瓦斯抽采钻孔间距优化三维数值模拟量化研究

为了识别钻孔间距对煤层瓦斯抽采的影响及如何实现高效抽采,基于流固耦合模型,建立三维几何模型,使其更接近现场实际,借助COMSOL软件模拟某煤矿钻孔不同间距的瓦斯抽采过程,利用瓦斯压力为0.74 MPa等压面三维立体图使有效抽采区域可视化,通过计算有效抽采区域体积大小,量化分析钻孔间距对抽采效果的影响。结果表明:单一钻孔抽采120 d时,有效抽采半径约为1.5 m;当布置多个钻孔且钻孔间距d为5 m,抽采120 d时,瓦斯压力为0.74 MPa的等压面围绕所有钻孔近似呈圆柱状但向内部凹陷（即出现空白带）;钻孔间距d为2.1、3、4、5、6 m时,有效抽采区域体积V的大小顺序随着时间的增长而改变,抽采120 d时,V_{d=5 m}>V_{d=4 m}>V_{d=3 m}>V_{d=2.1 m}>V_{d=6 m}。综合分析瓦斯压力等压面三维立体图和有效抽采区域体积的大小顺序,确定该矿钻孔的较优间距为4 m。研究提出的以有效抽采半径、叠加效应、三维瓦斯压力等压面的形状及有效抽采区域体积大小为指标的钻孔间距数值计算考察方法,可为煤矿井下钻孔间距优化布置提供参考。      

松软煤层瓦斯钻孔失稳分析及动态密封技术

松软煤层钻孔在钻进及抽采瓦斯过程中,容易发生钻孔形变、缩径、坍塌甚至堵孔等工程问题,造成瓦斯钻孔成孔率低、密封性差、服务时间短及瓦斯抽采阻力大等抽采问题。针对上述技术难题,基于松软煤层的构造演化过程,分析了自重应力、构造应力、采动应力及瓦斯应力等因素对松软煤层瓦斯钻孔稳定性的影响,得出了松软煤层钻孔的多应力耦合作用失稳机制。同时,针对松软煤层瓦斯钻孔失稳规律,提出以护孔为基础,自适应动态密封为关键的"护-封"一体化松软煤层瓦斯钻孔密封技术。工程试验结果表明,该技术可使单孔瓦斯抽采体积分数增加至90%以上,单孔瓦斯体积分数提高2~3倍,且抽采浓度稳定。      

矿用高强度钻杆关键制造工艺技术分析

在瓦斯抽采钻孔施工过程中,钻杆承受复杂交变应力的作用,往往从焊缝区断裂,选用合理的摩擦焊接工艺和热处理工艺生产钻杆,增强钻杆焊缝区的机械性能,是延长钻杆服役时间的有效技术途径。     

钻孔和巷铜周围流体压力变化对围岩变形及应力状态的影响

钻孔、巷硐周围流体压力的分布和变化对围岩变形和应力状态有着显著影响。但这是一个涉及多个变量、多种响应的动态耦合过程，尚无法用解析法解算。孔硐周围的流体压力的动态变化又难以实现物理模拟。以钻孔排放瓦斯为例，通过数值模拟，结合宏观观测结果和微观机制的分析，对其规律和一些工程现象与措施的机理作了初步分析。     

真三轴应力条件下钻孔围岩塑性区及增透半径研究

深部岩体处于三维应力场中受开挖扰动影响钻孔、巷道围岩处于明显的真三轴应力状态。钻孔抽采技术是煤矿广泛用于瓦斯治理的重要措施,钻孔周围塑性区是瓦斯流动的优质通道,研究钻孔围岩塑性区特性对于抽采钻孔的优化布置至关重要。为研究钻孔围岩的塑性区特性,基于广义平面应变理论分析围岩应力分布,比较几种常用强度准则（MC、Mises、D-P、MLC、SMP）的适用性和精确性,对比试验结果表明,MLC准则能较好地表征岩石的真三轴强度特性。基于MLC准则推导了围岩塑性区半径公式,分析偏应力、中间主应力、岩石内摩擦角、岩石黏聚力和钻孔半径对增透半径的影响,结果表明,增透半径随着偏应力的增大而增大,随中间主应力的增加先减小后增大,随岩石内摩擦角、岩石黏聚力的增加而逐渐减小,随钻孔半径的增加而线性增大。研究结果可为实际工程中巷道支护、煤层瓦斯抽采等技术的参数设计等提供重要参考。     

