强震孕育过程中区域地震活动演化活动地块的关系

通过对中国大陆及邻区4个Ⅰ级活动地块中1972-2003年全部地震资料的系统分析,认为强震中期阶段典型的地震活动演化图像是中等地震聚集活动,震前震中区附近的地震密度和有效速率增高.文中用中等地震增长率来刻划强震孕育过程中中等地震活动的加速增长,结果表明:中等地震聚集活动密度的增长率能够较好地反映强震前中期异常变化特征,对各活动地块的分析表明华北地块中等地震增长率达到180%以上时,未来1～3a中等地震异常聚集区及其附近会发生强震;而西域、青藏和滇缅地块中等地震增长率达到250%以上时,应注意中等地震异常聚集区及其附近强震的发生.因此,中等地震增长率可以作为中期预报的定量化指标.     

强震孕育过程中区域地震活动演化与活动地块的关系

通过对中国大陆及邻区4个Ⅰ级活动地块中1972—2003年全部地震资料的系统分析,认为强震中期阶段典型的地震活动演化图像是中等地震聚集活动,震前震中区附近的地震密度和有效速率增高。文中用中等地震增长率来刻划强震孕育过程中中等地震活动的加速增长,结果表明:中等地震聚集活动密度的增长率能够较好地反映强震前中期异常变化特征,对各活动地块的分析表明华北地块中等地震增长率达到180%以上时,未来1～3a中等地震异常聚集区及其附近会发生强震;而西域、青藏和滇缅地块中等地震增长率达到250%以上时,应注意中等地震异常聚集区及其附近强震的发生。因此,中等地震增长率可以作为中期预报的定量化指标     

鲁东-黄海活动地块中强地震的分析研究

分析了鲁东-黄海活动地块构造背景和历史地震活动特征,探讨了该地块强震前中期阶段地震活动的演化图像,得到该区域强震前中等地震密度增长率能够较好反映强震前中期阶段的异常特征。根据该区域近百年来地震活动基本格局的演化总貌,结合当前应变积累水平,加深了对这一地区今后地震趋势的认识。     

云南强震活动的连续性探讨

通过强震前的中等地震活动,云南强震表现出一定的连续性。一次强震前4个月内有中等地震丛集活动的地区,当其附近又经历了中等地震的平静—加速活动—临震平静的有序节奏活动后便发生另一次强震。应用这一强震活动规律曾对1988年11月6日澜沧—耿马大震作了某种程度的预测。     

强震前地震活动图象与震源机制类型的相关性分析

在对1966年以来63次强震前中等地震活动图象全时空扫描的基础上,讨论了大陆不同构造区域、不同震源机制强震前中等地震活动图象异常演化特征及其主要活动图象与震源机制节面的相关性. 研究表明:强震前中等地震活动图象显现出应力集中和减弱两个阶段性特征,第一阶段（中期阶段）的活动图象以条带、空区和集中活跃为主;第二阶段（中短期）以持续平静为主. 走滑和正断层机制震前显示出较好的特征图象;逆冲断层震前的活动图象与其它两种机制的图象不同,没有明显的特征图象,两个阶段都有平静现象出现. 强震前中等地震条带走向与震源机制的两个节面走向一致性较好,但空区的一致性较差.      

龙门山地震带地震活动特征的研究

本文剖析和研究了龙门山地震带强震活动的时空状态及中等地震活动特征，取得了一些有益的认识。该带强震频度不高，中等地震相对活跃。强震活动的盛衰变化没有明显规律，其主体活动地段为汶川－茂县－北川段和天全－宝兴段，二者的强震具有交替发生的特点。自然节律显示有规律起伏，可以推测地震的强、弱趋势。本文仔细剖析了中等地震活动情况，提出的若干特征对于监视本带有一定社会影响的４￣５级地震有实际意义。     

川滇地区强震孕育过程中的中等地震动态演化特征

引用有关地震活动的频度面积S值方法^[1],对川滇地区1970年以来6．7级以上强震前后的中等地震活动进行研究,发现强震的S值在震前和震后的异常变化特征既有共性又有个性。共性主要表现为：在震前S值异常为高值或低值异常,震后下降或上升;对特定区域研究发现,滇西南地区强震的孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要为高值,而滇西地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的S值震前异常主要表现为低值。表明对川滇地区强震孕震区中等地震活动的频度面积S值方法的动态追踪,利用其变化规律可以为强震的预测预报提供一定的判定指标。     

芦山7.0级地震前地震活动的临界点特征

直接检测大地震之前空间相关长度的增长是一种从观测的地震活动中检测临界点特征的独立的方法.本文研究了2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震前5年震中周围地区中等地震活动的空间相关长度变化.结果表明,从地震前近两年开始,中等地震以上地震的空间相关长度出现明显增长,变化趋势可以用幂次率进行很好的拟合.用该地区没有7级以上强震发生的时段的地震目录采用相同方法进行了计算,没有发现明显的幂次率增长现象,说明强震前中等地震以上地震的空间相关长度的幂次率增长是地震孕育过程中临界点物理特征的表现.     

芦山7.0级地震前川滇地区中等地震密集活动

通过分析川滇地区12组4~5级地震密集活动及其对应强震的时空关系,研究结果表明:中等地震密集活动中的最大地震震级与后续强震震级不相关;对应地震与密集活动的时间间隔多在半年内;利用4、5级地震密集活动作为M≥6.7地震1年尺度的预报异常,预报效能R值为0.258 5;在云南地区,强震多发生在密集地震集中区,而四川的强震多发生在4、5级地震不活跃区。     

河套带、汾渭带中等地震活动平静对中强地震的指示意义

以相邻2次地震的时间间隔作为统计量,对河套带、汾渭带1976年以来的地震活动平静异常进行了统计检验.结果表明河套带、特别是汾渭带中强地震之前大范围内中等地震活动的异常平静现象是明显的,河套带、张渤带发生的5次6级以上强震有4次发生在平静异常结束或在平静过程中.目前该区域中等地震平静时间已远远超过历史统计的最长时间间隔,未来一段时间河套带、张渤带及邻区存在发生强震的可能性.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...