珠江口盆地成盆‒成烃‒成藏:代序

珠江口盆地位于太平洋俯冲的东部动力系统、印度?澳大利亚板块与欧亚碰撞或新特提斯洋俯冲的西部动力系统相互作用的中间地带,因此其构造成因及南海海盆打开机制一直存在争论;且构造对南海北部陆缘盆地群的油气成藏有何作用也不甚清晰.本专辑以珠江口盆地为例,特别是以阳江东凹为精细解剖区,结合中国东部新生代盆地的研究成果,展开了以下问...     

Mesozoic and early Cenozoic tectonic convergence-to-rifting transition prior to opening of the South China Sea

We have investigated Mesozoic geological problems around the South China Sea (SCS) based on gravimetric, magnetic, seismic, and lithofacies data. Three-dimensional analytical signal amplitudes (ASA) of magnetic anomalies clearly define the inland tectonic boundaries and the residual Mesozoic basins offshore. The ASA suggest that the degree of magmatism and/or the average magnetic susceptibility of igneous rocks increase southeastwards and that late-stage A-type igneous rocks present along the coast of southeast China possess the highest effective susceptibility. The geophysical data define Mesozoic sedimentary and tectonic structures and reveal four major unconformities [Pz/T–J, T–J/J, J/K, and Mesozoic/Cenozoic (Pz, Palaeozic; T, Triassic; J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous)], corresponding to regional tectonic events revealed by nine palaeogeographic time slices based on prior geological surveys and our new fieldwork. Showing both sedimentary and volcanic facies and regional faults, our palaeogeographic maps confirm an early Mesozoic northwestward-migrating orogeny that gradually obliterated the Tethyan regime, and a middle-to-late Mesozoic southeastward migration and younging in synchronized extension, faulting, and magmatism. Three major phases of marine deposition developed but were subsequently terminated by tectonic compression, uplift, erosion, faulting, rifting, and/or magmatism. The tectonic transition from the Tethyan to Pacific regimes was completed by the end of the Middle Triassic (ca. 220 Ma), reflecting widespread Mesozoic orogeny. The transition from an active to a passive continental margin occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous (ca. 100 Ma); this was accompanied by significant changes in sedimentary environments, due likely to an eastward retreat of the palaeo-Pacific subduction zone and/or to the collision of the West Philippine block with Eurasia. The overall Mesozoic evolution of southeast China comprised almost an entire cycle of orogenic build-up, peneplanation, and later extension, all under the influence of the subducting palaeo-Pacific plate. Continental margin extension and rifting continued into the early Cenozoic, eventually triggering the Oligocene opening of the SCS.     

南海北部深水区新生代热演化史

在构造沉降史恢复的基础上确定拉张期次,再采用非瞬时非均匀多期拉张纯剪切模型恢复南海北部深水区新生代热流史,结果表明：始新世以来,南海北部深水区存在多期热流升高的加热事件。裂谷阶段盆地基底热流幕式升高,裂后阶段也并非完全处于热衰减期。琼东南盆地新生代存在56.5～32 Ma、32～16 Ma和5.3 Ma以来3期加热事件,珠江口盆地存在56.5～32 Ma和32～23.3 Ma两期加热事件。琼东南盆地深水区基底热流始新世末为56～62 mW/m2; 早中新世末上升到60～64 mW/m2; 上新世末在深断陷区最高达75mW/m2。珠江口盆地深水区基底热流始新世末升高到60 mW/m2; 渐新世末升高到70 mW/m2。深水区新生代裂谷阶段多期拉张决定了基底热流幕式升高的多期加热事件,琼东南盆地晚期加热事件与红河走滑断裂在10～5 Ma时由左旋走滑转变为右旋走滑拉张有关。     

