Kamchatka at distances of 250–400 km from the registration points. Based on the results of a fine frequency-time analysis of the broadband records of VLF signals, it has been indicated for the first time that discrete electromagnetic pulses observed in anomalous fluxes before earthquakes were signals of local thunderstorm processes.     

强震前ELF/VLF磁场的扰动特征统计研究

本文利用DEMETER卫星记录的变化磁场数据统计研究了2005—2009年北半球7级以上强震前后空间磁场的扰动特征.在震中±10°范围内利用震前2个月至震后1个月的5年同期观测的ELF/VLF[370~897 Hz]频段磁场功率谱密度数据构建了背景场,定义了表征空间磁场在地震时段相对于背景场的扰动幅度指标.统计研究发现26个强震中42%的地震主要表现为震前磁场扰度幅度逐渐上升,超过3倍标准差,随后在扰度幅度下降过程中发震.35%强震在地震前10天内最大扰动幅度超过3倍标准差,在扰度幅度处于最高值期间发震,震后磁场扰动幅度逐渐回落.23%的强震在震前震后无明显规律.随机事件测试发现在空间天气平静且无强震条件下随机地点上空的磁场无明显的时空演化规律,且随机地点上空的空间磁场相对于背景场的平均扰度幅度很小,最大扰度幅度从未超过2倍标准差,并且没有明显的随时间变化特征.     

Variations in the parameters of thunderstorm electromagnetic signals on paths over earthquake regions

The specific features of a method for radiosounding the lower ionosphere over earthquake epicenters using LF electromagnetic signals of thunderstorm sources (atmospherics) have been considered. The effects of shallow-focus earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 4.0 and their precursors manifest themselves in amplitude characteristics of atmospherics. It has been assumed that variations in the signal characteristics are related to disturbances in the lower ionosphere. According to the results of azimuthal scanning, cross-sectional dimensions of disturbed regions, as a rule, correspond to the dimensions of the first two Fresnel zones for signals at a frequency of 10 kHz. Azimuthal scanning also indicated that the positions of disturbed regions during and before earthquakes could have a certain dynamics and differ from the projection onto the earthquake epicenter. The ratio of the amplitudes of electric and magnetic signal components, in the variations of which seismic effects before earthquakes can also be observed, has been considered. An analysis of the ratio makes it possible to increase the probability of predicting earthquakes when using the characteristics of the electromagnetic signals of lightning discharges as an additional method of complex monitoring of disturbances in the lower ionosphere caused by seismic processes.     

SNR changes of VLF radio signals detected onboard the DEMETER satellite and their possible relationship to the Wenchuan earthquake

Here we used the VLF signal data received by the DEMETER satellite, transmitted from various ground VLF transmitters which are located around China, to study the changes in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, which had a magnitude of 8.0. We also found that the SNRs of different frequency signals decreased significantly over the epicenter region before the earthquake, and reverted to their original levels after the earthquake. This phenomenon may be related to the earthquake. Special Foundation of Basic Research from Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (Grant No. DQJB08Z08), National Key Technology R & D Program (Grant No. 2008BAC35B01)     

昌黎台地震前地电场异常特征分析

通过对昌黎台地电场2002—2010年资料整理分析, 利用多极距去噪声观测原理在排除了大量噪声后提取到了7组异常信号, 其中两组连续两天出现. 这些异常信号对应了6次距昌黎台400 km范围内发生的M_L>4.0地震, 异常出现时间一般在发震前约32天以内, 说明这些异常是地震电信号的可能性较大. 这些异常电信号有以下特征: 每组6个测道异常变化极性相同; 在各个方向上这些地震电信号均匀度较好, 7组信号中每组长、 短极距异常幅度ΔV之差76%在1—2 mV/km左右. 在这7组异常信号中有5组在NE测向上异常幅度最大, 2组在NS测向上异常幅度最大, EW测向上异常幅度一般居中或最小. 昌黎台所记录到的这7组异常地震电信号表明, 异常幅度ΔV与震级M、 震中距r之间可能存在着一定的经验关系, 即M=lg(ΔV·r)+1.5.      