Surface waves in a cylindrical borehole through partially-saturated porous solid

Propagation of surface waves is discussed in a cylindrical borehole through a liquid-saturated porous solid of infinite extent. The porous medium is assumed to be a continuum consisting of a solid skeletal with connected void space occupied by a mixture of two immiscible inviscid fluids. This model also represents the partial saturation when liquid fills only a part of the pore space and gas bubbles span the remaining void space. In this isotropic medium, potential functions identify the existence of three dilatational waves coupled with a shear wave. For propagation of plane harmonic waves along the axially-symmetric borehole, these potentials decay into the porous medium. Boundary conditions are chosen to disallow the discharge of liquid into the borehole through its impervious porous walls. A dispersion equation is derived for the propagation of surface waves along the curved walls of no-liquid (all gas) borehole. A numerical example is studied to explore the existence of cylindrical waves in a particular model of the porous sandstone. True surface waves do not propagate along the walls of borehole when the supporting medium is partially saturated. Such waves propagate only beyond a certain frequency when the medium is fully-saturated porous or an elastic one. Dispersion in the velocity of pseudo surface waves is analysed through the changes in consolidation, saturation degree, capillary pressure or porosity.     

井底应力场对气体钻井井斜的影响

建立了油气井钻井过程中的井底力学模型,该力学模型考虑了井眼内压力、岩石节理、井眼深度、地应力、岩石材料特性、井眼直径等影响因素,并讨论了各个因素对井底应力场的影响,阐明了气体钻井时井底应力场分布变化对井眼井斜的影响。气体钻井时井眼内的压力远小于井眼周围的围压,井底会出现很大的拉应力,岩石容易破坏,因此,气体钻井时钻井速度远远大于钻井液钻井,但拉应力越大,井眼与岩石节理面交接处产生的应力集中越大,应力集中处岩石更容易破坏,也更易产生井斜。气体钻井时井底的应力状态对地层倾角、材料特性、井眼直径、井眼深度及初始地应力的变化较钻井液钻井时更敏感。     

Borehole Stability Analysis of Horizontal Drilling in Shale Gas Reservoirs

Serious wellbore instability occurs frequently during horizontal drilling in shale gas reservoirs. The conventional forecast model of in situ stresses is not suitable for wellbore stability analysis in laminated shale gas formations because of the inhomogeneous mechanical properties of shale. In this study, a new prediction method is developed to calculate the in situ stresses in shale formations. The pore pressure near the borehole is heterogeneous along both the radial and tangential directions due to the inhomogeneity in the mechanical properties and permeability. Therefore, the stress state around the wellbore will vary with time after the formation is drained. Besides, based on the experimental results, a failure criterion is verified and applied to determine the strength of Silurian shale in the Sichuan Basin, including the long-term strength of gas shale. Based on this work, horizontal well borehole stability is analyzed by the new in situ stress prediction model. Finally, the results show that the collapse pressure will be underestimated if the conventional model is used in shale gas reservoirs improperly. The collapse pressure of a horizontal well is maximum at dip angle of 45°. The critical mud weight should be increased constantly to prevent borehole collapse if the borehole is exposed for some time.     

高压深井试气期间裸眼井壁稳定性分析

高压深气井裸眼试气期间,由于井内液柱压力较低,不能很好地支撑井壁,裸眼段可能发生井壁坍塌。在非均匀构造应力作用下井壁周围地应力分布的基础上,考虑井壁周围地层温度变化引起的热应力场和高压流体渗流引起的渗流应力场,并结合Mohr-Coulomb准则,可以确定防止高压深井试气期间井壁坍塌的井内当量流压,依此指导垫液、压井液的密度和高度,可确保测试工作顺利进行。      

“三软”单一煤层水力冲孔卸压增透机理及现场试验

水力冲孔是实现"三软"煤层瓦斯高效抽采的有效途径之一。通过应力应变-煤体结构-渗透率的耦合实验,揭示了"三软"煤层渗透率随煤体结构和应力变化的演化规律,发现软煤在卸压后渗透率得到大规模提升。以Hoek-Brown准则为理论依据,通过数值模拟,发现水力冲孔出煤后的卸压增透范围显著增加。采用自主研发的"瓦斯抽采孔水力作业机",在郑煤集团大平煤矿21141底板抽放巷进行了水力冲孔试验,使得水力冲孔更加安全、高效,并使得老孔的修复成为现实。现场试验充分检验了装备的可靠性和理论分析的准确性,显著提高了煤层瓦斯的抽采效率。      

考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性研究进展

考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性研究对地质特征复杂的非常规油气储层开发意义重大,在对国内外近10年相关研究成果调研基础上对其主要进展进行了综述。影响井壁稳定性的地层各向异性因素包括:区域地应力大小、区域应力性质、岩石物理力学参数差异、井身结构、水化膨胀、微裂缝及弱层理盘角度等。详细梳理了各单因素对井壁稳定性的影响机制,地层应力系统及岩石强度对井壁稳定性的影响最大。对于具弱层理盘地层,沿不同钻井方向岩石强度差异较大;沿弱层理面地层容易发生水化膨胀,且往往微裂缝发育,井壁容易失稳,因此应采用高抑制钻井液体系或油基钻井液。在复杂地层钻井过程中,以上各单因素相伴而生,进行各单因素耦合条件下井壁稳定性分析对合理制定应对策略具有重要意义。加强考虑地层各向异性井壁稳定性基础理论、数值模拟及基于三维可视化建模的近实时井壁稳定动态模拟预测研究是该研究在未来的主要发展方向。     

