地下水中铁元素的形成及其控制因素

研究了地下水中铁元素形成的主要控制因素及其分布规律。结果表明，地下水中铁的形成与含水介质及其上覆土层中的铁含量、地下水的酸碱度、地下水的径流条件、氧化还原环境等有密切的关系。     

高氟地下水在内蒙古赤峰地区的分布与形成初探

为探明内蒙古赤峰地区高氟地下水的分布情况及形成机理，寻找生产、生活急需的低氟地下水，根据多年赤峰地区的水文钻探及水文地质普查资料，运用部分物探、水文钻探、水文地质普查、水化学及水质检测方法，初步探明赤峰地区高氟地下水主要分布在西拉沐沦河中、下游的北部，乌尔吉沐沦河的东部及老哈河两岸等区域，从水文地质方面基本阐明本地区高氟地下水形成的地貌条件、地层条件、气候条件、水化学特征及地下水中氟的来源，并查明该地区高氟地下水一般存在于潜水的上部，地下水中含氟量由上往下逐渐降低，深部含水层的地下水可供开采。     

宿州矿区浅层地下水中氟的分布及形成机理

通过多年来的供水水文地质勘探和水文地质调查, 对宿州矿区浅层地下水中氟含量及其赋存条件进行了研究, 其分布规律及形成机理与地层结构、岩性特征、气候条件、水文地质及水文地球化学条件等有关。     

大同盆地地下水高砷、氟、碘分布规律与成因分析及质量区划

为了对大同盆地地下水中砷、氟、碘等的分布和成因进行分析,开展地下水质量区划,依据地下水污染调查取得的最新系列测试数据,结合以往水文地质和水文地球化学研究成果,编制大同盆地浅层和中深层地下水砷含量、氟含量、碘含量等水化学特征分布图,以直观反映大同盆地地下水高砷、高氟、高碘区的空间分布规律; 通过分析pH值、硫酸根含量、硝酸根含量、铁含量、锰含量与砷的关系,探讨高砷水的形成原因; 根据pH值、钙离子、重碳酸氢根离子与氟的关系,分析氟超标原因; 指出高碘区与高氟区分布的相似性和成因的相似性。研究结果表明,盆地周边高砷、高氟岩层是地下水砷、氟的原生来源,特定的河湖相沉积环境则为砷、碘的富集提供了原生地质条件; 北部地区氟增高与地下水位下降致使黏性土中的氟离子进入含水层有关,中部地区高氟与土壤盐渍化有关; 中部富含淤泥质黏土的湖相地层是碘富集的原生地质因素,冲积洼地地下水径流条件滞缓是碘富集的水动力因素; 干旱气候条件下强烈的蒸发浓缩作用亦是高氟、高碘地下水形成的重要因素。依据砷、氟、碘、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总含盐量(total dissolved salt,TDS)、总硬度、氨氮等单组分含量分布,利用GIS空间分析功能,进行了大同盆地浅层和中深层地下水质量区划,可为当地地下水开发利用提供地学依据。     

赤峰市潜水中氟形成的主要自然环境与分布规律的研究

赤峰市潜水中氟离子（下称氟）含量，超过饮水标准（１ｍｇ／Ｌ）的面积，约占全市总面积５０％，约２５万人口患氟中毒病。本文从地质、地貌、水文地质条件入手，研究潜水中氟形成与分布的主要自然环境。文中重点阐述地下水的形成与水中氟迁移，累积关系。研究发现，水中氟＜０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ区，位于大兴安岭以西，是地下水迳流排泄区，大兴安岭以东，是地下水分水岭区；０．５～１ｍｇ／Ｌ区，位于补给及排泄区；１－３ｍｇ／Ｌ区，位于排泄、这流区；＞３ｍｇ／Ｌ区，是地下水以蒸发消耗为主区。后两区是氟高发地段。由山区→山前区→主谷平原区→河流，水中氟含量呈现出，由低→高→低→更低的变化规律。     

松嫩平原氟中毒区地下水氟分布规律和成因研究

自中新生代以来,在松嫩平原巨大的断陷盆地内沉积了巨厚的古近-新近系和第四系沉积物,形成了由潜水和承压水组成的大型蓄水构造。该区潜水和第四系承压水氟含量较高,在194个样品中,氟的均值为3.45mg/L,范围值为0.25～14mg/L。饮用高氟地下水导致氟中毒大规范流行。研究表明高氟地下水主要分布在山前补给区-蒸发排泄区的过渡带和盆地中部地下水强烈蒸发带,地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na·Mg和HCO3-Cl·Na型,总溶解性固体含量为689.84～2005.6mg/L。高氟水的形成与气候、水文、地质构造、岩石与土壤、水文地质和水化学条件等自然因素有关,同时受不合理开采地下水等人为因素的影响。开展氟病区地下水环境特征和高氟水成因研究对于有效实施安全供水有重要意义。     