南海南部礼乐盆地结构演化及其对区域地质背景的响应

运用丰富的二维地震资料,通过构造结构与地层结构的分析,对礼乐盆地的盆地结构演化与转型过程及其对南海地区复杂动力学背景的响应特征进行研究。结果表明:受控于NNE、NEE、NW和近EW向的断裂体系,礼乐盆地现今构造格局表现为"两坳一隆"的结构特征;两个关键的区域角度不整合T70和T50将礼乐盆地新生界自下而上划分为三层结构:陆缘裂陷层、漂移裂陷层和前陆-拗陷层;响应于太平洋板块俯冲、印度-欧亚板块碰撞、新南海扩张、古南海消亡和菲律宾海板块楔入等一系列周缘板块重组事件,礼乐盆地的盆地结构演化及转型经历了三个阶段:陆缘多幕裂陷阶段,盆地结构受控于NNE和NEE向断裂体系,南北坳陷连通;漂移裂陷阶段,NNE和NW向共轭断裂体系控制盆地格局,中部隆起形成,分隔南、北坳陷;前陆-拗陷阶段,前陆盆地结构形成,随后盆地因热沉降进入拗陷沉积阶段。     

中国近海海域新生代成盆动力机制分析

中国近海海域发育了渤海湾、东海和南海等10多个新生代富油气沉积盆地,其发育演化过程及动力学背景的异同需要在统一的研究思路和方法下进行系统的总结.以海域盆地油气勘探开发中积累的丰富的地质地球物理资料为基础,详细解释和分析了渤海、东海和南海三大海域新生代盆地的构造地层格架,进一步明确了渤海湾盆地斜向拉分盆地的演化阶段,证实了区域走滑断裂体系对盆地发育的重要控制作用;在东海陆架盆地划分出弧后前陆盆地的演化阶段,认识到区域挤压作用对该盆地的演化过程的重要性;在南海北部深水区发现了大型拆离断层及其所控制的拆离盆地,提出大型拆离断层作用是地壳薄化、地幔剥露和陆缘深水盆地形成演化的主要机制.研究揭示出中国近海海域盆地新生代期间在经历了古新世-中始新世期间分布全区的均一断陷作用之后,从晚始新世开始进入到区域构造的差异性演化阶段,其中渤海湾盆地进入斜向走滑拉分阶段,并持续到渐新世末期,随后是中新世的热沉降和上新世以来的加速沉降过程;东海陆架盆地则进入长期的弧后前陆盆地演化阶段,直到上新世开始才进入区域性的沉降过程;而南海则持续伸展形成深水拆离盆地,并最终在渐新世初期（32 Ma）发生岩石圈裂解,南海洋盆开始扩张,陆缘则进入被动大陆边缘演化阶段.区域板块运动学分析表明,晚始新世发生的全球板块运动重组事件导致了中国近海海域盆地构造的差异性演化.该事件发生之前,中国东部处于欧亚板块和太平洋板块相互作用构建的"双板块"动力体制之下,太平洋板块的俯冲后退作用导致了陆缘弧后伸展,形成了广布中国东部大陆边缘的盆岭式断陷盆地系.该事件之后,中国大陆处于印度板块、欧亚板块、太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块等构建的"多板块体制"之下,印度-欧亚大陆的碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲方向的转变、古南海的俯冲碰撞、菲律宾海板块的楔入及其与太平洋板块向西运移俯冲等产生了更为复杂的板块运动过程和多期次的运动重组事件导致了中国海域盆地成因类型的多样性和构造演化过程的差异性.海域盆地是我国重要的油气生产基地,本文的研究不仅进一步深化了中国海域盆地的形成演化过程和动力机制的认识,而且对于该区的油气勘探和开发也具有重要的实际应用价值.      

东亚及其大陆边缘新生代构造迁移与盆地演化

构造迁移是盆地发展演化过程中十分普遍的地质现象,但西太平洋地区相关研究程度较低,本文基于近10年来对中国东部海域渤海湾盆地、南黄海盆地、东海陆架盆地和南海盆地等所开展的大量研究工作,并综合前人研究成果,对西太平洋地区中最具有代表性的中国东部及邻近海域的新生代构造迁移特征进行了系统讨论.西太平洋活动大陆边缘位于欧亚、太平洋和印度三大板块的交汇处,占据了全球板块汇聚中心的独特位置,并同时受到印度板块的挤入、太平洋板块的后退式俯冲、台湾造山带的楔入的联合作用,自新生代以来,形成了宽阔的自西向东后退式的沟弧盆体系.中国东部及邻区作为西太平活动大陆边缘的重要组成部分,在这个大地构造背景下,新生代的构造特征总体也表现出自西向东的迁移规律,具体表现在盆地的断裂活动性、沉积作用、断陷的萎缩与消亡等自西向东变新逐步演化,新生代的生、储、盖、圈、运、保六大油气成藏要素也表现出西早东晚、自西向东迁移的特征.这种成藏规律的识别对于中国东部油气、天然气水合物勘探具有非常重要的指导意义.最后,从板缘、板内和板下过程和机制,探讨了盆内和盆间的新生代构造迁移机制,这种构造-岩浆-成盆-成藏等的向洋变新迁移和跃迁是晚中生代以来挤出构造和新生代北西向壳内伸展、印度和欧亚板块碰撞诱发的软流圈向东流动的远程效应及太平洋俯冲带的跃迁式东撤的联合效应.     