Emission reduction technology and application research of surface borehole methane drainage in coal mining-influenced region

Windblown methane is an important gas resulting in atmospheric greenhouse effect. Therefore, reduction in windblown methane is one of the important measures to mitigate atmospheric greenhouse effect. In China, weak coal seam of low permeability is common in coal mines, so it is beset with difficulties to decrease the methane emission rate by means of gas drainage from the virgin coal seam, further to decrease the windblown mine gas. Utilizing the pressure relief and permeability and fluidity improvement effect in coal mining an approach to release methane emission through surface borehole was established, for example establishing a comprehensive deformation fracture model of surface borehole in extraction area based on quantitative rule of overlying rock movement in pit and forming a technology to select the surface borehole arrangement site in extraction area on the basis of deformation of bore frame structure and distribution characteristics of extraction flow field. And optimization technology of shape and structure of surface borehole in extraction area on the basis of ultimate stress analysis of surface borehole casing was given. The technology overcomes effectively the problem that surface borehole casing is vulnerable to premature fracture due to impact of strata movement on the surface borehole, and further increases the drainage result of the surface borehole. The technology has been test in China Shanxi Jincheng Sihe Coal Mine, achieving good results, including 12,000 Nm³/d pure methane drainage rate from single borehole, 85% methane concentration and 1.1 million Nm³ accumulative methane drainage, which demonstrate practicability and advanced performance of the technology.     

Borehole Stability in High-Temperature Formations

In oil and gas drilling or geothermal well drilling, the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and formation will lead to an apparent temperature change around the borehole, which will influence the stress state around the borehole and tend to cause borehole instability in high geothermal gradient formations. The thermal effect is usually not considered as a factor in most of the conventional borehole stability models. In this research, in order to solve the borehole instability in high-temperature formations, a calculation model of the temperature field around the borehole during drilling is established. The effects of drilling fluid circulation, drilling fluid density, and mud displacement on the temperature field are analyzed. Besides these effects, the effect of temperature change on the stress around the borehole is analyzed based on thermoelasticity theory. In addition, the relationships between temperature and strength of four types of rocks are respectively established based on experimental results, and thermal expansion coefficients are also tested. On this basis, a borehole stability model is established considering thermal effects and the effect of temperature change on borehole stability is also analyzed. The results show that the fracture pressure and collapse pressure will both increase as the temperature of borehole rises, and vice versa. The fracture pressure is more sensitive to temperature. Temperature has different effects on collapse pressures due to different lithological characters; however, the variation of fracture pressure is unrelated to lithology. The research results can provide a reference for the design of drilling fluid density in high-temperature wells.     

韩城矿区碎软煤层顶板梳状孔水力压裂瓦斯抽采工程实践

韩城矿区碎软煤层发育,煤层透气性差,本煤层钻孔钻进困难,瓦斯抽采效果差。顶板梳状孔水力压裂技术结合了水力压裂技术和定向钻进技术二者的优势,是解决碎软低渗煤层瓦斯抽采难题的有效技术途径。在韩城矿区王峰煤矿3号煤层顶板粉砂岩中施工长钻孔并向煤层开分支,采用套管+封隔器座封的整体压裂方式进行水力压裂工程试验。钻孔总长度344 m,有效压裂长度284 m,累计注水量874.79 m3,最大泵注压力9.4 MPa。试验结束后对钻孔瓦斯抽采相关参数连续监测86 d,钻孔瓦斯抽采体积分数27%~51%,平均42.11%,钻孔瓦斯抽采纯量8.25~21.41 m3/min,平均17.02 m3/min,钻孔累计抽采瓦斯量约210万m3。与常规的穿层钻孔水力冲孔技术相比,该技术百米钻孔瓦斯抽采量提高了11.48倍,初步证明了该技术在碎软煤层瓦斯强化抽采领域的适用性。      

靖边气田煤层地应力及井壁稳定研究

煤层地应力测量难度很大,煤层垮塌失稳力学机理的研究还无法深入。针对这一现状,利用含煤层系中硬岩层的地应力实测结果,以组合弹簧模型为基础,反求出构造作用引起岩层水平方向的应变量,以此来确定后续地应力有限元模拟的边界条件,将硬岩层的地应力实测、理论模型计算以及有限元数值模拟三者有机结合起来,反演得到煤层地应力状态,从而建立起一套含煤岩系等软岩层地应力研究新方法。利用该方法对靖边气田某区块LP-1井煤层井壁稳定进行了研究,结果表明：沿最小水平地应力方向钻井井壁稳定性最好,沿最大水平地应力方向钻井井壁稳定性最差,而沿最大和最小水平地应力角角平分线方向钻井井壁稳定性介于前两者之间。     

