泾河上游黄土高原全新世成壤环境演变与人类活动影响

通过对黄土高原腹地甘肃合水MJY-A全新世土壤剖面磁化率、粒度、全铁、TOC、TC、CaCO3等气候代用指标的测定分析。结果表明：在全新世早期,黄土高原中部地区气候虽比较温和干燥,风尘堆积速率降低,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成壤的自然过程;到了全新世中期,气候较为温暖湿润,地表植被发育,生物风化成壤作用强烈,土壤发育依旧表现为自然的成壤过程,形成深厚的古土壤-黑垆土(S0);到了全新世晚期,气候开始恶化,干旱少雨,植被急剧退化,沙尘暴频繁发生,形成的现代黄土层(L0)覆盖了土壤(S0)使之成为埋藏古土壤,土壤发育深受人类活动的影响。现代黄土高原土地资源的退化,并不全是由自然要素本身固有的规律所造成的,而是在自然要素本身变化的背景上叠加了人类活动影响的结果。     

陕西五里铺黄土微量元素组成与全新世气候不稳定性研究

通过对岐山黄土剖面Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Mn元素含量、磁化率及粒度的研究表明,这些元素含量变化实质是气候变化的直接结果,其含量高指示风化成壤作用强烈的湿润环境,含量低指示寒冷的干旱环境。揭示出黄土高原南部全新世气候在总体温暖的情况下有明显波动变化,在5000~6000 a BP出现一次明显气候干旱期,使全新世"大暖期"分裂形成两个主要的成壤期S₀¹和S₀²。在S₀¹、S₀²成壤时期仍存在次一级的气候变化事件。全新世时期该地区经历了黄土沉积(L_t)→古土壤发育(S₀²)→黄土覆盖(L₀²)→土壤再度发育(S₀¹)→黄土堆积及现代表土(L10)的发展演化阶段。     

黄土高原侵蚀期研究

黄土高原在沉积的同时也存在着侵蚀,主要是流水、重力等因素造成的。这种侵蚀会受到气候、构造运动以及人类活动控制。资料显示,黄土高原存在3种基本的侵蚀期,一是气候侵蚀期,二是构造侵蚀期,三是人为因素侵蚀期。此外还有气候与构造共同作用产生的侵蚀期和构造与人类共同作用产生的侵蚀期。温湿期风尘堆积少,降水量增多,流水动力增强,是黄土高原理论上的侵蚀期。构造抬升引起侵蚀基准面下降,进而导致黄土高原加快侵蚀,出现构造侵蚀期。人类活动破坏了黄土高原的植被和土层结构,导致黄土高原侵蚀加剧,从而出现了人类因素引起的现代侵蚀加速期。在黄土发育的冷干期,由于植被稀疏,侵蚀量大于温湿期,但堆积量远大于侵蚀量。要改变现代侵蚀状况,就应当加强黄土高原生态环境治理。     

淮河上游全新世黄土及沉积成因

The dust source and transporting system are two indispensable aspects in the process of loess-palaeosol accumulation. It has been proved that the dust of the Loess Plateau mainly comes from the northwestern inland gobi and desert, transported by the East Asia monsoon systems and westerlies. However, there are little researches with respect to the dust source and deposition dynamics of the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. In the present study, we investigated and collected the YPC section with high resolution in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. The chronological frame was reconstructed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and correlated with the published loess time series. By comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain size (GS) of loess-soil profile among YPC profile, XJN profile (western Loess Plateau) and the JYC profile (southern Loess Plateau), we find similar climate change and pedogenic process between the upper reaches of the Huaihe River and the Loess Plateau, both experienced an extreme dry and the weakest pedogenesis during the last glacial, followed by a transitional episodes from the cold-dry last glacial to the warm-humid mid-Holocene and increased pedogenesis in the early Holocene, then a most humid-warm and strong pedogenesis in the mid-Holocene, and climate deterioration and decreased pedogenesis occurred during the late Holocene. But the MS of loess-soil profile sequences in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was much lower than those in the Loess Plateau, and the GS was much coarser than those in the Loess Plateau. Comparison of GS for these three profiles revealed that there were different dust sources, which belonged to different aeolian transporting systems. The loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was a wind blown deposition of near source, while the coarser dust mainly came from loose alluvial deposits of alluvial and proluvial fans of the Yellow River. The yielding and carrying dynamics of the dust in the Huaihe River is the northeast wind prevails in the winter half year.     

