近30年东北亚南北样带气候变化时空特征分析北大核心CSCD

以东北亚南北样带为研究区,基于NCDC气象数据,采用统计分析、线性趋势分析和累积距平分析法,对近30 a来东北亚地区的气候变化进行了系统研究。结果显示：1980~2010年,样带温度变化整体以升温态势为主,1996年后进入偏暖阶段,显著升温区年升温速率在0.05℃/a以上。降水变化整体表现为南减北增的空间分异格局,南部在1999年后进入偏少阶段,北部在2004年后进入偏多阶段,降水显著减少区,年降水量减少速率在5 mm/a以上;降水显著增加区,年降水量增加速率在5 mm/a以上。     

青藏高原近60年降水变化研究进展北大核心CSCD

作为全球海拔最高的独特自然地理单元,青藏高原对局部、区域乃至全球天气和气候系统具有显著影响。基于气象台站观测资料,对1960年以来青藏高原整体和区域尺度的降水量和极端降水量变化特征及其影响因素研究进行了回顾。结果表明:近60年青藏高原年降水量呈现上升趋势,变化速率为3.8~12.0 mm/10a,但其显著性存在争议。冬春两季降水量显著增加,春季降水量上升速率最大,夏秋两季降水量变化趋势不明显。区域尺度上,三江源区年降水量总体呈现上升趋势,变化速率为7.3~20 mm/10a;雅鲁藏布江流域年降水量呈现不明显上升趋势,变化速率为0.4~9.0 mm/10a;祁连山区年降水量显著增加,变化速率1.0~13.2 mm/10a;年降水量增长速率在青海高原为1.9~3.3 mm/10a,西藏高原为12.5 mm/10a,柴达木盆地为6.7~8.6 mm/10a,共和盆地为7.2 mm/10a。青藏高原极端降水量和极端降水日数明显增多,但是极端降水量变化空间异质性特征显著。青藏高原降水变化的影响因素很多,主要包括大尺度大气环流、高原地表状况及气候变暖。未来应采用更多类型数据源监测青藏高原降水变化,尤其是区域或流域尺度,进一步完善青藏高原降水变化机制研究。     

增温增湿环境下天山山区降雪量变化

基于APHRO’s气温和降水数据集,运用气温阈值模型,分析了1961~2015年间天山山区降雪量变化特征。研究表明,自1961年以来,天山山区升温趋势显著,速率为0.027℃/a,且冬半年的升温速度大于夏半年。同时,3 000 m海拔以上区域的平均气温上升到0℃左右。冬季降水的增加速率为0.42 mm/a（P<0.01）,春季和夏季的降水量呈减少趋势。降雪量变化时空差异显著,3 000 m海拔以上区域降雪随气温的升高而增加,而3 000 m以下区域降雪随气温的升高而减少。最大降雪量气温是控制降雪变化的关键因子,当平均气温低于最大降雪量气温时,随气温升高降雪量呈增加趋势;当平均气温高于最大降雪量气温时,随气温升高降雪量呈减少趋势。     

科尔沁沙地1961—2021年主要气象要素的变化特征——以奈曼旗为例北大核心CSCD

为了分析全球气候变化背景下科尔沁沙地主要气象要素的变化特征,基于逐月站点气象数据,采用趋势分析、Mann-Kendall突变分析和小波分析等研究方法,分析了1961—2021年奈曼旗主要气象要素(气温、降水量和蒸发量)的多尺度时间变化特征。结果表明:在全球气候变化下奈曼旗各主要气象要素变化显著,其中气温以0.21℃/10a速率极显著升高,降水以-9.2 mm/10a速率极显著减小,蒸发量以32.50 mm/10a速率不显著增加;从季节变化来看,春季和秋季气温、降水和蒸发量均表现为增加趋势,夏季和冬季温度和蒸发量增加,降水量减少。各气象要素出现突变点的时间不同,其中气温为1971年左右,降水为1978年和1987年,蒸发量为2002、2009、2013年。各气象要素在研究时段内均表现出明显的周期变化,其中气温为3~7、14~23、34~43 a,降水量为3~6、8~11、13~23、43 a,蒸发量为5~7、11~16、27、35 a。     