吉林省通榆县地下水化学动态分析

通过对吉林省通榆县1991~1995年间地下水水化学成分及其变化特征进行分析,发现该区地下水水化学成分复杂,污染比较严重,尤其是氟污染最为严重,氟含量有逐年增加的趋势.地下水中主要离子含量与降水量、蒸发量密切相关.     

南四湖流域水文地球化学环境分析

南四湖流域许多地段浅层地下水中氟含量明显超出国家标准,最高含量达16．4mg／L,地方性氟中毒病分布范围广．为流域内主要的环境地质问题。从自然地理环境、地质环境、水文地质条件、水文地球化学环境等方面对地氟病成因进行了分析研究,认为湖东泰沂隆起区出露的岩浆岩和各类变质岩提供了丰富的氟源．岩石中的氟矿物通过表面扩散的反应动力学机制向地下水中传递,氟元素则通过对氟矿物的溶解和溶滤进入地下水中。南黄河冲洪积、湖积作用形成的粘土、亚粘土和粉细砂为主的含水层,氟的含量较高,其氟矿物以云母为主,粘性土巾有大量吸附性氟。地下水的垂向与侧向补给条件差,交替滞缓,氟存水中的集聚作用以蒸发浓缩为主,有利于氟元素富集。     

鲁西南地区高氟水分布规律与成因分析

地方性氟中毒是我国北方地区最为典型的地方病之一,查明高氟地下水的空间分布及其成因是除氟改水、防治氟害的前提。通过对鲁西南地区不同层位地下水水质分析结果及水文地质、地质条件等多个环境影响因素的综合分析,查明了鲁西南地区高氟水的空间分布规律,并分析了影响浅层和深层高氟水形成的环境因素。浅层高氟水呈片状分布于洼地、缓平坡地等地势较低的区域,占鲁西南地区总面积的47%,大部分地区高氟水氟离子含量为1.2～2.0 mg/L,局部大于4.0 mg/L,其形成受气候、地质环境、地形地貌特征及水化学环境等多个因素的影响,成因类型为溶滤-蒸发浓缩型。深层高氟水具有水平分带性,占鲁西南地区总面积的65%,大部分高氟水氟离子含量为2.0～4.0 mg/L,氟离子含量分布与晚更新世沉积相带呈现很好的相似性,推测其为地质历史时期形成的古地下水。     

内蒙古河套地区高氟水成因分析

根据内蒙古生态地球化学调查结果，结合大量的水质测定资料，编制了河套地区地下水氟离子含量分级图，分析研究了区内高氟水的形成与富集的原因。包括当地气候条件等自然因素，研究区内岩性、土壤性质、地下水物化条件、湖泊沉积物类型等地质因素和人类活动二个方面。其中起主导作用的是自然因素、地质因素，而像包头市近郊潜水氟污染是由于包钢的废渣和废水排放等人类活动引起的。对治理河套地区氟中毒的区域环境问题提出了相应的建议。     

基于因子分析的岩溶地下水水质影响因素研究 ——以毕节市大方县南部为例

为了解研究区岩溶地下水水质形成及离子质量浓度空间变异影响因素,以毕节市大方县南部为研究区,采用因子分析方法对56组水样进行分析,得到基于研究区岩溶地下水水质形成及其影响的4组因子(F1、F2、F3、F4):F1以TH、TDS、COD、Ca2+、SO42-、F-为主,代表了碳酸盐岩及膏盐矿物的充分溶解对水质的影响;F2以游离CO₂、Mg2+、HCO3-为主,反映了碳酸盐岩中白云石矿物的溶解对水质的影响;F3以Na+、K+、Cl-为主,代表了盐岩溶解、大气降水对水质的影响;F4以pH、NO3-为主,揭示了人类生活污水和农业灌溉污水对岩溶地下水水质的影响。以上4种因子可以解释研究区岩溶地下水水质影响因素的80%以上。     

吉林省地下水环境质量分区及特征

本文在获得大量的地下水环境背景值资料的基础上,依据“地下水质量标准”和“生活饮用水卫生标准”,运用地下水环境背景值,对吉林省具有供水意义的各类地下水进行了环境质量分区,共划分了五个水质区。论述了各类水质区的分布特点及地下水环境质量与背景特征。     

