湛江地区沿海游泳虾类调查报告

本文整理了真虾类标本共21种,隶属6科9属,其中有的种类是虾捕捞业中常见的种类,有一定的产量;有的种类是虾养殖中的敌害。     

Closed recirculating system for shrimp-mollusk polyculture

This paper deals with a new system of aquaculture, i.e., a closed recirculating system for shrimp-mollusk polyculture. The culture system consisted of several shrimp ponds, a mollusk water-purifying pond and a reservoir. During the production cycle, water circulated between the shrimp and mollusk ponds, and the reservoir compensated for water loss from seepage and evaporation. Constricted tagelus, Sinonovacula constricta, was selected as the cultured mollusk, and Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, as the cultured shrimp. The main managing measures during the production cycle were： setting and using the aerators; introducing the probiotic products timely into the shrimp ponds; adopting a “pen-closing” method for controlling shrimp viral epidemics; setting the flow diversion barriers in the mollusk pond to keep the circulating water flowing through the pond along a sine-like curve and serve as substrate for biofilm; no direct feeding was necessary for the cultured mollusk until the co-cultured shrimp was harvested; natural foods in the water from the shrimp ponds was used for their foods. Two sets of the system were used in the experiment in 2002 and satisfactory results were achieved. The average yield of the shrimp was 11 943.5 kg/hm^2, and that of the mollusk was 16 965 kg/hm^2. After converting the mollusk yield into shrimp yield at their market price ratio, the food coefficient of the entire system averaged at as low as 0.81. The water quality in the ponds was maintained at a desirable level and no viral epidemics were discovered during the production cycle.     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON NITROGEN BUDGETS OF CLOSED SHRIMP POLYCULTURE SYSTEMS＂

April to October, 1997 comparative studios on the nitrogen budgets of closed shrimp polyculture systems showed that, in all the studied polyculture systems, nitrogen from feeds and fertilizers were the main input items, which comprised 70.7% - 83.9% of the total input nitrogen, 3.2% - 7.4% of which was provided by nitrogen fixation. It was in monoculture enclosures (Y-4, Y-11 and Y-12) that the percentage reached the maximum value. The output nitrogen in harvested products comprised 10.8% - 24.6% of total input nitrogen, and the highest percentage, 24.6%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems. In shrimp monoculture and shrimp-fish polyculture systems, they were 19.1% and 21.9%, respectively. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was different and varied from 12.2% to 20.1%. The highest, 20.1%, was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polycultttre systems, and the average of 20.0% was found in shrimp-tagelus polyculture systems. The lowest, 12.2%, was found in shrimp monoculture systems.All the nitrogen utilization efficiencies in shrimp-fish systems or shrimp-scallop systems seemed to be higher than that of the monoculture system, but they showed little statistical difference. The main outputs of nitrngen were found in sediment mud, and comprised 48.2% -60.8% of the total input, the lowest percentage was found in shrimp-fish-tagelus polyculture systems, and the highost percentage in shrimp-scallop systems.During the experiment, nitrogen lost through denitrification and ammonia volatilization comprised 1.9% - 6.2%, averaged 2.8%, of the total input, and the loss through seepage comprised 5.9% - 8.9% of the total.The estimated nitrogen attached to the enclosure wall comprised 3.7% - 13.3% of the total, and was highest in shrimp monoculture systems. Compared with the classic shrimp farming industry, the closed shrimp polycul-ture systems may improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency, and hence reduce the environmental impacts on coastal waters. The nitrogen discharging rates for all the studied polyculture systems ranged from 3.0% to 6.0% of total input nitrogen.     