黄土高原侵蚀环境与侵蚀速率的初步研究

黄土高原的侵蚀是一个地质过程.晚更新世以前高原已经过三个大的侵蚀堆积旋迥,主要沟谷系统和黄土地貌的塬梁峁格局已经形成.全新世以来黄土的堆积逐渐减缓,而侵蚀则进入新的发展时期.在自然因素和人类活动的共同作用下,土壤侵蚀加剧.根据侵蚀一堆积相关原理,利用黄河下游不同时期发育的冲积扇沉积模式,估算了全新世以来自然侵蚀速牵为7.9%,由于人类活动而引起的加速侵蚀的速率逐渐递增,至今已达到25%.     

淮河上游全新世风成黄土-土壤物质来源研究

通过对淮河上游地区河南新郑全新世黄土—古土壤剖面磁化率和粒度的测量分析，揭示了淮河上游地区沙质黄土和古土壤的物质来源。该区黄土—古土壤磁化率明显低于黄土高原区，而粒度明显比黄土高原区粗，属于沙质黄土。通过两地区粒度分布的对比，揭示了它们有不同的粉尘源区，分属于不同的风成系统。淮河上游地区黄土是近源风尘沉积物，粉尘主要来源于孟津以东黄河冲积、洪积扇的松散河流沉积粉沙，实质是黄土高原水土流失的产物。黄河的频繁决口、改道、泛滥沉积为其提供了丰富的物源，其粗颗粒粉尘产生和搬运堆积的动力是东北风。淮河上游地区全新世早期粉尘是近源粗颗粒堆积，堆积速率可达18．6cm／ka，是黄土高原南部地区的2．3倍。     

南京下蜀黄土红外释光地层年代学

下蜀黄土地层年代学对于理解季风环流时空格局演化及其与青藏高原阶段性隆升的关系十分重要。作者基于下蜀黄土红外释光测年和下蜀黄土及黄土高原洛川;剖面磁化率序列的对比分析,认为下蜀黄土第一层黄土层形成于末次冰期,最底部的黄土层与洛川的 L5相当。因而下蜀黄土应相当于黄土高原LS以来的风成堆积,其底界年代约为 500 ka。也就是说,在 500 ka左右黄土堆积的南界已达长江下游地区。这可能是因为其时青藏高原的隆升已到达一特殊高度,对东亚季风演化的影响成为一个转折点,加强了东亚季风的强度。     

西周沣镐遗址全新世土壤研究

根据西安西部西周沣镐遗址附近全新世土壤剖面磁化率、全铁、有机碳、Rb和Sr等指标的测定分析,揭示了与全新世环境变化相对应的成壤过程,阐明西周时代土壤和土地资源状况及人类耕作对成壤过程影响。认为全新世早期气候较温和干燥,风尘堆积速率降低,有一定生物风化成壤作用,土壤发育表现为边沉积边成壤;全新世中期气候温暖湿润,生物风化成壤作用大于风尘堆积作用,随着沉积和成壤继续,土壤层深厚,形成古土壤层(S₀);全新世晚期气候恶化,沙尘暴频繁发生,风尘堆积作用大于风化成壤作用,形成现代黄土层(L₀)覆盖了土壤(S₀),使之成为埋藏古土壤。西周时期(3000~2720a B.P.)气候干旱使环境资源恶化,土壤退化严重,当时的耕作层和古地面位于相当于黄土(L₀)下部、古土壤(S₀)顶界以上10cm的层位。     

对黄土高原风尘搬运动力与沉积控制因素的新认识

风尘是地球表层系统的重要组成部分,广泛参与地球系统中不同时空尺度的物理、化学和生物过程,对全球气候和生态环境产生重要的影响。中国北方地区发育了世界最广、最厚的风尘沉积,记录了至少22 Ma以来东亚季风演化和亚洲内陆干旱化历史。半个多世纪以来对风尘沉积的气候记录和黄土高原的成因进行了大量研究并取得了丰硕成果,然而对黄土高原风尘物质沉积过程的认识还存在很多问题。例如,近年来基于物源示踪研究对传统的风尘搬运过程提出了新认识,认为虽然黄土主体是风成的,但以前忽略了河流对于碎屑物质的搬运贡献。我们在前人研究基础上从沉积学角度分析风尘沉积过程,发现青藏高原两期抬升与区域构造运动对粉尘沉积起着不亚于气候变化的重要控制作用;同时从沉积-侵蚀和地貌发育过程探讨风力与流水这两种最常见的外动力方式在黄土沉积和黄土高原发育过程中所起的作用,认为风尘的沉积和黄土高原的形成是侵蚀与搬运沉积作用的长期动态平衡过程,风力和流水在其中所起的作用都不是单一不变的,在不同时期和不同区域有可能会同时充当建设者和破坏者的角色。     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

