南海北部新生代构造应力反演及其动力学背景探讨*

南海北部为我国重要的含油气区之一, 但目前南海北部盆地的演化史及其与周边构造事件的关系仍不明确。基于钻孔和地震资料, 通过数学模拟, 反演了琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地的构造应力演化特征和初始地壳厚度。结果表明, 南海北部盆地具有较薄的初始地壳厚度和岩石圈厚度。珠江口盆地存在两期应力松弛期, 而琼东南盆地在深水区和浅水区分别存在一期应力松弛期。南海北部第一期应力松弛在空间上具有连续性, 主要分布在深水区, 在时间上东早西晚; 第二期应力松弛空间上存在东西分异性。分析认为, 南海北部深水区应力松弛期由东至西的演化应为西北次海盆由东至西的剪刀式张裂所致。珠江口盆地第二期构造应力松弛与局部岩浆侵入有关, 琼东南盆地浅水区的构造应力松弛期与红河走滑断裂平静期相对应。     

琼东南盆地新生代构造研究现状及展望

琼东南盆地属于南海北部陆缘拉张盆地,但是由于其不同的发育历史及红河断裂的影响,具有与东部陆缘盆地不同的构造特征。琼东南盆地和珠江口盆地在地壳结构、基底特征等方面存在差异,但是这种差异的原因还不清楚。新生代沉降速率发生多期变化,并存在裂后异常沉降、沉降延迟等现象,其形成机制尚需要进一步研究;平面上,构造具有迁移性,但是对不同地质时期的构造迁移方向仍存在不同的看法。盆地沉降中心和沉积中心经历了由裂陷期和裂后早期的较好重合到裂后晚期的逐步分离,直至完全分离的过程。盆地形成与地幔流的关系,以及红河断裂对盆地裂后沉降迁移的影响,也都是需要进一步确定的工作。鉴于以上各方面存在的问题,对琼东南盆地与南沙的共轭关系、盆地异常沉降、红河断裂及内部构造转换带对构造迁移的影响、以及琼东南盆地与珠江口盆地的比较等方面的研究是下一步工作的重点。     

Wrench related faults and their control on the tectonics and Eocene sedimentation in the L13–L15 sub-sag area,Pearl River Mouth basin,China

Recent oil discoveries in the L13–L15 sub-sag area in the Pearl River Mouth basin have inspired interest in Paleogene hydrocarbon targets. However, the structures and their control on reservoirs have not been completely studied. The aim of this paper is to address the tectonics and Eocene sedimentation based on 3D seismic data. We documented characteristics from four aspects of the faults in the study area: (a) fault arrangement; (b) fault segmentation; (c) flower structures; and (d) distribution of the depocenters along the faults. Based on the above data, we propose that the structures in the studied area were formed by a right-handed wrench. The principal shear for this model was caused by NNE- to NE-ward motion of the eastern part of the Eurasia plate due to the collision of the Indian–Australian and Eurasian plates starting approximately 49 Ma ago. The L13–L15 sub-sag area underwent early Eocene rifting, a late Eocene rifting-depression transition and an Oligocene-Quaternary thermal depression. The rift phase included three stages: the initial rifting, intensive rifting and late rifting. The deep lake mudstone deposited during the intensive rifting stage is the source rock with the most potential for oil generation. Shallow lake source rocks formed in the late rifting and transition stages are the secondary source rocks. Reservoir sweet spots were formed in the early period of the intensive rifting and late rifting stages. The junction sites between the front of the meandering river delta plain and fault steps are favorable places for good reservoirs. The sediments in the transition stage are rich in sandstone, making them perfect sites for prospecting reservoirs.     