新疆成组中强地震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征

用“震源触发-系统响应”孕震模式，分析讨论了新疆1996-1998年成组强震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征，由此定义了“诱发信号震”，进而分析研究了诱发信号震与后续主震的关系，结果表明，强震发生后触发（或引起）的中等地震活动区及边缘很可能是未来强震发生的地点；强震或其强余震发生当天或稍后1天内发生的信号震具有预报意义，信号震发生后，其周围200km范围内3年发生强震的可能性较大，其震级可能比信号震的震级高0.5-2.0，最后对成组强震活动的机理进行了分析和讨论。     

利用DEMETER卫星数据分析强震前后的电离层异常

基于法国DEMETER卫星观测的离子温度(T_i)、 VLF电磁场单频点频谱数据探索了2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0、 2010年1月12日海地M_S7.3和2010年2月27日智利M_S8.8等3次强震前后与地震有关的电离层异常现象. 结果发现, 汶川地震前3天(5月9日)震中北偏西方向离子温度明显升高, 震前4天(5月8日)VLF磁场低于200 Hz的频段范围频谱在震中2°以内有明显突升; 智利地震前9天(2月18日)震中北东方向离子温度有剧烈扰动, 震前4天(2月23日)VLF磁场100—160 Hz频段范围内出现突升; 海地地震震前没有观测到明显的异常现象, 但地震发生当天(震后约4—5小时)的T_i, 40—160 Hz频段电场频谱, 以及120—480 Hz磁场频谱均有明显突升, 应为地震发生后能量释放所引起. 分析认为, 不同地震由于发震机制等各种情况的不同, 其地震前后的表现也各不相同. 虽然目前没有直接的证据表明本文研究的异常变化是由地震的孕育和发生引起的, 但在数据处理中已尽可能排除了太阳、 地磁等因素的影响, 并且研究结果与前人的研究经验吻合, 因此本文发现的异常可能与地震发生的关系较大.      

A possible UL Fseismice lectro-magnetic emission

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Shifting Correlation Between Earthquakes and Electromagnetic Signals: A Case Study of the 2013 Minxian–Zhangxian ML 6.5 (MW 6.1) Earthquake in Gansu,China

The shifting correlation method (SCM) is proposed for statistical analysis of the correlation between earthquake sequences and electromagnetic signal sequences. In this method, the two different sequences were treated in units of 1 day. With the earthquake sequences fixed, the electromagnetic sequences were continuously shifted on the time axis, and the linear correlation coefficients between the two were calculated. In this way, the frequency and temporal distribution characteristics of potential seismic electromagnetic signals in the pre, co, and post-seismic stages were analyzed. In the work discussed in this paper, we first verified the effectiveness of the SCM and found it could accurately identify indistinct related signals by use of sufficient samples of synthetic data. Then, as a case study, the method was used for analysis of electromagnetic monitoring data from the Minxian–Zhangxian M_L 6.5 (M_W 6.1) earthquake. The results showed: (1) there seems to be a strong correlation between earthquakes and electromagnetic signals at different frequency in the pre, co, and post-seismic stages, with correlation coefficients in the range 0.4–0.7. The correlation was positive and negative before and after the earthquakes, respectively. (2) The electromagnetic signals related to the earthquakes might appear 23 days before and last for 10 days after the shocks. (3) To some extent, the occurrence time and frequency band of seismic electromagnetic signals are different at different stations. We inferred that the differences were related to resistivity, active tectonics, and seismogenic structure.     

Anomalous Variations of Ionosphere Associated with the Strong Earthquake at Pakistan-Iran Border at a Low Latitude Station Agra,India

In this paper, we analyze the TEC data for April 2013 observed at Agra station, India (geogr. lat. 27.2° N, long. 78° E) to examine the effect of earthquake of magnitude M = 7.8 which occurred on 16 April 2013 at Pakistan–Iran border region. We process the TEC data using the s statistical criterion to find out anomalous variation in TEC data. We also study the VLF propagation signal from NPM, Hawaii (21.42° N, 158° W), which is monitored at the same station (Agra station) in the light of this earthquake as well as solar flares. The nighttime fluctuation method is used to analyze the VLF data for the period of ±5 days from the day of earthquake (11–21 April 2013). The anomalous enhancements and depletions are found in TEC data on 1–9 days before the occurrence of event.     

