三峡水库2003年蓄水对长江悬沙中值粒径的影响

长江三峡水库分别在2003-06-01~06-10和10-25~11-05 2次蓄水,坝前水位分别达到135m和139m(吴淞高程)。通过三峡大坝上下游长江干流主要水文控制站(寸滩、宜昌、沙市、汉口和大通)蓄水后(2003~2005)的年均悬沙中值粒径分别与多年平均值以及蓄水前一年(2002)实测值相比较,分析了三峡水库2003年蓄水对长江悬沙中值粒径的影像。结果显示,与2002年和多年平均值相比,寸滩、宜昌、汉口和大通站蓄水后(2003~2005)年均悬沙中值粒径偏小,而沙市站明显偏大。这很可能说明,三峡水库蓄水引起大量泥沙特别是粗颗粒泥沙在库区落淤,从三峡大坝下泻的非正常清水,导致宜昌站至沙市站之间的长江河道遭受到严重冲刷,从该段河道冲刷起来的粗颗粒泥沙随着变小的河道坡降和河水流速,又逐渐沉降在沙市和汉口之间的河道。这些结果有助于决策者更好地管理三峡水库以及各行业学者更好地了解三峡水库蓄水带来的影响。     

长江口涨、落潮槽底沙输移趋势探讨

选择长江口南港南小泓和南港主槽作为典型涨、落潮槽为研究对象，以2001年9月所采底沙的颗粒分析资料为根据，并结合实测水文、泥沙资料进行水动力分析，运用Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析模型分析了底沙输移趋势，结果表明：南小泓的底沙主要是来自口门附近，由于涨潮流强于落潮流而使底沙向上游输移，即SE—NW方向，而南港主槽的底沙主要来自上游，由于落潮流强于涨潮流而使泥沙向下游输移，即NW—SE方向。     

长江口北支强潮河道悬沙运动及输移机制

随着崇明北侧岸滩的自然淤涨和人工圈围,北支河道显著束窄,"喇叭口"顶点位置下移。在新的地形及流域来水来沙变异背景下,作为长江河口的分支强潮汊道,其悬沙运动与输移特点值得探讨。根据2010年4月小潮至大潮连续8 d的半个半月潮水沙观测,结合多年不同河段水沙观测数据得到的含沙量过程曲线显示:整个河道潮流强、含沙量高,含沙量过程曲线呈 "单峰-双峰-单峰"的变化特点;河道悬沙的输移以平流输移和"潮泵输移"为主,以"喇叭口"顶点为界,上游段河道平流输移占主导地位,"潮泵输移"次之;下游段"潮泵输移"占主导,平流输移次之。净输沙总量呈:上段河道向海,下段河道向陆,在"喇叭口"顶点附近存在一个泥沙汇聚的最大浑浊带区域。     

黄河下游泥沙输移特征对入海泥沙通量的影响

黄河下游河道是黄河流域系统中的一个重要的泥沙沉积汇，泥沙在这一沉积汇中的沉积对于入海泥沙通量有重要影响。作者引进河道排沙比来表示入海泥沙通量比率，并以黄河下游实测资料为基础，运用经验统计方法对人海泥沙通量比率与影响因子的关系进行了研究。入海泥沙通量比率与悬移质中大于0．05mm粗泥沙和小于0．025mm细泥沙的百分比有密切关系，粗泥沙部分所占比例越高，则入海泥沙通量比率越低，而细泥沙所占比例越高，则入海泥沙通量比率越高。洪水事件中最大含沙量和来沙系数越大，则入海泥沙通量比率越小。在黄河上、中游的4个水沙来源区中，两个清水区来水为河道提供了输沙动力，有助于减小淤积，有时甚至会发生冲刷，从而有利于输沙入海，增加入海泥沙通量比率。两个多沙区的来沙增大了下游河道的输沙负载，使泥沙容易淤积在河道中，从而降低入海泥沙通量比率。以年系列和洪水系列资料，建立了一系列表达上述影响的经验统计关系，运用这些关系可以解释和预测流域来水来沙及泥沙粒度因子的变化对入海泥沙通量比率变化的影响。研究发现，近30年来黄河入海泥沙通量比率呈减小趋势。由于黄河下游来水量不断减小，导致了河床的萎缩和输沙功能的衰退，使得输送入海的泥沙占下游来沙的比率减小。     