Cenozoic tectonic jumping and implications for hydrocarbon accumulation in basins in the East Asia Continental Margin

Tectonic migration is a common geological process of basin formation and evolution. However, little is known about tectonic migration in the western Pacific margins. This paper focuses on the representative Cenozoic basins of East China and its surrounding seas in the western Pacific domain to discuss the phenomenon of tectonic jumping in Cenozoic basins, based on structural data from the Bohai Bay Basin, the South Yellow Sea Basin, the East China Sea Shelf Basin, and the South China Sea Continental Shelf Basin. The western Pacific active continental margin is the eastern margin of a global convergent system involving the Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indian Plate. Under the combined effects of the India-Eurasia collision and retrogressive or roll-back subduction of the Pacific Plate, the western Pacific active continental margin had a wide basin-arc-trench system which migrated or ‘jumped’ eastward and further oceanward. This migration and jumping is characterized by progressive eastward younging of faulting, sedimentation, and subsidence within the basins. Owing to the tectonic migration, the geological conditions associated with hydrocarbon and gashydrate accumulation in the Cenozoic basins of East China and its adjacent seas also become progressively younger from west to east, showing eastward younging in the generation time of reservoirs, seals, traps, accumulations and preservation of hydrocarbon and gashydrate. Such a spatio-temporal distribution of Cenozoic hydrocarbon and gashydrate is significant for the oil, gas and gashydrate exploration in the East Asian Continental Margin. Finally, this study discusses the mechanism of Cenozoic intrabasinal and interbasinal tectonic migration in terms of interplate, intraplate and underplating processes. The migration or jumping regimes of three separate or interrelated events: (1) tectonism-magmatism, (2) basin formation, and (3) hydrocarbon-gashydrate accumulation are the combined effects of the Late Mesozoic extrusion tectonics, the Cenozoic NW-directed crustal extension, and the regional far-field eastward flow of the western asthenosphere due to the India-Eurasia plate collision, accompanied by eastward jumping and roll-back of subduction zones of the Pacific Plate.     

渤海湾盆地大歧口凹陷断裂系统与陆内拉分断陷

大歧口凹陷位于渤海湾盆地中部,是在中生代构造基础上形成的新生代构造单元,是我国最具勘探价值的大型富油气凹陷。前人对大歧口凹陷盆地结构、断裂构造、演化特征方面有了较为深入的研究,但对凹陷内主要断裂的分段活动特征、构造迁移,以及新生代基底走滑-盖层伸展构造体系的深浅部耦合关系并未进行全面细致的研究,这在一定程度上限制了对凹陷内断裂活动特征、构造成因机制、断裂拓展演化规律详细的构造分析。本文在精细解释、深入分析地球物理资料的基础上,开展了详细的构造研究。研究表明,歧口凹陷充填格局主控断裂为东西走向,近南北向的沿岸变换带是主变换带;新生代的构造体系受北东向右行基底走滑断裂和东西向的盖层伸展构造的双重控制,并形成三级断阶带。基底-盖层断裂的耦合方式主要有两种:一是在盖层中形成强制性褶皱传递基底走滑,二是在盖层中形成一系列雁列式正断层。欧亚板块下的地幔物质在印度板块和太平洋板块两大构造系统的共同作用下,自南向北迁移并上涌,导致歧口凹陷主要断裂的规模、活动期以及断裂活动由南西向北东迁移、演化。     

Evolution of the eastern margin of Korea: Constraints on the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea)

