大型浅水湖泊水动力模型不确定性和敏感性分析

选取国内外常用的水动力学模型(EFDC)和典型的浅水湖泊(太湖),采用拉丁超立方取样(LHS),研究湖泊水动力模块中常用的5个重要参数(风拖曳系数、床面粗糙高度、涡粘性系数、紊流扩散系数以及风遮挡系数)对湖体水位和流速的影响。结果表明:针对大型浅水湖泊,湖泊岸线形状和湖底地形、湖泊周围地形、湖泊水面风场对模拟结果产生决定性影响。尤其是在湖湾区和周边地形比较复杂的地区,风场参数对水动力模拟结果不确定性的贡献率最大。在垂向上,表层流速受到参数不确定性的影响最大,底层次之,中层最小。床面粗糙高度对水动力模拟结果不确定性贡献率较风场参数要小,水体涡粘滞系数和扩散系数影响则更小。故在选择大型浅水湖泊水动力模型参数时,要充分考虑湖泊岸线和周围地形,着重率定风场参数以及床面粗糙高度。     

滑移流对浅水湖泊风浪传播特性影响试验研究

浅水湖泊等有限风吹程及水深水域的风浪多处于发展阶段，风拖曳表层水体产生的滑移流会对风浪传播特性产生影响，风浪的波速、波长等参数难以通过线性波的理论频散关系获取。为准确预测湖泊风浪参数，在考虑浅水湖泊的有限吹程和水深特征的基础上，利用风洞水槽模拟研究了滑移流对风浪传播特性的影响。结果表明：滑移流、斯托克斯流及表面流均与风速正相关，滑移流与表面流比值随着风速的增加逐渐降低并稳定于75%；滑移流对波速和波长有促进作用，对小尺度波浪的促进作用尤其显著；波浪非线性会抑制滑移流对波速及波长的促进作用；建立了考虑滑移流影响的风浪经验频散关系式以及风浪主频波速经验关系式。     

滑移流对浅水湖泊风浪传播特性影响试验研究

浅水湖泊等有限风吹程及水深水域的风浪多处于发展阶段，风拖曳表层水体产生的滑移流会对风浪传播特性产生影响，风浪的波速、波长等参数难以通过线性波的理论频散关系获取。为准确预测湖泊风浪参数，在考虑浅水湖泊的有限吹程和水深特征的基础上，利用风洞水槽模拟研究了滑移流对风浪传播特性的影响。结果表明:滑移流、斯托克斯流及表面流均与风速正相关，滑移流与表面流比值随着风速的增加逐渐降低并稳定于75%；滑移流对波速和波长有促进作用，对小尺度波浪的促进作用尤其显著；波浪非线性会抑制滑移流对波速及波长的促进作用；建立了考虑滑移流影响的风浪经验频散关系式以及风浪主频波速经验关系式。     

浅水湖泊风生流的迎风有限元数值模型研究

从控制方程组出发,以Galerkin有限元法为基础,引入沿流线加权的权函数(沿流线加权的迎风有限元法)和选择性集中系数矩阵方法,推导、建立了一适合于浅水湖泊风生流计算的二维迎风有限元数值模型。并以太湖为例,对模型作了检验,分析了均匀、定常风场持续作用下太湖风生流场的形态特征。     

高盐度湖泊艾比湖风生流三维数值模拟

根据高盐度湖泊水动力特征,以西北咸水湖泊艾比湖为例,建立三维水动力数学模型。选取典型风场,分析风力作用下的高盐度湖泊风生流形成过程以及风生流水动力参数的三维空间分布特征。结果表明,艾比湖风生流形成在时间上可分为湖水流向和风向一致阶段、湖水运动方向逐渐偏离风向的过渡阶段及环流形成的稳定阶段等3个阶段。当流场达到稳定状态时,表层水体除中部存在若干小尺度环流外,大部分水域流向与风向基本一致;而湖泊中心区域底层水体流向与表层水体的流向大致相反,表现为很明显的补偿流。总体上,水平方向的流速自表层向下呈现递减的变化趋势,岸边流速大于中心流速,表现出与淡水湖泊基本相似的水动力空间分布特征。水体盐度增加对湖泊环流结构无影响。     