The final rifting evolution in the South China Sea

Seismic reflection data imaging conjugate crustal sections at the South China Sea margins result in a conceptual model for rift-evolution at conjugate magma-poor margins in time and space.The wide Early Cenozoic South China Sea rift preserves the initial rift architecture at the distal margins. Most distinct are regular undulations in the crust–mantle boundary. Individual rift basins are bounded to crustal blocks by listric normal faults on either side. Moho uplifts are distinct beneath major rift basins, while the Moho is downbended beneath crustal blocks, with a wavelength of undulations in the crust–mantle boundary that approximately equals the thickness of the continental crust. Most of the basin-bounding faults sole out within the middle crust. At the distal margins, detachment faults are located at a mid-crustal level where a weak zone decouples crust and mantle lithosphere during rifting. The lower crust in contrast is interpreted as being strong. Only in the region within about 50 km from the Continent–Ocean Transition (COT) we suggest that normal faults reach the mantle, enabling potentially a coupling between the crust and the mantle. Here, at the proximal margins detachment fault dip either seaward or landward. This may indicate the presence of exhumed mantle bordering the continental margins.Post-rift shallow-water platform carbonates indicate a delay in subsidence during rifting in the South China Sea. We propose that this is an inherent process in highly extended continental margins and a common origin may be the influx of warm asthenospheric material into initially cool sub-lithospheric mantle.On a crustal-scale largely symmetric process predominate in the initial rifting stage. At the future COT either of the rift basin-bounding faults subsequently penetrates the entire crust, resulting in asymmetry at this location. However, asymmetric deformation which is controlled by large scale detachment faulting is confined to narrow areas and does not result in a margin-wide simple-shear model. Rather considerable along-margin variations are suggested resulting in alternating “upper and lower plate” margins.     

Rifted margin architecture and crustal rheology: Reviewing Iberia-Newfoundland,Central South Atlantic,and South China Sea

Crustal rheology controls the style of rifting and ultimately the architecture of rifted margins. Here we review the formation of three magma-poor margin pairs, Iberia-Newfoundland, the central segment of the South Atlantic Rift, and the South China Sea by integrating observational data into a numerical forward modelling framework. We utilise a 2D version of the finite element code SLIM3D, which includes nonlinear temperature- and stress-dependent elasto-visco-plastic rheology and is able to reproduce a wide range of rift-related deformation processes such as flexure, lower crustal flow, and faulting.Extension in cold, strong, or thin crust is accommodated by brittle faults and ductile shear zones that facilitate narrow rifts with asymmetric fault geometries. Hot, weak, or thick continental crust is dominated by ductile deformation and often extends symmetrically into a wide rift system. This simple recipe provides the standard framework to understand initial rift geometry, however, it is insufficient to account for the dynamics of intermediate and late rift stages that shape the final margin architecture.Asymmetric conjugate margins where one side is wide and the other narrow can be formed via both wide and narrow rift styles, which we reproduce with weak and strong crustal rheologies, respectively. Exemplified by the Iberia-Newfoundland conjugates and the Central South Atlantic, we define three characteristic rift phases: an initial phase of simultaneous faulting, an intermediate phase of rift migration that involves sequential fault activity, and finally, the breakup phase. Crustal rheology plays an overarching role in governing the dynamics of these asymmetric margins: we illustrate that weak rheologies generally prolong the phase of simultaneous faulting, while rift migration is enabled by initial fault asymmetry as well as relatively weak crust.Formation of the predominantly symmetric and wide margins of the South China Sea was controlled by extraordinarily weak crust that extended the phase of simultaneous faulting until breakup. The weak crustal rheology of this region relates to the South China Sea's pre-rift history where plate convergence lead to crustal thickening and magmatic additions in a back-arc regime shortly before the onset of rifting.     