腾冲地区潜热通量与周围地区地震活动的相关性

以2000年以来6.4级以上地震为例,研究了腾冲地区潜热通量（SLHF）在这些震例发生前后的变化特征。结果表明：腾冲地区的SLHF动态,不但在其附近发生强地震前常出现异常,而且对周边较远的强地震前也会发生异常反应;异常出现时间大都在震前1个半月以内,汶川地震前异常出现较早,发生在震前2个月之前,这可能与汶川地震震级高影响范围大有关;异常幅值与震级有关,震级越大,异常表现越强。 比如芦山7.0级地震、缅甸7.0级地震和汶川M_S 8.0地震前,腾冲地区SLHF异常幅度很大,远远超过最大参考值,而姚安6.5级地震和宁洱6.4级地震前异常幅度就相对小一些。腾冲地区SLHF异常与周围强地震的发生有较好的相关性,一方面与腾冲地区的活动断裂发育、现今构造变形强烈有关,另一方面可能是由于腾冲地区火山活动强烈,温泉广泛发育,水热交换迅速,对周边构造活动感应灵敏所致。     

Variations in the parameters of VLF signals on the DEMETER satellite during the periods of seismic activity

Two methods for diagnosing ionospheric disturbances using VLF signals received on the DEMETER satellite are considered in connection with two cases of high seismic activity: the method for analyzing a signal reception zone in order to find large-scale spatial variations and the residual signal method used to reveal time variations. Based on an analysis of the VLF signal reception zone, performed in connection with the catastrophic earthquake near Sumatra, it has been found out that the signal amplitude decreased during a month before the earthquake. As a result, it has been concluded that the zone of ionospheric disturbances extends for several thousand kilometers. It has been indicated that the residual signal method showed good agreement between the ground and satellite data when high seismic activity near Japan was analyzed.     

基于LWPC和IRI模型的NWC台站信号传播幅度建模分析

频率为3~30 kHz的甚低频（VLF,Very Low Frequency）电磁波具有波长长、传播距离远的特点,能够沿地面-低电离层波导进行传播,在通信、导航等许多领域都被广泛应用.基于波导模理论的长波传播模型（LWPC,Long-Wavelength Propagation Capability）能够用于计算甚低频波的传播路径及幅度,进而研究耀斑、磁暴、地震等事件对电离层的扰动.本文利用国际电离层参考模型（IRI,International Reference Ionosphere）对LWPC中电子密度和碰撞频率进行改进,并将模拟结果与武汉大学VLF接收机实际观测到的NWC （North West Cape）台站信号幅度进行比较分析,结果表明改进后LWPC模型得到的幅度及变化趋势与实际值更加接近.LWPC模型给出的电子密度与IRI模型得到的电子密度在日间基本一致,但是在夜间存在差异,造成夜间部分区域NWC台站信号幅度的差异性,验证了电离层电子密度对于VLF信号传播具有的重要影响.传播路径上的晨昏变化也可以引起VLF信号幅度分布的突变,在日出和日落时间段内存在明显的过渡区域.基于IRI模型的LWPC,改善了VLF电波传播过程的预测分析效果,提供了一种长波导航通信质量的评估方法.     