Erosion response to anthropogenic activity and climatic changes during the Holocene: case studies in northwestern China and southern Norway

Soil erosion assessment and prediction play critical roles in addressing problems associated with erosion control or soil conservation. The past dynamics of soil erosion can provide valuable information for us to understand the relations of soil erosion to environmental change and anthropogenic activity. The present paper has compared Holocene climatic changes in northwestern China with those in southern Norway, and investigated the past dynamics of erosion activity during the Holocene. Modern soil erosion on the Loess Plateau is a combination of the intensive natural erosion and human-induced erosion, the latter being four times greater than the former. Because of global warming and increasing human activities, climate on the Loess Plateau is becoming dryer and more unstable, causing an enhanced erosion problem and water scarcity. In the arctic-alpine region of southern Norway, however, the global warming and regional wetting caused expansion of the largest European ice cap. This has accentuated the erosion in that region, with a higher frequency of avalanches and debris flows.     

长江下游地区下蜀黄土堆积与成壤环境演变——以南京江北地区一典型剖面为例

通过对南京江北地区一个典型剖面（TZC剖面）进行野外调查、室内磁化率、粒度等替代性指标分析和光释光断代研究,探讨了该地区第一层古土壤形成时的粉尘堆积与成壤环境演变特点。结果表明:第一层古土壤（400⁵0cm）形成于全新世最适宜期（8500³100aBP）,是在末次冰期下蜀黄土堆积成壤基础上的再发育,与下伏黄土之间存在发生学联系。根据沉积年代和沉积厚度对沉积速率估算,该地区末次冰期沉积速率约为11.17cm/ka,而且可以推测古土壤顶部经历过强烈的水土侵蚀作用,侵蚀的厚度为98.67cm,侵蚀下来的黄土在地势低洼的地方形成次生黄土,这表明了次生黄土同为风尘成因,只是经过后期雨水的侵蚀、搬运和再堆积而已。全新世晚期3100年以来,季风转变,沙尘暴加剧,土壤退化,在南京江北地区堆积成厚约50cm左右的现代黄土层或表土层。     

渭河流域3 100年前资源退化与人地关系演变

渭河流域全新世古土壤S     

陕西北部榆林第四纪地层剖面的粒度分析与讨论

本文根据榆林剖面及其粒度分析结果,讨论了剖面中地层的沉积相、古气候和环境演化.     

泾河中游地区全新世成壤环境演变研究

根据长武ETC全新世土壤剖面的测定分析,探讨了该地区全新世成壤环境演变过程,阐明了先周时代土壤特征及人类耕作对成壤过程的影响。研究结果表明,全新世早期气候温和干燥,沙尘暴明显减弱,风尘堆积速率降低,具有轻微生物风化成壤作用;对应于全新世最适宜期,该地气候温暖湿润,生物风化成壤作用大于风尘堆积作用,为典型的黑垆土成壤期。从3 100 a B.P.开始,季风气候格局发生转变,气候干旱化,沙尘暴加剧,风尘堆积速率大于生物风化成壤速率,土壤资源自然退化,形成弱成壤层和黄土层,两层均属于全新世黄土L₀。先周时期耕作层对应古土壤层的顶部,土壤具有典型的团粒结构。3 100 a B.P.时的季风转变导致的气候干旱化与土壤退化促使了游牧民族南迁和"古公迁岐"事件的发生。     