罗氏沼虾三群体间肌肉营养品质的比较

对饲养在相似环境下的罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii）三群体肌肉营养成分进行了分析和比较，3个群体分别为浙江湖州的人工养殖群体（A）、缅甸引进种子二代群体（B）和“南太湖1号”杂交群体（B-＋）。结果表明，3个群体粗蛋白含量的高低顺序依次为：B-＋群体（17．57％）、B群体（16．65％）、A群体（15．88％），但三群体之间没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）；而A群体的粗脂肪含量为2．04％，显著高于B群体的1．24％（P〈0．05）。3个群体中，B-＋群体的总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸和脂肪酸中的EPA＋DHA含量均为最高，且必需氨基酸指数最高，为68．06；相比之下，A群体的上述各项指标值均较低。可见，以上三群体中杂交种群（B-＋）的肌肉营养品质较优，而人工养殖群体（A）的肌肉品质相对较差。     

紫外线和温度对虾快速自溶的影响──水产品快速自溶影响因素探讨之一

分别探讨了紫外线和温度对享氏仿对虾和斑节对虾快速自溶的影响。结果表明：紫外线和梯度温度都可提高蛋白质的水解率，紫外照射以３０ｍｉｎ效果最佳。梯度温度比非梯度温度水解速度快。     

Galatheid squat lobster species from Chinese waters

Five galatheid squat lobster species belonging to four genera of two galatheid families are reported for the first time from Chinese waters, namely Lauriea simulata Macpherson and Robainas- Barcia, 2013, Phylladiorhynchus ikedai （Miyake and Baba, 1965）, Phylladiorhynchus integrirostris （Dana, 1852）, Babamunida sp., and Raymunida elegantissima （de Man, 1902）. The genera Lauriea Baba, 1971 and Babamunida Cabezas, Macpherson, and Machordom, 2008 have not previously been recorded from Chinese waters.     

REPORT ON PONTONIINE SHRIMPS（CRUSTACEA：DECAPODA）COLLECTED BY JOINT CHINESE—GERMAN MARINE BIOLOGY EXPEDITIONS TO HAINAN ISLAND,SOUTH CHINA SEA i.ANCHISTUS,CONCHODYTES,CORALLIOCARIS

The present paper reports 7 species of pontoniine shrimps collected from Hainan Island,South China Sea,by the Joint Chinese-German Marine Biology Expeditions,in which,Conchodytes nipponensis(De Haan,1844)and Coralliocaris brevirostris Borradaile,1898 are new records from Chinese waters.     

罗氏沼虾肝胰腺几丁质酶的亲和-消化纯化方法初探

世界上对几丁质资源的开发和利用方兴未艾 ,本世纪可能成为一个非常有前途的产业 ,对几丁质水解酶的研究 ,将是一项非常有意义的工作。对微生物几丁质酶的研究较早 ,也不深入 ,对动物几丁质酶的研究也有限。对甲壳动物几丁质酶的研究更晚。从开始注意到虾的周期性蜕皮过程中几丁质酶的生理相关性起到证明这种酶并非是由消化道中的细菌所产生 ,而是虾自身合成的[1] ,至最后从虾中分离并鉴定几丁质酶已是最近之事 [2 ] 。而对虾几丁质酶的纯化也没有多大突破 ,目前国外仅有的几份文献报导虾几丁质酶的纯化方案 ,要求的仪器设备、提纯步骤都太…     

Temporal and spatial distributions of dominant shrimp stocks and their relationship with the hydrological environment in the East China Sea

To provide a scientific and technological base for fishery administration, holding a moratorium on fishing, and combating habitat degradation, a shrimp stock survey was carried out in May, August, and November 1998 and in February 1999. The study was conducted in the area between 26o00′ N and 33o00′ N and to the west of 127o00′ E in the East China Sea using a multi-sac trawl-net, with 115 stations being sampled. Up to 2001, we had found 121 species, which belong to 63 genera under 22 families, and 41 species are of high economic value and in great abundance. Nine shrimp species were of great economic importance, whose stock accounted for 76.8% of the demersal total. They were Parapenaeus fissuroides, Metapenaeopsis philippi, Palaemon gravieri, Metapenaeopsis barbata, Solenocera koelbeli, Solenocera crassicornis, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Solenocera melantho and Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (listed in stock order). The nine species belong to the eurythermal and eurysaline community and high thermal and high saline community, had different migration patterns and stocks, and their distribution patterns could be generally classified into three types:(1) dominating in the north or the south;(2) dominating to the north of and in the coast to the south of 30o00′ N;and (3) dominating to the east of 60 m isobath, which were related to six water masses in the ECS near two lines, i.e., the 60 m isobath and 30o00′N latitudinal lines. Densely habited shrimps were found in all four seasons due to temperature and salinity frontiers and upwelling. The general stock density index was relatively higher in spring, summer, and autumn, when it surpassed 10 kg/h, while in winter, it was only 6.8 kg/h which might be caused by overfishing. According to the spawning areas of the nine species and their distribution patterns, to attain sustainable development of the shrimp fishery in the ECS, it is imperative to protect fishing areas and to hold a moratorium on catching to the west of 60 m isobath from April through October, and between 60 m and 100 m isobaths and to the south of 30oN from June through August and to limit fishing in winter.     