阳江-一统东断裂的新生代活动：从珠江口盆地西部构造特征与演化过程分析得到的启示

阳江-一统东断裂是珠江口盆地西部一条重要的NW向区域大断裂，是盆地东西分块的重要分界线。南海北部陆缘在新生代经历了大陆裂谷-裂离-海底扩张-热沉降的过程，阳江-一统东断裂在新生代的活动是这一复杂过程的一部分。对分处断裂两侧的从陆架延伸至洋陆边界的两条NNW向多道地震剖面进行了地质解释，研究了珠江口西部的构造和沉积特征。利用2D-Move软件及构造回剥法建立了平衡剖面模型，计算了断层活动速率，结合构造位置、构造演化史、标志构造和应力分析推断了阳江-一统东断裂在新生代的活动史。结果表明，阳江-一统东断裂可以中部坳陷带为界分为两段，从65Ma到32Ma，断裂整体表现为左旋活动，继承了断裂在中生代时期的先存左旋走滑，其中，在此时期断裂南段主要表现为伸展活动，伴随着轻微的左旋走滑，这种伸展活动控制了云开低凸起的形成和演化；从32Ma到23.8Ma，断裂北段的左旋走滑活动持续，而南段逐渐转为轻微的右旋走滑或左旋活动停止。在23.8Ma之后，断裂南段的右旋走滑活动持续，北段的左旋走滑逐渐停止，或转为轻微的右旋走滑。阳江-一统东断裂的这种走滑旋向的转变可能与在珠江口盆地南部洋陆过渡带区域的岩浆底侵作用有关。根据对盆地构造活动强度和裂谷格架的分析，认为阳江-一统东断裂的新生代活动在珠江口盆地裂谷伸展过程中起到了应力调节的作用。     

张扭性断裂带的生长过程与油气穿断运移评价--以珠江口盆地恩平凹陷为例

张扭性断裂带是珠江口盆地普遍发育的断裂类型,是沟通深部烃源岩与中浅部储层的关键,是油气运移、聚集分析的核心环节。以恩平凹陷E18雁列式断裂带为例,基于三维地震、测井和钻井地质数据,采用T-x图、T-z图及活动速率图方法,恢复E18断裂带的生长过程及分段特征,并依据岩性对接、泥岩涂抹、断层岩发育特征,评价油气穿断裂侧向运移的条件。结果表明,E18断裂带在裂陷期是单一断裂,裂后期表现为雁列形态,活动过程包含4个阶段,活动中心由西部转移至中部,大规模生排烃时期最大活动速率可达20m/Ma,形成2个良好的垂向疏导中心,分段特征明显;油气容易穿透E18断裂带珠海组和韩江组下段2套地层发生侧向运移,并且连接部位是最有利于油气穿断运移的部位。E18断裂带生长过程和油气穿断侧向运移的评价有助于认识E18a油田和E18f油田的成藏过程。     

珠江口断裂的活动性与区域稳定性分析

珠江口及邻域断裂构造有两种类型,沿岸中生代活动陆缘形成的NNE向压剪性断裂系,挽近活动较弱;珠江口新生代陆缘扩张形成的NEE向张剪性断裂系,挽近活动较强。珠江口潜在的地震危险性主要来自NEE向滨海断裂带,潜在震源区(≤6.5级)大致位于担杆列岛附近海域。珠海、深圳经济特区及邻近沿海是属于相对较稳定的地区。     

Transtensional tectonism and its effects on the distribution of sandbodies in the Paleogene Baiyun Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, China

The Baiyun Sag, situated at the north continental slope of the South China Sea, is a main sub-unit in the Southern Depression Belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. In this Sag, the middle Eocene Wenchang and upper Eocene–lower Oligocene Enping Formations had developed in the evolution stage of continental faulted basin. Seismic stratigraphic sequences and fault structures revealed that the Baiyun Sag was short of long-reaching boundary faults, and that it was a rifted basin greatly influenced by basement faults rather than a typical half-graben. Different from the sags in Northern Depression Belt of the Pearl River Mouth Basin which controlled by large-scale NEE-strike faults, the Baiyun Sag had been controlled by two groups of NWW-strike en echelon fault belts with approximate opposite dips, which developed in the southwest and northeast of this Sag respectively and had played the roles of boundary faults. These en echelon faults, together with narrow synclines, partial flower structures and fluid diapirs, indicated the left-lateral transtensional activities, which had resulted in subsidence center departing to main faults and stretching S-shaped. Moreover, the en echelon faults had constructed many composite transfer zones of relay ramps, and controlled the distribution of sandbodies. The en echelon fault belts are located in accordance with Nw-striking Mesozoic basement faults. Hence the left-lateral transtensional activities were responsible for the Western Pacific Plate subducting and strike slip reactivation of the basement faults. Significantly, NW-striking basement faults had forcefully determined the development of not only the Baiyun Sag but also the Xingning Sag.     