黄河中游土壤侵蚀与下游古河道三角洲演化的过程响应

根据黄土高原土壤侵蚀的周期特点，结合华北平原古河道，古三角洲的演化过程，应用泥沙输移的过程响应,分析了晚更新世以来黄河中游黄土高原土壤侵蚀与下游古河道，三角洲演化的关系，在人类历史之前，黄土高原土壤侵蚀基本上遵循自在生态环境演化规律，强裂侵蚀期发生在干冷向湿湿气候转化的过渡期，在强裂侵蚀的初期是古道形成期，强烈侵蚀期发生在干冷向温湿气候转化的过渡期，在强裂侵蚀的期是古河道形成期，强烈侵蚀的外营力迭加了人为作用，黄河下游河游泳以改道，三角洲横向扩展发生在强烈侵蚀的衰退期，人类历史时期，土壤侵蚀的外营力迭加了人为作用，破坏了地质历史时期的规律性，土壤侵蚀强度越来越强，基本上按照旱涝变化频率而演化，干冷期降雨不均匀系数增加，土训侵蚀加重，径流量较少，河床以淤积为主，是古河道形成期，正常年黄河泥少输移比接近于一，是三角洲进积期，温湿期降雨量增加，径流量加大，下游河流改道，三角洲横向发展。     

黄土高原现代天然降尘的组成、通量和磁化率

黄土高原现代天然降尘的季节性变化研究表明，矿物粉尘是天然粉尘的主要组成成分，有机质和污染物以夏季粉尘中含量最高，粉尘的磁化率在80－150单位之间，明显高于冰期黄土，指示着间冰期时原始粉尘的磁化率就已受到气候条件的影响，粉尘沉积通量的季节性变化在高原北部较大，中部和南部变化较小，年累积通量也是北部明显高于基本相当的其它地区，分析粉尘沉积的气候过程认为，黄土坑原的天然防尘主要表现为常态存在的非尘暴降尘，大部分为近距离低空再搬运粉尘，其沉积通量与地表的干燥度密切相关，部分来自内陆远源沙漠，通过高空西风气流转输，冬季风粉尘在大部分黄土高原略高于其它季节粉尘，而在西北部显著增高。     

Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of Late Tertiary aeolian sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau

The aeolian Red Clay sequence in the central part of the Chinese Loess Plateau was investigated in an attempt to obtain magnetostratigraphic and palaeoclimatic records. From the results, we deduce that aeolian dust accumulation and the related East Asia palaeomonsoon system began at least 7.6  Myr ago, and that the Tibetan Plateau had reached a significant elevation by that time. The Late Tertiary palaeoclimatic history of the Red Clay as reflected by magnetic susceptibility is reconstructed for the time period 7.6–2.5  Ma. Increases in aeolian dust accumulation for the last 7.6  Myr appear to have a close relation with the uplift processes of the Tibetan Plateau. The remarkable increase of aeolian dust accumulation beginning at 3.2  Ma appears to reflect the influence of an increasing global ice volume on the East Asian monsoon and aeolian dust accumulation.     

汉江一级阶地抬升以来北亚热带风尘堆积、发育与东亚季风演变的耦合关系——以郧县段汉江上游谷地为例

风成黄土对东亚冬夏季风优势期转换及起迄时间起到良好指示作用,探究风尘黄土堆积、发育特征与东亚季风演变的耦合关系十分必要。本文通过研究汉江一级阶地上覆黄土-古土壤序列的构型、磁化率、烧失量、粒度、元素组成特征,分析汉江一级阶地抬升以来黄土-古土壤序列的成因及成壤特征,探究东亚冬夏季风的演化序列。结果表明：（1）汉江上游地区黄土-古土壤序列的地层构型为表层土（MS）-近代黄土（L₀）-古土壤（S₀）-过渡层（L_t）-马兰黄土（L₁）,磁化率、粒度、烧失量、元素组成等特征指示各地层成壤强度特征为S₀>L₀/L_t>L₁。（2） 成壤强度指示18000 a BP以来,东亚冬夏季风演替特征为末次盛冰期冬季风强烈→全新世早期冬季风减弱→全新世中期夏季风主导→全新世晚期夏季风减弱~,冬季风强盛,其演变滞后于低纬太阳辐射变化2000~3000 a。（3）该风尘堆积物理化性质对6000~5000a BP的气候恶化期有所响应。总而言之,汉江上游一级阶地上覆黄土为风尘堆积物,指示18000a BP以来东亚季风的变迁规律及季风异常事件,能够体现北亚热带对全球气候变化及极端事件的响应。     

汉中盆地全新世沉积物成因研究

对于汉中盆地全新世沉积物野外考察和实验分析表明 ,汉江第一、二、三级阶地的松散沉积物具有风成黄土的特点。将其粒度成分和各项参数与黄土高原全新世典型黄土的对比分析 ,证明了汉中盆地在全新世时期有风成黄土堆积和古土壤形成。