鲁西南高氟区生活饮用水供水模式研究

为有效解决鲁西南高氟区生活饮用水供水安全问题,在水文地质环境地质调查的基础上,通过水质分析、岩土样分析、综合评价研究,查明高氟水的分布规律、圈定生活饮用水找水靶区。结合供水水源空间分布特征、供水现状及供水方式,因地制宜,提出了3种供水模式:以浅层孔隙水或岩溶裂隙水为水源的集中供水模式;以深层孔隙水为饮用水源集中供水并且以浅层孔隙水为生活用水水源的分散供水模式,以及以地表水为主要水源的集中供水模式。供水模式的划分可为鲁西南高氟改水工作及供水安全问题提供技术支持与保障。     

安徽省主要城市地下水应急水源地建设初步探讨

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市供水水源遭受突发性污染、遭遇特枯水期等极端情况形成的供水危机逐步显现,而我省在应急水源地建设上的滞后,无疑对建立水资源应急机制、应对突发事件、保持社会稳定是十分不利的。从我省17个主要城市的水文地质条件的初步分析,具备建立地下水应急供水水源地的条件。要加强我省地下水应急水源的研究,查明我省地下水应急水源,联合应急地表水源地,科学地制定供水危机应急预案,以便在各种突发事件引起的供水危机时,保障市民生活用水和饮水安全,维护社会稳定。     

Water quality analysis of groundwater in crystalline basement rocks,Northern Ghana

Hydrochemical data are presented for groundwater samples, collected from fractured aquifers in parts of northern Ghana. The data was collected to assess the groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural use. Results of the study reveal that the pH of the groundwater in the area is slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. The electrical conductivity values, total dissolved solids (TDS) values and calcium, magnesium and sodium concentrations in the groundwater are generally below the limit set by the WHO for potable water supply. On the basis of activity diagrams, groundwater from the fractured aquifers appears to be stable within the montmorillonite field, suggesting weathering of silicate minerals. An inverse distance weighting interpolator with a power of 2 was applied to the data points to produce prediction maps for nitrate and fluoride. The distribution maps show the presence of high nitrate concentrations (50–194 mg/l) in some of the boreholes in the western part of the study area indicating anthropogenic impact on the groundwater. Elevated fluoride level (1.5–4 mg/l), higher than the WHO allowable fluoride concentration of 1.5, is recorded in the groundwater underlying the northeastern part of the study area, more specifically Bongo and its surrounding communities of the Upper East region. Results of this study suggest that groundwater from the fractured aquifers in the area exhibit low sodicity–low salinity (S1–C1), low sodicity–medium salinity (S1–C2) characteristics [United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) classification scheme]. All data points from this study plot within the ‘Excellent to good’ category on a Wilcox diagram. Groundwater in this area thus appears to provide irrigation water of excellent quality. The hydrochemical results indicate that, although nitrate and fluoride concentrations in some boreholes are high, the groundwater in the study area, based on the parameters analyzed, is chemically potable and suitable for domestic and agricultural purposes.     

GIS based spatial distribution mapping and suitability evaluation of groundwater quality for domestic and agricultural purpose in Kaithal district, Haryana state, India

Groundwater is a major resource for meeting huge domestic and agricultural requirements of Kaithal district in Haryana. Therefore, evaluation of its quality in terms of suitability for domestic and agricultural sectors is necessary for sustainable management of the resource. The present study has analyzed pre- and post-monsoon physico-chemical data of groundwater samples from bore wells spread over the entire district. Spatial distribution maps were generated for hydrogen ion concentration, total dissolved solids, total hardness, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and percent sodium using the geographic information system. Furthermore, the study area was demarcated into different groundwater quality zones for domestic and agricultural use by applying various national and international standards. It was observed from the study that the groundwater was predominantly hard, alkaline and saline in nature. However, it was within safe limits for domestic use. Further, it was also experienced from the analysis that in about two-third parts of the district, groundwater was in desirable-to-permissible quality class for agricultural use but hazardous for soil as well as for crops in the remaining part. Also, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a possible dilution due to groundwater recharge.     