科尔沁沙地奈曼旗1970—2010年降水的多时间尺度分析

利用回归分析、小波分析和Mann-Kendall （M-K）突变分析研究了1970—2010年奈曼旗的降水变化特征。结果表明：（1） 不同雨量级中,0~5 mm降水事件最多,占全年降水事件的70%以上,其降水量也最多,占全年降水量的18%;降水间隔期以0~5 d为主,占全年无降水期的73%。（2） 1970—2010年奈曼旗年降水及季降水波动较大,基本呈相对少雨期和相对多雨期相间分布的特征;年降水及春、夏、秋和冬季降水的倾向率分别为-12.4、0.8、-3.2、-1.3 mm/10a和-0.3 mm/10a; 年降水及春、夏和秋季降水在1990年左右以正距平为主,而在1985年之前和1995年以后以负距平为主;冬季降水基本随年份增加呈减少的趋势。（3） 1月降水量最少,7月最多。7月降水量约占年降水量的30%以上,且与其他各月相比均有显著差异。（4） 通过小波分析发现,奈曼旗年降水存在6~8年的较短周期和17年左右的较长周期变化;年降水和夏、秋及冬季降水在进入21世纪后都有减少趋势。（5） M-K突变分析表明,奈曼旗年降水减少及春季降水增加的突变点分别为 2004年和2006年。     

横断山区气温和降水年季月变化特征

为详尽分析横断山区气候变化过程,利用横断山区内90个气象站点的1961—2011年气温和降水资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall非参数趋势和突变检验法、反距离加权插值法等方法研究了横断山区气温和降水年、季、月的多时间尺度下的变化规律和变化趋势的空间分布情况。结果表明:1961—2011年横断山区气温以0.16℃/10 a的速率显著升高,降水以11.41 mm/10 a的速率呈现不显著的递减趋势,说明横断山区呈现变暖变干的趋势,2000年以后暖干趋势尤为明显。从气温和降水的变化趋势的空间分布来看,气温升温趋势北部比南部剧烈,西部比东部更为剧烈,降水减少趋势呈现南部比北部更剧烈。1961—2011年横断山区春夏秋冬四季气温分别以0.09、0.14、0.16和0.27℃/10 a的速率显著升高。夏、秋、冬季降水分别以-7.88、-8.90、-2.61 mm/10 a的速率呈不显著减少的趋势,春季降水以7.34 mm/10 a的速率显著增加。1961—2011年横断山区全年12个月的气温都呈升高趋势,1—5月降水呈现增加趋势,6—12月减少。分析表明在大气环流发生异常(北极涛动、南极涛动、东亚夏季风、西太平洋副高、南亚高压和海温)和人类活动的共同影响下,横断山区气候呈现暖干的趋势。研究结果为把握横断山区对全球气候变化的响应程度,水资源的合理开发利用提供依据。     

巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区近50 a来气候变化特征

 利用巴丹吉林沙漠周边9个气象站的1960—2009年逐月平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降水量、平均相对湿度和日照时数及1960—2008年逐月平均风速的观测资料,运用线性回归、滑动平均和Mann-Kendall突变检验分析了该区近50 a来气候变化特征。结果表明,近50 a来,巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区年平均气温以0.40 ℃/10a的速率显著升高;四季平均气温的升高亦很显著,以冬季的升温速率最大;年、季节平均最高气温和平均最低气温均呈显著升高趋势;年、季平均日较差则显著减小,且以最低气温的升温速率大于最高气温的升温速率为特点。年降水量以0.87 mm/10a的速率呈不显著增加趋势;各季节降水量变化略有差异且均不显著,春季降水量略有减少,夏、秋和冬季略有增加。湿润指数的变化不明显,总体来看,年和冬季湿润指数略有增大,春、夏和秋季湿润指数略有减小。年日照时数以34.8 h/10a的速率显著增加,各季节日照时数亦均有增加趋势,其中春季增加最为明显。年平均风速以-0.092 m·s-1·(10a)-1的速率呈显著减小趋势;各季节平均风速均显著减小,以冬季的减小速率最大。     