水库静水结冰过程及冰盖热力变化的模拟试验研究

为研究水库水体结冰及冰盖热力变化规律,在恒温实验室中进行了不同水深、不同负气温条件下的静水结冰试验,对结冰历时、垂向温度分布、冰盖厚度等要素进行观测,研究静水条件下水深与气温对结冰过程、冰盖热力变化及水温、冰温分布的影响。试验表明:在静水条件下,气温是影响冰情的主要因素,冰盖厚度与累积小时负气温线性相关;水深对初冰开始时间有所影响,但对冰盖热力变化过程的影响不明显;冰盖生长过程中,冰内温度基本呈线性分布,冰温斜率随气温降低而增大;融冰期冰盖下水温分布基本保持不变。     

南海北部白云凹陷沉积压实作用对浅水流超压演化影响数值模拟

深水超压是制约深水油气开发的重要问题,其中浅水流是对深水钻井最具破坏力的一种地质灾害。结合南海北部陆坡最新采集的高分辨率二维和三维地震资料,采用基于压实模型的流体压力模拟方法,通过井震联合分析,建立地震属性与岩石物性的关系,对研究区现今压力场状态进行模拟,获取了有效应力和超压系数等参数,探讨了沉积压实作用下的浅水流演化过程。通过模拟发现浅水流发育区的水动力特征与研究区的沉积模式密切相关,低渗透率地层的沉积物加载导致现今压力场具有明显的低有效应力异常和高超压系数,而如果仅考虑沉积压实作用,现有的沉积速率尚不足以维持持续地超压来造成高风险的浅水流灾害,但其泄压过程也是个漫长的阶段。     

应用嵌套模式研究梅梁湖区风生流

应用数值嵌套模式,研究不同风向情况下,梅梁湖与竺山湖之间的马山区围垦对梅梁湖风生流的影响。结果表明:风场作用初期,偏Ｓ风使得太湖湖水流入梅梁湖;偏Ｎ风使得梅梁湖湖水流入太湖。梅梁湖稳定风生流流态表现为:在S、E风作用下形成逆时针环流;在N、W风作用下形成顺时针环流。马山区围垦阻隔了梅梁湖与竺山湖之间的湖水交换,进而影响梅梁湖的风生流流态,导致其湖水更新速度减慢。     

海冰拖曳系数的确定方法研究

风和流对海冰的拖曳系数是海冰数值模式中的基本参数, 它是精确模拟海冰漂移轨迹, 分析海冰的动力破坏、海冰爬升与堆积问题的重要依据.首先讨论了计算海冰拖曳系数的3种方法, 即涡动法、剖面法和动量法, 并分析了它们各自的特点和适用条件.针对辽东湾JZ20-2油气平台上同步连续观测的风速、流速和冰速等资料, 选用动量法对海冰拖曳系数进行了计算, 得到低密集度条件下光滑平整冰的风拖曳系数Ca(42) =1.402×10-3, 流拖曳系数Cw(7) =2.563×10-3.该数值能反映风和流对海冰表面拖曳和形状拖曳的共同作用.不同冰类型和密集度条件下的海冰拖曳系数有很大差异, 对其进一步的研究结果将提高海冰数值模拟的精度.     

基于热力学过程的渤海海冰生消模型

为了对渤海海冰生消问题进行模拟,基于三维自由水面垂向分层动网格的Euler-Lagrangian模式,采用VC（Vertex-Centered）方式的非结构化有限体积方法离散三维浅水方程组,模拟渤海的水流运动过程。以此水动力场为背景,引入热力学过程的影响,对渤海海域的冬季结冰过程进行模拟,建立了海冰生消模型。其中热力学参数主要包括大气温度、相对湿度、风场特征、太阳辐射、感热通量系数以及潜热通量系数。以渤海2011/2012年常冰年的结冰过程为例,将各个热力学参数对冰情影响的敏感性进行分析,对模型进行了验证。结果表明,感热与潜热系数是对冰情影响最敏感的一项,即当感热和潜热通量系数仅减小了0.000 2后,其海冰的最大厚度就减小了15 cm。最后,通过连续实测的水动力数据与2009/2010年冬季的典型海冰灾害过程再一次对模型进行了验证,充分说明了模型具有较高的精确性、稳定性与实用性。     