南海北部天然气渗漏系统地球物理初探

本文主要针对南海北部大陆边缘发育的5个沉积盆地——台西南盆地、珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地、莺歌海盆地和中建南盆地,分析了近年来利用地球物理方法研究南海北部天然气渗漏系统的成果,重点包括3个方面:天然气水合物的储藏、流体运移通道以及海底表面渗漏特征。其中表征天然气水合物存在的似海底反射BSR在台西南和珠江口盆地发育明显,莺歌海盆地发现有大型气田;5个盆地流体运移活跃,其内发现了多样的运移通道:断层、底辟、气烟囱、多边形断层及水道(峡谷)等破裂结构;海底表面渗漏特征也在台西南、珠江口、莺歌海和中建南盆地均有发现。南海北部大陆边缘天然气渗漏系统广泛发育,值得进一步深入研究。     

珠江口盆地的构造特征与盆地演化

断裂和断块构造是南海北部陆缘新生代构造作用的基本特征。通过断裂，断块以及其他地持的分析，认为珠江口盆地属过陆缘张裂盆地，并初步建立该盆地的构造演化模式。     

南海深水盆地油气地质特征及勘探方向

在深入调研南海深水盆地油气地质条件的基础上,系统分析了油气分布规律和成藏主控因素,明确了油气资源潜力和有利勘探方向,旨在为南海深水油气勘探决策提供科学依据。研究结果表明:南海深水盆地发育在非典型边缘海大陆边缘,其石油地质条件具有特殊性,油气分布特征存在显著的南北差异。其中,南海北部深水的珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地,以构造圈闭型油气藏为主;南海中南部深水的曾母盆地南部和文莱-沙巴盆地,主要为构造圈闭型油气藏,曾母盆地北部以岩性油气藏(生物礁滩型油气藏)为主,万安盆地主要为构造圈闭型和基岩潜山型油气藏。南海北部深水盆地和中南部深水盆地的烃源岩、储盖和圈闭等油气地质特征表明,南海深水盆地具有巨大的油气勘探潜力。南海深水的有利勘探方向为:①琼东南盆地乐东-陵水凹陷的中央峡谷、陵南斜坡带,松南-宝岛凹陷的反转构造带,宝岛凹陷北坡海底扇,长昌凹陷的环A洼圈闭带(海底扇);珠江口盆地白云凹陷的主洼深水扇、主洼两翼、西南断阶带,荔湾凹陷的深水扇。②南海中南部深水盆地的文莱-沙巴、曾母和万安盆地。     

台西南盆地的构造演化与油气藏组合分析

本文根据台西南盆地的地质、地球物理资料，对台西南盆地的地壳结构、基底特征、沉积厚度、断裂构造等基本地质构造特征＾［１］作了研究，探讨了台西南盆地的构造发展演化及及油气藏组合。认为该盆地的构造演化为幕式拉张。幕式拉张可分为三大张裂幕，相应的热沉降作用使盆地在不同的张裂幕时期发展为断陷，裂陷，裂拗－拗陷。它们分别与板块作用下的区域构造运动阶段相对应，说明区域构造运动不但控制了盆地的发展演化，同时也制约     

Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extension on the Vøring Volcanic Margin

High-quality seismic data document a Maastrichtian-Paleocene rift episode on the Vøring margin lasting for 20 m.y. prior to continental breakup. The rift structures are well imaged in the Fenris Graben and Gjallar Ridge region in the western Vøring Basin, and are characterized by low-angle detachment faults with variable fault geometries from south to north. The structural restoration has facilitated the division of pre- and syn-rift sediments across the extensional terrain, which is subsequently used to evaluate mode and mechanism for the lithospheric deformation. Extension estimates based on the structural restoration, subsidence analysis and crustal thickness evaluations yield stretching factors ranging between 1.5 to 2.3 across the main fault zone just landward of the early Tertiary flood basalts. The structural restoration also shows that a middle crustal dome structure, observed beneath the low-angle faults, can be explained by extensional unroofing. Thus, the dome structure may represent a possible metamorphic core complex. Calculations of the effects on vertical motion, assuming uniform and two-layer differential stretching models combined with the arrival of the Iceland mantle plume during rifting, indicate that the uniform extension model may account for both observed early rift subsidence and subsequent late rift uplift and erosion. Although the differential model can not be excluded, it implies early rift uplift which is not compatible with our seismic interpretation. The direct and indirect effects of the Iceland mantle plume may have caused as much as 1.2 km of late rift uplift. Comparison of the volcanic Vøring margin and the non-volcanic West Iberian margin shows similarities in terms of structural style as well as in mode and distribution of extension.     