Groundwater classification using multivariate statistical methods: Southern Ghana

This study demonstrates the strength of R-mode factor analysis and Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis in determining spatial groundwater salinity groups in southeastern Ghana. Three hundred and eighty three (383) groundwater samples were taken from six hydrogeological terrains and surface water bodies and analyzed for the concentrations of the major ions, electrical conductivity and pH. Q-mode hierarchical cluster analysis and R-mode factor analysis were respectively used to spatially classify groundwater samples and determine the probable sources of variation in groundwater salinity. The quality of groundwater for irrigation was then determined using three major indices. The analyses revealed two major sources of variation in groundwater salinity: silicate mineral weathering on one hand, and seawater intrusion and anthropogenic contamination on the other. A plot of the factor scores for the two major sources of variation in the salinity revealed trends which can be used in hydrogeological mapping and assist in drilling potable water boreholes in southeastern Ghana. This study also revealed four major spatial groundwater groups: low salinity, acidic groundwaters which are mainly derived from the Birimian and Togo Series aquifers; low salinity, moderate to neutral pH groundwaters which draw membership mainly from samples of the Voltaian, Buem and Cape Coast granitoids; very high salinity waters which are not suitable for most domestic and irrigation purposes and are mainly from the Keta Basin aquifers; and intermediate salinity groundwaters consisting of groundwater from the Keta basin aquifers with minor contributions from the other major terrains. The major water type identified in this study is the Ca–Mg–HCO₃ type, which degrades into predominantly Na–Cl–SO₄ more saline groundwaters towards the coast.     

Geochemistry of fluoride rich groundwater in Kolar and Tumkur Districts of Karnataka

Groundwater is a significant water resource in India for domestic, irrigation, and industrial needs. By far the most serious natural groundwater-quality problem in India, in terms of public health, derives from high fluoride, arsenic, and iron concentrations. Hydrogeochemical investigation of fluoride contaminated groundwater samples from Kolar and Tumkur Districts in Karnataka are undertaken to understand the quality and potability of groundwater from the study area, the level of fluoride contamination, the origin and geochemical mechanisms driving the fluoride enrichment. Majority of the groundwater samples did not meet the potable water criteria as they contained excess (>1.5 mg/L) fluoride, dissolved salts (>500 mg/L) and total hardness (75–924 mg/L). Hydrogeochemical facies of the groundwater samples suggest that rock weathering and evaporation–crystallization control the groundwater composition in the study area with 50–67% of samples belonging to the Ca–HCO₃ type and the remaining falling into the mixed Ca–Na–HCO₃ or Ca–Mg–Cl type. The saturation index values indicated that the groundwater in the study area is oversaturated with respect to calcite and under-saturated with respect to fluorite. The deficiency of calcium ion concentration in the groundwater from calcite precipitation favors fluorite dissolution leading to excess fluoride concentration.     

柯坪河流域地下水资源的有效利用方式探讨

柯坪河流域分布于新疆境内，包括苏巴什盆地、柯坪盆地和阿恰山前地区．柯坪河是柯坪县最大的河流，上游名为苏巴什河，下游与红沙河汇合后称阿恰河．盆地与山前平原由柯坪河串起，水资源沿途不断汇入，并在不同河段有反复出露入渗．流域内无高山冰川，中山区降水是水资源的唯一来源．流域内水质普遍较差，溶解性总固体含量由北西向南东逐渐增高，当地居民生活饮用水供水水质不能满足生活饮用水标准．根据当地的地下水水资源特点，采取合适的管理利用方式，可使得较低溶解性总固体含量地下水资源能够更有效的被利用．     

An integrated GIS and hydrochemical approach to assess groundwater contamination in West Ismailia area, Egypt

Groundwater is a very important resource across Ismailia area as it is used in domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This makes it absolutely necessary that the effects of land use change on groundwater resources are considered when making land use decisions. Careful monitoring of groundwater resource helps minimize the contamination of this resource. This study developed a GIS-based model to assess groundwater contamination in the West Ismailia area based on its hydrochemical characteristics. The model incorporated five different factors which are standardized to a common evaluation scale. The produced factor maps include the depth to the water table, the potential recharge, the soil type, the topography, and the thickness of saturation. These maps are combined in ERDAS Imagine, ARC INFO, and ARC GIS software using geostatistics and a weighted overlay process to produce the final groundwater potential risk map. The model output is then used to determine the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by domestic, agricultural, and industrial sources. The produced risk maps are then combined with the groundwater contamination potentiality map using an arithmetic overlay in order to identify areas which were vulnerable to contamination. The results of this study revealed that the groundwater is highly vulnerable to contamination that may result from the inappropriate application of agrichemicals and domestic and industrial activities. The produced integrated potential contamination maps are very useful tools for a decision maker concerned with groundwater protection and development.