过去30年气候变化对黄河源区水源涵养量的影响

黄河源区高寒生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能。基于改进的LPJ动态植被模型,模拟研究1981-2010年中国黄河源区水源涵养量的时空变化特征,进一步探讨气候要素变化的影响。结果表明：近30年来黄河源区水源涵养量整体略呈减少趋势,减少速率为-1.15 mm/a,区域差异特征体现为大部分地区以减少趋势为主,特别是黄河源区东南部。过去30年黄河源区降水量以及大气水分需求能力的变化是影响生态系统水源涵养量增减的主要气候因素。随着干湿条件不同,两者影响程度各异,降水减少和潜在蒸散增加共同导致黄河源区东南部半湿润地区水源涵养量减少,而降水增加则是北部半干旱地区水源涵养量增加的主要原因。     

近60 a内蒙古不同草原类型区极端气温和干旱事件特征分析

基于相对湿润度指数和非参数百分法,结合线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和累积距平检验法,分析了1955-2015年内蒙古4个草原类型区（多伦、锡林浩特、海拉尔和四子王旗）温度和降水,以及极端气候事件变化特征。结果表明：（1）4个区域年平均气温均显著升高,升高速率约为0.40~0.47℃·（10 a）^-1,气温变化存在非对称性升温特征,多伦、锡林浩特、海拉尔和四子王旗最低气温上升速率分别为最高气温上升速率的1.61倍、1.86倍、2.73倍和1.65倍,春冬季气温增加速率高于夏秋季。（2）多伦、海拉尔、四子王旗和锡林浩特年降水量分别为381.6 mm、350.5 mm、318.6 mm和283.6 mm;降水天数显著增加,而降水量无显著变化,但多伦和锡林浩特降水量呈现略微降低的趋势,其它两个区域呈现略微增加的趋势。（3）4个区域极端高温事件频率显著增加,突变点均出现在1990 s,极端低温事件频率显著减少,突变点均出现在1970s末。（4）4个区域均呈现暖干化的趋势,锡林浩特干旱事件发生最为突出,四子王旗以中度干旱为主,海拉尔和多伦以无旱为主,2000年后,4个区域干旱事件发生频率均明显增加。降水量变化不显著,而气温和潜在蒸散量显著升高可能是导致4个区域不断干旱化的主要原因。     

黄土高原甘肃区降水变化与气候指数关系

基于黄土高原甘肃区34个气象站1961~2010年的逐日降水资料,结合线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall法和反距离加权插值等方法,对黄土高原甘肃区降水量时空变化进行分析,利用Morlet小波、交叉小波变换和小波相干谱分析其周期特征及其与太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）、厄尔尼诺/南方涛动（ENSO）指数相关关系。结果表明：研究区年降水量呈下降趋势,变化倾向率为-15.4 mm/10a,特别是20世纪90年代以来降水量下降趋势明显;就季节变化而言,降水量除冬季呈轻微增加外,其他各季均呈减少趋势,其中以秋季减少最为明显,其次为春、夏季。从空间分布来看,年降水量总体呈减少趋势,其东南地区降水量减少幅度高于西北部。研究区降水量存在2~3 a、4.3~5 a的年际振荡周期特征,呈现了同大尺度气候因子相似的变化特征;降水量与两大气候因子存在着多时间尺度的显著相关性,与PDO和ENSO存在5~5.6 a左右共振周期,位相谱月降水量变化位相比PDO和ENSO提前;低能量区降水量与PDO有3~3.5 a年的显著共振周期且接近同位相变化,与ENSO存在0~3 a和3~6 a呈负位相的共振周期。     

