最佳数值预报模式选取与订正系统设计——温度集成预报系统

本文依据国家指导预报产品,山西省MOS预报以及MM5数值预报产品,对山西省的温度预报进行集成,通过3种客观预报方法的前期准确率对比,建立数学模型,从而产生一种新的客观预报方法。系统对3种数值预报产品进行了集成,建立了一个统一的预报指导产品分析、对比平台,为省台预报员提供一种客观的温度预报参考手段。     

成乐高速公路大雾预报方法研究

本文重点分析成乐高速公路沿线大雾历年变化特征,分别用指标判断法和非线性统计支持向量机SVM方法,对成乐路沿线各站大雾的有无定性和能见度量级做出短期和短临客观预报模型,最后通过人为经验订正,对沿线各站大雾做出精细化客观预报;其次,作为新方法的探讨,用中尺度wrf模式对2008年一次典型连续强浓雾天气作了数值模拟试验,试验结果良好,但是该方法的业务化应用有一定难度,还有待进一步研究。      

多变量均生函数的正交化筛选方案在季节降水预报中的试验研究

用预报量与多变量预报因子的均值生成函数,通过Ｇｒａｍ－Ｓｃｈｍｉｄｔ正交化使均值生成函数彼此正交,同时利用双评分准则确定入选预报模型的均生函数个数,最后建立山西省季节降水的预报模型。试验结果表明,该模型预报山西省季节降水的效果很好,是一种提高短期区域气候预报水平的可行方法。     

华北地区高速公路沿线雾预报

在数值预报产品(MM5)的基础上,建立了华北高速公路沿线及邻近460个气象站的高影响天气一雾的统计预报模型.抽样检验系统运行2年多来所积累的预报和实况资料的结果表明,北京24 h能见度V≤5 km预报的年临界成功指数(CSI:Critical Success Index)为0.61,京津塘高速公路沿线的7个站为0.68...     

集合预报方法在山西暴雨预报中的应用试验

利用ECMWF高分辨率确定性预报和大气模式集合预报产品,采用本地统计量融合方法和联合概率方法,对2014年山西省9次暴雨天气过程的降水预报进行检验分析。结果表明:(1)2014年山西省9次暴雨过程影响系统差异较大,强降水多集中在山西中南部地区,暴雨落区表现为区域性、局地性或大范围分散性特征;(2)本地统计量融合方法对于大雨落区的预报与实况较为接近,而联合概率预报方法的大概率范围对于暴雨落区预报具有较好的指示意义;(3)TS评分检验表明,对于区域性或局地性暴雨天气过程,可更多参考本地统计量融合方法,而对于大范围分散性的暴雨天气过程,本地统计量融合方法空报较多,ECMWF确定性预报更具参考价值。     

三种数值模式对山西降水预报性能的对比检验

利用MM5、T213和Grapes3种数值模式的降水预报产品和山西省108个标准测站的降水实况资料,采用客观统计检验方法,对2008年7月各模式在山西省的累加降水预报进行了对比检验。结果表明：24h中雨以下预报1、213优于MM5,中雨以上MM5则略优于T213,48h预报各级降水MM5都优于T213,T213和MM5对暴雨都有一定的预报能力。无论哪个预报时效和降水量级,Grapes均无明显优势。Grapes预报降水量级和降水范围都偏小,空报较少,漏报严重,尤其48h和72h10mm以上降水基本都漏报。MM5预报降水量级和预报范围都偏大,10mm以上降水TS评分较其它模式高,但同时空报也比较严重。3种模式TS评分均随降水量级的增大而减小,T213和Grapes的TS评分随预报时效的增加而减小,MM5的TS评分随预报时效的增加变化不大。     

人工神经网络法和线性回归法对降水相态的预报效果对比

本文主要对相同条件下线性回归法(LR)和人工神经网络法(ANN)对降雨、雨夹雪和降雪3种降水相态的预报效果进行了对比检验.选取降水发生时和发生前6h的地面2 m温度、露点温度作为预报因子,对降雨、雨夹雪和降雪进行预报.应用国家气象中心2001-2011年我国地面756站实况观测资料,其中应用2001-2010年资料对方法进行训练,2011年资料用来对比检验预报效果.结果显示,(1)两种方法对3种相态降水都有一定的预报能力,对降雪预报最好,其次是降雨和雨夹雪;(2)两种方法对北方的雨雪分界线预报比对南方的好;(3)无论是对全国还是长江中下游流域,在相同条件下,ANN法的预报效果大都优于LR法,当温度和露点温度预报准确时,ANN法对北方的雨雪分界线能进行较准确的预报.     

山西省暴雨智能预报系统

山西省暴雨智能预报系统冯瑞 ，杨小萍，张冬峰，王文春，朱临洪（山西省气象局业务处０３０００２）（山西省气象台０３０００６）暴雨是我省的一种重大灾害性天气，而暴雨预报又是十分复杂和困难的。为解决暴雨预报问题，国内外气象专家门进行了大量的研究，取得了不少?..     

甘肃省高等级公路沿线大雾天气气候特征及其预报服务

利用甘肃省高等级公路沿线20个气象站1971~2004年气候资料,分析了大雾天气的地域分布及其天气气候特征,得出甘肃省高等级公路沿线的大雾天气不仅具有明显的地域差异,而且具有明显的年际、季节、昼夜和局地性的变化特征,并在此基础上将不同路段的大雾天气划分为不同的预报服务期,为高等级公路沿线的大雾预报服务提供依据。     

山西省春播期第一场好雨预报系统

山西省春播期第一场好雨预报系统杨世刚，曹玉莲，武捷（山西省气象台０３０００６）１提要山西省地处黄土高原，有“十年九春旱”之说。春播期第一场好雨（即透雨）出现日期的预报对于春播等农业生产活动十分重要，能否正确预报，对农业生产影响极大。过去我们普遍采用简...     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...