Examination of Winter Circulation in a Northern Gulf of Mexico Estuary

Numerical model experiments were conducted to examine how estuarine circulation and salinity distribution in the Calcasieu Lake Estuary (CLE) of southwest Louisiana respond to the passage of cold fronts. River runoff, local wind stress, and tides from December 20, 2011, to February 1, 2012, were included as input. The experiments showed an anticyclonic circulation in the eastern CLE, a cyclonic circulation in West Cove, and a saltwater conduit in the navigation channel between these circulation cells. Freshwater from the river and wetlands tends to flow over the shallow shoals toward the ocean, presenting a case of the conventional estuarine circulation with shallow water influenced by river discharge and with weak tidally-induced motion, enhanced by wind. The baroclinic pressure gradient is important for the circulation and saltwater intrusion. The effect of remote wind-driven oscillation plays an important role in circulation and salinity distribution in winter. Unless it is from the east, wind is found to inhibit saltwater intrusion through the narrow navigation channel, indicating the effect of Ekman setup during easterly wind. A series of north-south oriented barrier islands in the lake uniquely influenced water level and salinity distribution between the shallow lake and deep navigation channel. The depth of the navigation channel is also crucial in influencing saltwater intrusion: the deeper the channel, the more saltwater intrusion and the more intense estuarine circulation. Recurring winter storms have a significant accumulated effect on the transport of water and sediment, saltwater intrusion, and associated environmental and ecosystem effects.     

利用被动微波探测青海湖湖冰物候变化特征

湖冰物候是气候变化的敏感因子,不仅能反映区域气候变化特征,还可以反映区域气候与湖泊相互作用。利用长时间序列（1978—2018年）被动微波遥感18 GHz和19 GHz亮度温度数据、MODIS数据（2000—2018年）、实测湖冰厚度数据（1983—2018年）和气温、风速、降水（雪）数据（1961—2018年）,分析青海湖湖冰变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：青海湖流域呈现显著的变暖趋势（1961—2018年）,气温上升2.85 ℃,在这种气候条件下,青海湖湖冰封冻日推迟（0.23 d·a^-1）,消融日呈现明显的提前趋势（0.33 d·a^-1）,湖冰封冻期天数明显减少,减少速率为0.57 d·a^-1;同时,湖冰厚度以0.29 cm·a^-1的速率减薄。此外,总结归纳了青海湖冻结-融化空间特征,青海湖主要由东部海晏湾地区开始冻结,从西部黑马河等地区开始消融,冻结和消融过程存在空间差异。通过分析湖冰冻融特征和气候因子关系发现,青海湖流域冬季气温是影响青海湖湖冰物候变化的主要因素,同时风速和降水（雪）也是影响湖冰发育和消融的重要因素。     

Middle to Late Pleistocene lake‐level fluctuations of Lake El'gygytgyn,far‐east Russian Arctic

Lake El'gygytgyn, located in central Chukotka, Russian Arctic, was the subject of an international drilling project that resulted in the recovery of the longest continuous palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental record for the terrestrial Arctic covering the last 3.6 million years. Here, we present the reconstruction of the lake‐level fluctuations of Lake El'gygytgyn since Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 7 based on lithological and palynological as well as chronological studies of shallow‐water sediment cores and subaerial lake terraces. Reconstructed lake levels show an abrupt rise during glacial–interglacial terminations (MIS 6/5 and MIS 2/1) and during the MIS 4/3 stadial–interstadial transition. The most prominent lowstands occurred during glacial periods associated with a permanent lake‐ice cover (namely MIS 6, MIS 4 and MIS 2). Major triggering mechanisms of the lake‐level fluctuations at Lake El'gygytgyn are predominantly changes in air temperature and precipitation. Regional summer temperatures control the volume of meltwater supply as well as the duration of the lake‐ice cover (permanent or seasonal). The duration of the lake‐ice cover, in turn, enables or hampers near‐shore sediment transport, thus leading to long‐term lake‐level oscillations on glacial–interglacial time scales by blocking or opening the lake outflow, respectively. During periods of seasonal ice cover the lake level was additionally influenced by changes in precipitation. The discovered mechanism of climatologically driven level fluctuations of Lake El'gygytgyn are probably valid for large hydrologically open lakes in the Arctic in general, thus helping to understand arctic palaeohydrology and providing missing information for climate modelling.     

新疆阿尔泰山喀纳斯湖冰层温度变化规律试验研究

2014年12月-2015年4月期间,新疆布尔津县喀纳斯湖举行了冰上旅游项目。为监测冰层生长、发育和融化状况,分别对喀纳斯湖（湖边、湖中）A、B、C三点进行温度监测,利用监测得到的冰层温度数据绘制湖冰从上到下温度分布状况图。根据湖边与湖中的冰层结构特点,从冰层的天然结构角度分析湖冰结构对温度分布的影响。结果表明：天然冰层中温度传递系数并不是一致不变的,既受冰上气温、冰下湖水温度的影响,也受到冰层自身结构状况的影响,并进一步阐述了湖面冰层的温度分布规律与变化成因,为分析温度对冰层强度的影响奠定了基础。     