罗氏沼虾三群体间肌肉营养品质的比较

对饲养在相似环境下的罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)三群体肌肉营养成分进行了分析和比较,3个群体分别为浙江湖州的人工养殖群体(A)、缅甸引进种子二代群体(B)和“南太湖1号”杂交群体(B-+)。结果表明,3个群体粗蛋白含量的高低顺序依次为:B-+群体(17.57%)、B群体(16.65%)、A群体(15.88%),但三群体之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05);而A群体的粗脂肪含量为2.04%,显著高于B群体的1.24%(P<0.05)。3个群体中,B-+群体的总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量、鲜味氨基酸和脂肪酸中的EPA+DHA含量均为最高,且必需氨基酸指数最高,为68.06;相比之下,A群体的上述各项指标值均较低。可见,以上三群体中杂交种群(B-+)的肌肉营养品质较优,而人工养殖群体(A)的肌肉品质相对较差。     

4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

分析了沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢基本营养成分、氨基酸组成。通过计算4种饵料与斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢的必需氨基酸比率（A／E）的比值和必需氨基酸指数（EAAI），评价4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值。结果表明：沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾（Penaeus monodon）亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢中的粗蛋白质量分数分别为9．18％、8．14％、12．10％、17．00％、21．90％、18．60％；总氨基酸质量分数分别为7．30％、7．47％、11．70％、14．80％、19．40％、14．60％。以斑节对虾亲虾肌肉蛋白为参比，沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0．93、0．94、0．94、0．97；以斑节对虾亲虾成熟卵巢蛋白为参比，沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0．95、0．93、0．88、0．84。这说明4种亲虾饵料相对斑节对虾亲虾而言是一种优质蛋白质，能够满足亲虾蛋白需求。不过，精氨酸、组氨酸等必需氨基酸．不能完全满足亲虾需求。     

罗氏沼虾体长和体重的一些遗传参数分析

报告了罗氏沼虾［Ｍａｃｒｏｂｒａｃｈｉｕｍｒｏｓｅｎｂｅｒｇｉｉ（ＤｅＭａｎ）］体长和体重的一些遗传参数：在体长为１１．０４０±０．１２２（ｃｍ）、体重为４２．２５８±１．７４０（ｇ）时，雄体大于雌体。此时，体长与体重有显著的直线相关（ｒ＝０．９１２，Ｐ＜０．０１）。体重对体长的回归直线为Ｗ＝１３．０５６Ｌ—１０２．０１９，其中雌性为Ｗ＝８．３１５Ｌ—５５．３１１．雄性为Ｗ＝１６．１７ｌＬ—１３４．４０６。罗氏沼虾体长的同类相关系数为０．０４７５，体重的同类相关系数为０．０４７７１６。     

虾血对兔耳瘢痕模型的防治作用

为探讨虾血对抑制兔耳瘢痕增生的影响,以成年新西兰大耳白兔建立兔耳增生性瘢痕模型,将增生性瘢痕块分为对照组(A组)、虾血治疗组1(B组)和虾血治疗组2(C组),以不同组瘢痕组织石蜡包埋HE染色,观察虾血治疗对瘢痕组织中成纤维细胞、胶原纤维的影响。结果表明:肉眼观察虾血治疗组的瘢痕较空白对照组有改善;光镜下见虾血治疗组成纤维细胞减少,胶原纤维含量降低且排列较规则有序,差异具有显著性(p<0.001);虾血治疗组2微血管均数较少,抑制疤痕增生效应最好(p<0.01);虾血可能具有抑制兔耳增生瘢痕的形成及瘢痕组织增生的作用。     