中生代晚期到新生代拉张应力下的华南大陆边缘

主要论述中生代晚期到新生代期间拉张应力作用下珠江口盆地的张裂和南海海盆的扩张,并根据拉张破裂理论论述它们之间的相互关系,进而探讨华南大陆边缘在这期间内产生上述形变的动力学机制。     

珠江口盆地第三纪古地理及沉积演化

珠江口盆地第三纪以来经历了断陷、拗陷两个构造演化阶段，具有“南北分带”、“东西分块”的构造格局和先陆后海的沉积特征。本文根据前人资料进行综合整理，编制了珠江口盆地古近纪神狐组、文昌组、恩平组、珠海组地层和新近纪珠江组地层的岩相古地理图。神狐组发育有冲积扇和河湖相，主要分布在珠三坳陷南断裂的狭长地带。文昌组沉积半深湖—深湖相，恩平组水深变浅，河沼相广泛分布。珠海组岩相古地理发生了较大的变化，为海陆过渡相沉积。随后海平面振荡上升，珠江口盆地处于陆架—陆坡环境，发育浅海—半深海沉积。对整个珠江口盆地岩相古地理图的编制为详细研究盆地内各区块的岩相古地理演变提供了区域背景，也为区域构造演化和油气地质条件的研究提供了基础依据。     

珠江口盆地海底稳定性分析

本文根据大量野外调查资料,系统地整理了珠江口盆地各种海底不稳定的地质现象,通过分析和讨论,划分出海底比较不稳定区、稳定区、比较稳定区、不稳定区,并进行了工程地质评价,给海洋开发提供了依据。     

Rifting of oceanic crust at Endeavor Deep on the Juan Fernandez microplate

The development of an anomalously deep rift appears to be a common characteristic of the evolution of microplates along the East Pacific Rise, including the Galapagos, Easter, and Juan Fernandez microplates. We investigate crustal rifting at Endeavor Deep on the Juan Fernandez microplate using bathymetry, gravity and side scan sonar data. An initial phase of lithospheric extension accompanied by extensive subsidence results in the formation of a very deep rift valley (up to 4 km of relief, 70 km long and 20 km wide). Morphological observations and gravity data derived from GEOSAT satellite altimetry show the subsequent initiation of crustal accretion and development of a mature spreading center. Recent models of the kinematics of microplate rotation allow the amount of opening across Endeavor Deep over the past 1 m.y. to be quantified. We develop a simple mechanical model of rifting involving block faulting and flexural response to explain the gravity signature over the rift valley. The Bouguer gravity anomaly is asymmetric with respect to the surface topography and requires that a shallow-dipping fault on the western wall of the valley dominate the extension at Endeavor Deep. Consideration of three similar microplate rift valleys leads us to suggest that asymmetric rifting is the characteristic process forming microplate deeps.     

台西盆地乌丘屿凹陷新生代构造演化特征

以区域地质、地震等资料为基础,系统研究了台西盆地乌丘屿凹陷构造特征及其形成演化。台西盆地的发育受欧亚板块、印度板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块4大板块共同作用的影响。中生代晚期,台西盆地区域应力场从挤压转为松弛,地壳拉张减薄。新生代初期拉张形成裂谷,乌丘屿凹陷是在此背景下发育而成东断西超的半地堑式陆缘断陷。乌丘屿凹陷的构造发育与演化过程,可分为4个阶段,分别为中生代晚期的裂前阶段、古新世至渐新世的断陷阶段、中新世的坳陷阶段和上新世至第四纪的区域沉降阶段。     

珠江三角洲的活动断裂与区域稳定性分析

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