东北地区植被分布全球气候变化区域响应

根据东北地区生态气候环境和生物地理规律对Holdridge生命地带分类系统进行修正,将东北地区植被分为寒温带湿润森林、寒温带潮湿森林、温带湿润森林、暖温带湿润森林、温带半湿润森林草甸草原、温带半湿润草甸草原、温带半干旱典型草原、暖温带半湿润草甸草原和暖温带半干旱典型草原等9 个生命地带并分析了其空间分布特征。运用大气环流模式分析东北地区由于温室气体增加导致的气候变化趋势。以此为基础评价东北地区植被分布的区域响应。全球气候变暖情景下,东北地区暖温带和温带范围明显扩大,而寒温带范围缩小甚至退出东北地区,植被分布界限显著北移;同时湿润区面积减少半湿润区和半干旱区扩大,导致森林面积缩小草原面积扩大。     

10个CMIP5模式预估中亚地区未来50 a降水时空变化特征

利用CRU月降水资料首先对参与IPCC第五次评估报告（IPCC AR5）的10个CMIP5模式对1951-2005年中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势等特征参数的模拟能力进行了系统评估,并选取具有较好模拟性能模式的未来预估试验结果作多模式集合平均预估未来50 a（2011-2060年）中亚地区在不同代表性浓度路径下降水量各特征参数的空间分布特征,结果表明：多数模式能够模拟出中亚地区年降水气候平均态、年际变率以及线性趋势的空间分布特征,同时发现中亚地区年降水量在过去50 a整体以轻微增加为主,趋势不显著。根据定量评估结果,从10个模式中选取4个具有较好模拟性能的模式结果做集合平均,同时利用历史回报试验数据进行检验,发现集合平均的模拟结果无论在量级还是高、低值中心的位置和范围与CRU资料非常接近。未来预估结果表明4种排放情景下4模式集合平均的中亚年降水在未来50 a增加较为明显,尤其在中国新疆南部（由低值区转变为高值区）。总体来看,未来50 a中亚降水增加趋势随着RCPs的增加而增加,且降水增加显著的区域随着RCPs的增加而明显增大。     

Spatial identification and scenario simulation of the ecological transition zones under the climate change in China

Explicitly identifying the spatial distribution of ecological transition zones(ETZs) and simulating their response to climate scenarios is of significance in understanding the response and feedback of ecosystems to global climate change. In this study, a quantitative spatial identification method was developed to assess ETZ distribution in terms of the improved Holdridge life zone(iHLZ) model. Based on climate observations collected from 782 weather stations in China in the T0(1981–2010) period, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(IPCC CMIP5) RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 climate scenario data in the T1(2011–2040), T2(2041–2070), and T3(2071–2100) periods, the spatial distribution of ETZs and their response to climate scenarios in China were simulated in the four periods of T0, T1, T2, and T3. Additionally, a spatial shift of mean center model was developed to quantitatively calculate the shift direction and distance of each ETZ type during the periods from T0 to T3. The simulated results revealed 41 ETZ types in China, accounting for 18% of the whole land area. Cold temperate grassland/humid forest and warm temperate arid forest(564,238.5 km~2), cold temperate humid forest and warm temperate arid/humid forest(566,549.75 km~2), and north humid/humid forest and cold temperate humid forest(525,750.25 km~2) were the main ETZ types, accounting for 35% of the total ETZ area in China. Between 2010 and 2100, the area of cold temperate desert shrub and warm temperate desert shrub/thorn steppe ETZs were projected to increase at a rate of 4% per decade, which represented an increase of 3604.2, 10063.1, and 17,242 km~2 per decade under the RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. The cold ETZ was projected to transform to the warm humid ETZ in the future. The average shift distance of the mean center in the north wet forest and cold temperate desert shrub/thorn grassland ETZs was generally larger than that of other ETZs, with the mean center moving to the northeast and the shift distance being more than 150 km during the periods from T0 to T3.In addition, with a gradual increase of temperature and precipitation, the ETZs in northern China displayed a shifting northward trend, while the area of ETZs in southern China decreased gradually, and their mean center moved to high-altitude areas. The effects of climate change on ETZs presented an increasing trend in China, especially in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