罗氏沼虾幼体摄食和饥饿的初步研究

在室内实验条件下，对罗氏沼虾各期蚤状幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体量及早期饥饿对蚤幼发育变态的影响进行了试验。结果表明，罗氏沼虾幼体从ＺⅡ开始摄食，ＺⅢ摄食量明显增加，日摄食卤虫无节约体量为１９个，随着蜕皮变态．日摄食量逐渐增大．到ＺⅥ日摄食量达９０个，但在蜕变皮间期内日摄食量差别不大，从Ｚ１发育至Ｐ１平均每尾幼体摄食卤虫无节幼体总量为１０９４个。饥饿对罗氏沼虾幼体早期的变态和成活有明显影响，罗氏沼虾幼体的ＰＮＲ１０Ｏ约为４ｄ。     

斑节对虾亲虾卵巢催熟若干问题的探讨

对应用单边眼柄切除术促进斑节对虾雌虾卵巢成熟的技术和由此产生的某些现象,提出单边眼柄切除术、催熟的环境条件、蜕壳、再交配、人工精荚移植、早产和无节幼体质量及其影响因素等七个方面的问题进行讨论。     

4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值评价

分析了沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢基本营养成分、氨基酸组成。通过计算4种饵料与斑节对虾亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢的必需氨基酸比率(A/E)的比值和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI),评价4种斑节对虾亲虾饵料蛋白质的营养价值。结果表明:沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体、花蟹蟹肉以及斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)亲虾肌肉和成熟卵巢中的粗蛋白质量分数分别为9.18%、8.14%、12.10%、17.00%、21.90%、18.60%;总氨基酸质量分数分别为7.30%、7.47%、11.70%、14.80%、19.40%、14.60%。以斑节对虾亲虾肌肉蛋白为参比,沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0.93、0.94、0.94、0.97;以斑节对虾亲虾成熟卵巢蛋白为参比,沙蚕、缢蛏、拖鱿鱼胴体以及花蟹蟹肉的必需氨基酸指数分别0.95、0.93、0.88、0.84。这说明4种亲虾饵料相对斑节对虾亲虾而言是一种优质蛋白质,能够满足亲虾蛋白需求。不过,精氨酸、组氨酸等必需氨基酸,不能完全满足亲虾需求。     

5种虾虎鱼类线粒体COI基因序列变异及系统进化

获得雷州半岛红树林海区5种虾虎鱼稚幼鱼的45条线粒体COI基因序列,其T、C、A、G碱基平均含量分别为29.9%、28.4%、23.9%、17.8%。45条序列共定义23个单倍型,其中检测到变异位点184个,双带缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger bifasciatus)单倍型比例最高(80.0%),湖栖鳍虾虎鱼(Gobiopterus lacustris)单倍型比例最低(18.2%)。Kimura 2-parameter遗传距离显示,种间遗传距离为0.137 6~0.263 5,种内遗传距离为0.000 0~0.020 8。NJ进化树及ML进化树均表明,聚为5大支系的虾虎鱼类中,阿部氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius abei)与诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(M.chulae)亲缘关系最近,湖栖鳍虾虎鱼与其他4种虾虎鱼的亲缘关系稍远。基于群体内等位基因频率分布的中性检验结果表明,双带缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger bifasciatus)、小口拟虾虎鱼(Pseudogobius masago)、阿部氏鲻虾虎鱼、诸氏鲻虾虎鱼4个群体存在大量低频等位基因位点,而湖栖鳍虾虎鱼群体以中等频率等位基因为主。     

冻熟虾中副溶血性弧菌生长模型

为控制冻熟虾中副溶血性弧菌的危害,预测冻熟虾中副溶血性弧菌生长情况,对冻熟虾中副溶血性弧菌的生长规律进行了研究。使用CurveExpert 1.3软件作为辅助工具,选取了4种模型(Logistic模型、Richards模型、Compertz模型、MMF模型)拟合了副溶血性弧菌在冻熟虾中生长曲线。结果表明:10℃、18℃和30℃下副溶血性弧菌的生长曲线呈典型的S型,通过标准差和相关系数比较,10℃、18℃和30℃下冻熟虾中副溶血性弧菌最适的生长模型为Richards模型。