长江河口南、北港河道挟沙能力研究

近年来,随着长江流域来沙量的减少,河口水沙动力条件以及河床地形必将发生一定程度的变化。通过对长江口南﹑北港河道连续9d小潮至大潮水沙定点观测发潮流速增强,大潮期含沙量较高,表明泥沙再悬浮明显。通过实测数据分别给出大、中小潮南、北港河道挟沙力经验公式,显示出潮流与含沙量具有良好的相关性,同时显示出潮流流速与挟沙能力的方次变化有良好的对应性。     

近期长江河口冲淤演变过程研究

基于长江河口1997年以来数字地形图和近期水文泥沙实测资料,分析研究了近期长江河口大量人工整治工程和流域水库工程建造影响下的河口河道自动调整过程。结果表明:1997-2013年河口段中上游河道微冲刷、拦门沙滩顶仍保持淤积外移、口门外侧近海域冲刷的态势略有增强,而其影响原因与历史时期的自然因素影响为主略有差异,近期人类高强度活动的影响贡献率增大。首先,南支至南港和北港中上游河段河床普遍发生冲刷,河床沙活动较活跃,床面微地貌沙波发育更明显,而口门外侧海域地形略有冲刷蚀退,这些变化与流域来沙锐减有直接关系;北支、北港口门、南槽和北槽河道拦门沙河段呈淤积,尤其北槽主航道的拦门沙河段6m水深浚深为12.5m后回淤量很大,这些与拦门沙河道动力结构环境、河口和海域再悬浮泥沙补给有关;局部河段出现强冲和强淤现象,与近期河口工程建造有关。所以,长江河口近期正处在对自然因素变化和人类活动增强的自我缓慢地自动调整和适应过程之中。     

近期长江河口冲淤演变过程及自动调整机理研究

基于长江河口1997年以来数字地形图和近期水文泥沙实测资料, 分析研究了近期长江河口大量人工整治工程和流域水库工程建造的影响下的河口河道自动调整过程。结果表明:1997年以来的16年中河口段中上游河道微冲刷、拦门沙滩顶仍保持淤积外移、口门外侧近海域冲刷的态势略有增强, 而其影响原因与历史时期的自然因素影响为主略有差异, 近期人类高强度活动的影响贡献率增大。首先, 南支至南港和北港中上游河段河床发生普遍冲刷, 河床沙活动较活跃, 床面微地貌沙波发育更明显, 而口门外侧海域地形略有冲刷蚀退, 这些变化与流域来沙锐减有直接关系;北支、北港口门、南槽和北槽河道拦门沙河段呈淤积, 尤其北槽主航道的拦门沙河段6m水深浚深为12.5m后回淤量很大, 这些与拦门沙河道动力结构环境、河口和海域再悬浮泥沙补给有关;局部河段出现强冲和强淤现象, 与近期河口工程建造有关。所以, 长江河口近期正处在对自然因素变化和人类活动增强的自我缓慢地自动调整和适应过程之中。故然, 开展此类研究有其重要的现实意义。     

上海洋山深水港区海域悬沙分布特征及运动规律分析

以1998年以来定点实测含沙量资料为基础,结合1996-2007年不同时刻卫星遥感影像资料对洋山港附近海域悬沙分布特征及运动规律进行分析,结果表明:洋山港海域含沙量存在着明显的季节变化;潮差越大,水体紊动越强,水体含沙量越高;洋山港水域含沙量明显高于其周围的水域,特别是在大小洋山岛链之间,呈现由北向南、由东向西逐渐增大的趋势;"峡岛效应"也是引起高含沙量一个重要原因;长江入海泥沙直接扩散对洋山港水体含沙量的影响较小,研究区域水体含沙量的大小主要取决于波况及潮流对当地浅滩的掀扬及输送.     

黄河河口二维泥沙有限元数学模型及应用(Ⅱ)--潮流和泥沙输运沉积过程模拟分析

利用多沙黄河河口潮波平面二维泥沙数学模型,通过典型时刻近海海区潮汐、河口口门河道、河海流场、含沙量、河床变形和海底等值线等图形对入海河口海域潮汐和潮流海洋动力特性、入海泥沙运动扩散输移规律、河口拦门沙形状、形成过程、泥沙冲淤和海底地形变化进行了分析,这些都与实测资料和遥感图像的分析基本一致。     

伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝特征及影响因素研究

泥沙絮凝对河口细颗粒泥沙运动过程起着极其重要的作用。本文通过LISST-100激光粒度仪等仪器实测伶仃洋河口2013年洪季悬浮泥沙絮凝体现场粒径及水动力、泥沙条件,结合实验室悬沙粒径分析,研究大小潮期间伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝特征,探讨紊动剪切强度、含沙量、盐度分层及波浪等因素对伶仃洋河口泥沙絮凝的影响。结果表明:伶仃洋河口水体中现场粒径平均值为148.53 μm,大于实验室悬沙分散粒径36.74 μm,河口絮凝现象明显;沉速与有效密度、粒径呈正相关,絮团平均有效密度为153.49 kg/m3,平均沉速达1.13 mm/s;小潮时絮团平均粒径大于大潮,垂向上表底层絮团粒径小、中层大,中底层絮团沉速大于表层。伶仃洋河口水动力、泥沙条件是影响其泥沙絮凝的重要因素,低剪切强度（小于5 s-1）、低含沙量（小于50 mg/L）及高体积浓度有利于细颗粒泥沙之间的相互碰撞,促进絮凝作用;当剪切强度与颗粒间碰撞强度高于絮团所能承受的强度时,絮团易破碎分解成小絮团或更细的泥沙颗粒;伶仃洋河口盐度层化引起的泥沙捕获现象增大中层泥沙体积浓度,有利于中层絮凝体的发育;观测期相对较大的波浪增强水体紊动,增大了水体细颗粒泥沙的碰撞几率,表层絮团粒径随波高峰值的出现而增大。     

Trends in the variation of the sea level in the lagoons of the Southeastern Baltic

This paper analyses the global tendency of the sea level rise (SLR) and its long term influence on the sea level upstream drainage cascade based on the example of the level’s variation in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea compared to the other lagoons and coastal regions of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. A steady positive trend in the water level variations was revealed; its magnitude varies significantly depending on the time period. In general, during the 100–150 year period, the rate of the SLR in the lagoons and coastal areas of the Baltic Sea (1.7–1.8 mm per year) is close to the SLR rate in the World Ocean. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased rate of the SLR in the lagoons and marine areas became stronger (up to 3.6 mm per year in the Vistula Lagoon and in 1959–2006 in the sea and exceeded the rate of global ocean SLR). It dramatically increased at the end of the last century both in the lagoons and in the sea (up to 10.0–15.0 mm per year). This is the response not only to the global climate warming but it is likely that it is also a response to the changes of the climate driving forces that influence the regimes of the local wind and precipitation in the catchment.     

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Besidestheprecipitationandriverdischarges,the watersinthePacificOceanandtheAtlanticOceanare thesourcesoftheArcticOceanwater.TheAtlantic waterenterstheArcticOceanviatheFramStraitand theBarentsSea.Foritsdenserfeatureduetohigh salinity,mostofitsinkstothenorthofSvaldbardand circulatesinallthedeepbasinsintheArcticOcean, formingthedeepandbottomwatersoftheArcticO- cean(Aagaardetal.,1985;Rudelsetal.,1999).The BeringStraitistheonlychannelforthePacificwater toflowintotheArcticOce…     

鄂霍茨克海北部沉积盆地的含油气层系

1 古新-下渐新统含油气层系 古新-始新统母岩形成于滨海和湖泊沉积环境中,并在大量冲积源的参与之下,促进了含分散有机质混合类型砂-黏土质陆源岩层的堆积。在中国东北诸盆地中,含工业油气的白垩-早第三纪建造形成于开阔的浅水和深水湖泊环境中。与中国的盆地类似,在下第三系下部     

Variations in the Kinematics of Deformation in the Vicinity of the Catastrophic Sumatra Earthquake

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Great Andaman–Sumatra earthquake (GASE) on December 26, 2004, with magnitude Mw of 9.2, occurred in the Indian Ocean near the northwestern...     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Causes of the bottom hypoxia in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the baltic sea

The data on the bottom concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland obtained in 1923–1939 and in 1962–1989 were analyzed. No statistically reliable differences were found between the two periods studied. It was found that, during the 20th century, the fluctuations in the oxygen concentration were caused by the interannual variability of the winter severity and water salinity. A strong oxygen deficit in the summer was recorded after cold winters, when early freezing suppressed the vertical mixing, and/or in the years of a significant inflow of salt waters from the Baltic Sea with low oxygen contents. It is likely that the long-term dynamics of the oxygen concentration near the bottom in the open parts of the bay is determined by the large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological parameters.     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution in Kenya

This paper presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of the regulatory regime in the management of oil pollution on Kenya's marine and coastal environment. The prospect of chronic oil pollution along the Kenyan coastline and the port of Mombasa is discussed. A review of the vulnerable marine and coastal resources, commonly used indicators of effectiveness in oil pollution management and the legislation governing oil pollution is given. The author concludes by emphasising that despite having the right legislation in place, there is need for the establishment of criteria and indicators necessary for evaluation of policy effectiveness.