近15a新疆不同类型植被NDVI时空动态变化及对气候变化的响应

为了研究新疆不同类型植被对气候变化的响应,以地带性划分的植被类型作为研究对象,1998-2012年为时间尺度,利用GIS的空间分析方法结合数学统计方法,分析了新疆各地带植被覆盖变化的时空分布特征;并采用"多元回归+残差插值"的方法,模拟了气温和降水量的空间分布;利用SPOT VGT/NDVI数据以及气候数据(气温和降水量数据),分析了5个不同地带植被的动态变化、年际变化和生长季内各月变化及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明:(1)新疆各地带植被覆盖度存在着显著差异,其中,温带北部草原地带高植被区和浓密植被区的范围较广,植被覆盖度较高,而高寒荒漠地带的极低植被区占该地带面积的一半以上,且植被覆盖度最低。(2)新疆各地带植被覆盖在近15 a间呈波动增加的趋势,5个地带的植被覆盖均有所改善,其中,高寒荒漠地带和暖温带半灌木、灌木地带的植被覆盖改善较为明显,其余3个地带均有少部分地区出现轻微改善现象。(3)温带半灌木、矮乔木荒漠地带,暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带和温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带4~10月的平均气温呈上升趋势,而温带北部草原地带、高寒荒漠地带对应的平均气温则出现下降趋势。5个地带的降水量在该时段内均表现为下降趋势。(4)基于年际尺度,新疆各地带植被NDVI与气温、降水量的相关性均不显著;基于月尺度,各地带植被NDVI受降水量的影响比气温大。同时,仅有暖温带半灌木、灌木荒漠地带植被NDVI与气温存在1个月的滞后性,其余4个地带对气温和降水均不存在滞后性。     

The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre-lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi-cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

中国内陆河流域植被对气候变化的敏感性差异(英文)

Terrestrial ecosystem and climate system are closely related to each other. Faced with the unavoidable global climate change, it is important to investigate terrestrial ecosystem responding to climate change. In inland river basin of arid and semi-arid regions in China, sensitivity difference of vegetation responding to climate change from 1998 to 2007 was analyzed in this paper. (1) Differences in the global spatio-temporal distribution of vegetation and climate are obvious. The vegetation change shows a slight degradation in this whole region. Degradation is more obvious in densely vegetated areas. Temperature shows a gen-eral downward trend with a linear trend coefficient of -1.1467. Conversely, precipitation shows an increasing trend with a linear trend coefficient of 0.3896. (2) About the central tendency response, there are similar features in spatial distribution of both NDVI responding to precipitation (NDVI-P) and NDVI responding to AI (NDVI-AI), which are contrary to that of NDVI responding to air temperature (NDVI-T). Typical sensitivity region of NDVI-P and NDVI-AI mainly covers the northern temperate arid steppe and the northern temperate desert steppe. NDVI-T typical sensitivity region mainly covers the northern temperate desert steppe. (3) Regarding the fluctuation amplitude response, NDVI-T is dominated by the lower sensi-tivity, typical regions of the warm temperate shrubby, selui-shrubby, bare extreme dry desert, and northern temperate meadow steppe in the east and temperate semi-shrubby, dwarf ar-boreous desert in the north are high response. (4) Fluctuation amplitude responses between NDVI-P and NDVI-AI present a similar spatial distribution. The typical sensitivity region mainly covers the northern temperate desert steppe. There are various linear change trend re-sponses of NDVI-T, NDVI-P and NDVI-AI. As to the NDVI-T and NDVI-AI, which are influ-enced by the boundary effect of semi-arid and semi-humid climate zones, there is less cor-relation of their linear change tendency along the border. There is stronger correlation in other regions, especially in the NDVI-T in the northern temperate desert steppe and NDVI-AI in the warm temperate shrubby, selui-shrubby, bare, extreme and dry desert.     