废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采关键技术及应用

煤矿区地面瓦斯废弃井改造再利用,可进行采动区瓦斯抽采,具有保障回采工作安全生产,瓦斯资源有效利用,减少瓦斯逸散对环境压力等经济环保多重效益。针对这一目的,结合采动区地面井和废弃井的特点,提出废弃井“一井多用”瓦斯抽采技术思路。通过分析试验工作面开采工艺、覆岩结构及废弃井的基本情况等条件,研究并提出了废弃井优选及判识、地面井改造工艺、防护装置安设、抽采系统布置及抽采控制技术等,改进了废弃井改造射孔造缝段长度确定方法。研发了基于油套环空动态调节、组合套管双重防护及筛管分级优化的安全防护方法,形成了废弃井“一井多用”地面井瓦斯抽采技术。选取晋城矿区岳城煤矿作为试验对象,完成了3口废弃井(井号为YC-50、YC-52、YC-54)再利用改造试验,其地面井瓦斯抽采量累计分别为257.88万、172.50万、129.60万m3。YC-50井改造运行后,地面井抽采范围内工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数最大值从0.77%降至0.40%,降幅48.05%;YC-52井改造运行后,采煤工作面上隅角瓦斯体积分数降幅为52.38%,有效保障了回采工作面安全生产,实现了废弃井“一井多用”目标,取得了良好的经济与社会效益...     

柴达木盆地油气化探应用效果

在柴达木盆地进行了大规模的地表油气化探和井中化探勘探工作,结果显示油气化探对盆地内现有油气田具有良好的地质指示效果,并建立了以环状或半环状晕为主的油气藏综合化探异常模式。油气化探技术在盆地勘探新区的油气远景预测评价、钻井预测等方面效果良好,在现场随钻预测和发现井中油气产层、显示层方面亦取得了良好效果。因此,油气化探技术在柴达木盆地具有广阔的推广应用前景。     

基于声波测井的冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度估算方法

水合物饱和度参数的准确计算对于水合物资源量的评价至关重要。本文提出利用超声波测井资料与等效介质模型相结合的方法,可有效评价祁连山冻土区孔隙型水合物储层水合物饱和度变化特征,并在典型孔隙型水合物钻孔DKXX 13进行了应用。基于等效介质理论的弹性波速度模型正演模拟的纵波速度相比基于双相介质理论的弹性波速度模型更加吻合实际测井纵波速度,可用于分析孔隙型水合物储层的纵波速度特征;通过正演模拟的纵波速度与实际测井纵波速度的对比,识别出X30. 0~X30. 2m、X30. 3~X30. 4m、X31. 1~X31. 6m、X31. 7~X31. 9m、X32. 0~X32. 2m井段存在水合物,水合物赋存井段地层的水合物饱和度变化范围为13. 0%~85. 0%,平均值为61. 9%,与标准阿尔奇公式估算结果和现场岩芯测试结果基本一致。研究结果可为祁连山冻土区水合物地层测井评价与地震勘探提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

高位钻场长钻孔在淮南刘庄煤矿瓦斯抽采中的应用

刘庄煤矿东二采区121102工作面所开采的11-2煤层为非突出煤层,但在工作面回采期间,存在瓦斯突出的可能。为防止工作回风巷尤其是上隅角瓦斯超限,确保工作面的正常生产,同时兼顾瓦斯资源的抽采利用,施工了最大长度496m,钻孔直径133mm的瓦斯抽采孔。实际应用表明,该孔投入使用后,整个工作面回采过程中均未发生过瓦斯超限现象,说明利用大口径长距离钻孔取代巷道抽放瓦斯是完全可行的。本文介绍的高位钻场长钻孔的设计、施工和瓦斯抽采情况,可以为今后同类工作面中长钻孔的施工提供借鉴。     

水平定向钻孔在大佛寺煤矿瓦斯抽采中的优势探讨

煤矿井下水平定向钻孔在煤矿瓦斯抽采中具有明显的技术优势。通过对大佛寺煤矿常规钻孔工作面瓦斯治理技术的分析,指出了其中不足;经过对定向长钻孔钻进工艺、布孔技术进行分析以及通过大佛寺煤矿现场应用,得出定向长钻孔有利于实现工作面瓦斯区域集中抽采的结论;瓦斯抽采统计数据分析对比证明定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采效率要明显优于常规钻孔。