Suspended sediment transport,sedimentation, and resuspension in Lake Houston,Texas: Implications for water quality

Lake Houston is a man-made reservoir located northeast of Houston, Texas. The purpose of this investigation was to document suspended sediment transport, sedimentation, and resuspension in the lake with a view towards estimating the influence of sedimentation on water quality. Sediment traps were placed in strategic locations in the lake to collect suspended sediments. Samples were analyzed for bulk density, grain size, organic carbon, and a number of trace elements. These data were analyzed along with meteorological data to examine those factors which regulate suspended sediment input and dispersal, and the role of suspended sediments in controlling water quality within the lake. Sediment input to the lake depends primarily on the intensity of rainfall in the watershed. Sediment movement within the lake is strongly influenced by wave activity, which resuspends sediments from shallow areas, and by wind-driven circulation. The increased residence time of suspended sediments due to resuspension allows greater decomposition of organic matter and the release of several trace elements from sediments to the water column. Virtually all samples from sediment traps suspended between 1 and 5 m above the lake bottom contain medium to coarse silt, and even some very fine sand-sized material. This implies that circulation in Lake Houston is periodically intense enough to transport this size material in suspension. During winter, northerly winds with sustained velocities of greater than 5 m/sec provide the most suitable condition for rapid (<1 d) transport of suspended sediment down the length of the lake. Fluctuations in current velocities and the subsequent suspension/deposition of particles may explain variations in the abundance of coliform bacteria in Lake Houston.     

季节性冰封热融浅湖水温原位观测及其分层特征

为探究季节性冰封浅湖热力学特征,于2010年10月至2013年7月对高原腹地一典型热融湖塘冰层生消、水/冰温及气象条件开展原位观测,分析了水温分布时间变化、温跃层以及冰生消对水温结构的影响。结果发现:冰面升华显著,贯穿整个冰期;水温日变化、季节变化和垂直结构受气温、大气辐射、风速、冰生消和湖底沉积层热贡献影响显著;在"无冰期-结冰前-冰生长期-冰融化期-融化后-无冰期"年循环过程中水温垂直结构分别呈现出"分层-翻转-逆温分层-逆温与正温共存-翻转-分层"的循环过程。分层期水温结构仅由上部混合层和温跃层构成,且偶因强风搅动而全湖翻转混合。可见,相比大中型湖泊,季节性冰封浅湖热力学结构差异显著。     

内蒙古河套盆地晚更新世地层划分、环境演变及黄河的贯通

内蒙古河套盆地为受断裂控制形成的新生代断陷盆地,盆地中积水成湖,称河套古湖。晚更新世时期,河套古湖为继承性闭塞型断陷湖。上更新统主要为湖泊沉积体系,地层划分建组为上部东河村组、中部万水泉组、下部达拉特组。达拉特组在湖盆连续沉降条件及半深湖深湖中硫酸盐型、碳酸盐型湖水交替环境下沉积形成。万水泉组在湖盆沉降速率与沉积速率大体平衡条件及浅湖半深湖中半咸水湖环境下沉积形成。东河村组在湖盆沉降速率小于沉积速率条件下以及半咸水湖、局部时期为碳酸盐湖环境下的滨浅湖中沉积形成。晚更新世末期,河套古湖处于大湖水期,晋陕内蒙古交界处河流袭夺、河套盆地北侧山前断裂强烈活动和超强地震导致河套古湖湖水快速外泄,银川盆地、河套盆地、晋陕峡谷贯通而形成今日黄河河道。     

Huge Ice‐age lakes in Russia

During an early phase of the Last Ice Age (Weichselian, Valdaian), about 90 000 yr ago, an ice sheet formed over the shallow Barents and Kara seas. The ice front advanced on to mainland Russia and blocked the north‐flowing rivers (Yenissei, Ob, Pechora, Dvina and others) that supply most of the freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. The result was that large ice‐dammed lakes were formed between the ice sheet in the north and the continental water divides to the south. Here we present reconstructions and calculations of the areas and volumes of these lakes. The lake on the West Siberian Plain was nearly twice as large as the largest lake on Earth today. The well‐mapped Lake Komi in northeast Europe and a postulated lake in the White Sea Basin would also rank before the present‐day third largest lake. The lakes overflowed towards the south and thus the drainage of much of the Eurasian continent was reversed. The result was a major change in the water balance on the continent, decreased freshwater supply to the Arctic Ocean, and increased freshwater flow to the Aral, Caspian, Black and Baltic seas. A sudden outburst of the lakes' water to the Arctic Ocean when the ice sheet thinned is postulated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.