中国东北主要生态系统气温变化趋势比较

全球变暖是当前人类社会面临的主要环境问题,对同一区域不同生态系统气温变化差异的认知,是服务于当地生态环境评价和经济建设规划的基础。以1961-2012年的气温数据为基础,用Mann-Kendall(M-K)秩次相关法对中国东北地区纬度相差极小的农业(海伦站)、森林(博克图站)、草甸草原(海拉尔站)、干草原(满洲里站)4类生态系统的气温变化进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)1961-2012年东北地区主要生态系统年最高气温变化趋势最显著,其次是年平均气温,年最低气温变化趋势不显著。(2)不同生态系统年平均气温、年最高气温、年最低气温的变化趋势具有一致性,同一生态系统年平均气温、年最高气温和年最低气温的变化趋势存在差异。(3)从年平均气温来看,草甸草原生态系统变化趋势最显著,气温变化率最大(0.44℃/10a),发生气温突变的时间最早;从年最高气温来看,农业生态系统一直呈上升趋势,20世纪90年代后期上升趋势显著,气温突变点出现的时间最早。     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

NPP vulnerability of the potential vegetation of China to climate change in the past and future

Using the Integrated Biosphere Simulator, a dynamic vegetation model, this study initially simulated the net primary productivity (NPP) dynamics of China’s potential vegetation in the past 55 years (1961–2015) and in the future 35 years (2016–2050). Then, taking the NPP of the potential vegetation in average climate conditions during 1986–2005 as the basis for evaluation, this study examined whether the potential vegetation adapts to climate change or not. Meanwhile, the degree of inadaptability was evaluated. Finally, the NPP vulnerability of the potential vegetation was evaluated by synthesizing the frequency and degrees of inadaptability to climate change. In the past 55 years, the NPP of desert ecosystems in the south of the Tianshan Mountains and grassland ecosystems in the north of China and in western Tibetan Plateau was prone to the effect of climate change. The NPP of most forest ecosystems was not prone to the influence of climate change. The low NPP vulnerability to climate change of the evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous forests was observed. Furthermore, the NPP of the desert ecosystems in the north of the Tianshan Mountains and grassland ecosystems in the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau also had low vulnerability to climate change. In the next 35 years, the NPP vulnerability to climate change would reduce the forest–steppe in the Songliao Plain, the deciduous broad-leaved forests in the warm temperate zone, and the alpine steppe in the central and western Tibetan Plateau. The NPP vulnerability would significantly increase of the temperate desert in the Junggar Basin and the alpine desert in the Kunlun Mountains. The NPP vulnerability of the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests would also increase. The area of the regions with increased vulnerability would account for 27.5% of China.     

内蒙古干湿环境演变与地区生态建设优势气候背景分析

通过内蒙古地区近46 a降水和潜在蒸散量以及湿润度在气温突变前后的倾向率和差值变化分析，得出该区域主要植被类型干湿环境演变的时空变化特征。研究结果表明：降水在气温突变前“东增西减”，突变后呈相反的变化趋势。46 a降水倾向率增加区域主要集中在呼伦贝尔市东部和乌兰察布市以西大部地区；潜在蒸散量在气温突变前呈减少趋势，突变后有增加趋势，突变后潜在蒸散量明显小于突变前。内蒙古46 a潜在蒸散量倾向率大部地区偏小，偏大区域仅存在于中东部偏北地区，气温突变后全区大部地区存在明显的“蒸发悖论”；大兴安岭西麓和乌兰察布市以西地区突变后湿润度增加明显，暖湿的气候环境有利于当地植被建设和生态恢复，内蒙古东南部、呼伦贝尔草原和锡林郭勒盟草原区有暖干化趋势，上述草原区存在潜在退化风险。