Earthquake responses in the high-latitude ionosphere

The data, obtained using the methods of partial reflections and ionosphere vertical sounding on the Kola Peninsula and in Scandinavia, at Tumannyi (69.0° N, 35.7° E) and Sodankyla (67.37°N, 26.63°E) observatories, have been analyzed in order to detect earthquake responses. The strong earthquakes have been considered: one earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 occurred at 0819:25 UT on July 17, 2006, on the western coast of Indonesia (9.33° S, 107.26° E), and another earthquake with a magnitude of 6.2 occurred 2253:59 UT on May 26, 2006, on Yava (7.94° S, 110.32° E). These earthquakes, the epicenters of which were located in the same region and at identical depths (10 km), were observed under quiet conditions in the geomagnetic field (ΣK _p = 5.7 and 6.3) and during small solar flares. The response of the ionosphere to these flares was mainly observed in the parameters of the lower ionosphere in the D and E regions. It has been found out that the period of variations in the ordinary component of the partially reflected signal at altitudes of the E region increased before the earthquake that occurred on July 17, 2006. The f _min variations at Sodankyla observatory started 20 h before the earthquake. The periods of these variations were 3–6 h. The same periods were found in the variations in other ionospheric parameters (foEs and h’Es). The variations in the ordinary component of partially reflected signals with periods of 2–5 hours were observed on the day of another earthquake (May 26, 2006). Internal gravity waves with periods of several hours, which can be related to the earthquakes, were detected in the amplitude spectra of the ordinary component of partially reflected signals and in other parameters in the lower ionosphere.     

华北地区强震的背景地震活动性的研究

7级以上的强震并不是在一片空白上突然发生的,而是在一种间歇性的地震活动背景下发生的,研究这种背景地震活动的规律,为判定一个活动期的强震的潜在震源区提供信息。本文通过对华北历史上记录到的18次7级以上强震的震前史和震后史的研究,提出了华北地区强震背景地震活动的四条规律:①强震前多有6级以上的背景地震发生;②并且多有信息地震发生;③短时间近距离的两个强震之间可能出现缓震现象;④强震具有一定的减震作用。文中根据这四条规律,对华北地区1501——1730年的强震潜在震源区做了判别分析。      

2001年1月强震的前兆次声波测量及机理探讨

频谱分析结果表明 :(1) 2 0 0 1年 1月 (含两次 8级地震 )的测量结果与 1999年 1月～ 7月、 2 0 0 0年 4月～ 2 0 0 1年 4月观测结果具有相同的规律 ,强地震前约 10天内常能测到振幅很强、方向可测的地震前兆次声波。其三维动态频谱的典型特点是振幅由弱 (10Pa～ 2 0Pa)变强 (80Pa以上 ) ;最后的周期范围很宽 (2分～ 6 5分 ) ;波形明显不同于流星雨次声和大风次声。 (2 )强震前兆次声三维动态频谱的最大振幅不仅受震级大小影响 ,而且与震源距离及深度等其它因素都有关。 (3)强震前长周期波的产生机理 ,主要有断层预滑理论、断裂预扩展理论和流体撞击假说 ,而前兆次声波很可能是由地壳中的长周期波耦合到空气中形成。 (4 )岩石破裂实验证实主破裂前在岩石表面和空气中均收到较强的低频波。 (5 )若在北京和昆明各建足够大的三点阵测准波向 ,两直线相交 ,即可预测国内的震中位置 ,这就可能为临震预报提供一种较有效的新方法     

华北—东北地区震磁异常与日本强震对应关系

选取2009—2014年华北—东北地区发生的12次中等地震,对该区8个地磁台站记录的地磁Z分量日变幅进行小波分析及合成计算,与日本海沟同期发生的12次M≥6.5强震进行关联性分析,发现日本强震对中国华北—东北地区中等地震活动具有连带作用,表现在:①日本强震发生前后,华北或东北地区均有M4—5地震出现,频次一般为1—3,间隔几天至5个月左右;②2011年3月10日日本M9.1地震后,华北、东北地区中等地震震级有所升高,其中东北地区由M4升至M5,距日本最近的中俄交界甚至出现M6.1地震,华北地区唐山老震区出现1次M4.8地震,震级接近5;③每次日本强震出现后几天至2个月内,8个地磁台地磁Z分量小波细节6阶合成曲线值均出现2—6个月高值异常,但幅度大小与强震震级无明显规律可循,而华北或东北地区中等地震一般在异常高值出现前后低值附近发生。