We interpreted marine seismic profiles in conjunction with swath bathymetric and magnetic data to investigate rifting to breakup processes at the eastern Korean margin that led to the separation of the southwestern Japan Arc. The eastern Korean margin is rimmed by fundamental elements of rift architecture comprising a seaward succession of a rift basin and an uplifted rift flank passing into the slope, typical of a passive continental margin. In the northern part, rifting occurred in the Korea Plateau that is a continental fragment extended and partially segmented from the Korean Peninsula. Two distinguished rift basins (Onnuri and Bandal Basins) in the Korea Plateau are bounded by major synthetic and smaller antithetic faults, creating wide and considerably symmetric profiles. The large-offset border fault zones of these basins have convex dip slopes and demonstrate a zig-zag arrangement along strike. In contrast, the southern margin is engraved along its length with a single narrow rift basin (Hupo Basin) that is an elongated asymmetric half-graben. Analysis of rift fault patterns suggests that rifting at the Korean margin was primarily controlled by normal faulting resulting from extension rather than strike-slip deformation. Two extension directions for rifting are recognized: the Onnuri and Hupo Basins were rifted in the east-west direction; the Bandal Basin in the east–west and northwest–southeast directions, suggesting two rift stages. We interpret that the east–west direction represents initial rifting at the inner margin; while the Japan Basin widened, rifting propagated southeastward repeatedly from the Japan Basin toward the Korean margin but could not penetrate the strong continental lithosphere of the Korean Shield and changed the direction to the south, resulting in east–west extension to create the rift basins at the Korean margin. The northwest–southeast direction probably represents the direction of rifting orthogonal to the inferred line of breakup along the base of the slope of the Korea Plateau; after breakup the southwestern Japan Arc separated in the southeast direction, indicating a response to tensional tectonics associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate in the northwest direction. No significant volcanism was involved in initial rifting. In contrast, the inception of sea floor spreading documents a pronounced volcanic phase which appears to reflect asthenospheric upwelling as well as rift-induced convection particularly in the narrow southern margin. We suggest that structural and igneous evolution of the Korean margin, although it is in a back-arc setting, can be explained by the processes occurring at the passive continental margin with magmatism influenced by asthenospheric upwelling.     

南海共轭陆缘新生代碳酸盐台地 对海盆构造演化的响应

南海新生代碳酸盐台地分布面积广、厚度巨大,但大部分已经淹没,成为淹没碳酸盐台地,它们孕育着南海海盆演变的 重要信息.南海碳酸盐台地伴随着南海陆缘张裂而发育,最初主要发育在两个共轭陆缘伸展地块的构造高地.南海经历了大陆 边缘伸展、岩石圈减薄和地幔剥露等过程,始新世到早渐新世的第二期NE-SW 向扩张,形成了破裂不整合面,随之发生了晚 渐新世至早中新世的海底扩张,形成中央海盆.构造沉降提供了台地生长的可容纳空间,构造掀斜作用、断裂作用和前陆盆地 前沿挤压褶皱的迁移控制了台地各单元厚度、沉积相和地震反射终止特征在横向上的变化,构造控制的相对海平面的变化控 制了不同级序生物礁碳酸盐台地的沉积旋回,而后期加速沉降导致碳酸盐台地淹没.      

The structure,depositional style and accumulation characteristics of continental margin with diachronous breakup in the northern South China Sea

ABSTRACT

A typical diachronous breakup developed in the South China Sea (SCS); the breakup has been unequivocally identified, and gradually decreases in age from NE to SW. To illustrate the influence of a diachronous breakup on hydrocarbon accumulation, we used seismic profiles from CNOOC, and analysed crustal extension characteristics, sedimentary style and source rock accumulation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Because of the diachronous breakup in the SCS, various tectonic units developed in different positions on the northern continental margin with different degrees of extension. The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is closer to the central sea basin of the SCS and has been affected by regional tension stress for a longer time. Tectonic units of proximal domain, necking zone, and distal margin types developed, and the crust structure thinned from the land towards the sea. The Qiongdongnan Basin (QB) is closer to the Southwest Sub-basin. There are symmetrical proximal domains on the southern and northern sides of the QB, with a necking zone in the central part. It presents as an abandoned passive continental margin. (2) The PRMB exhibited rifted cells first, followed by canyon type extensional faulting and horizontal axial transportation, and then by a longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary style. But the QB has only rifted cells and canyon type faulting stages, no longitudinal shelf-slope sedimentary stage. The major source rocks in the northern SCS become younger from east to west, and the sedimentary facies change from lacustrine facies to marine-continental transitional facies. (3) The diachronous breakup process ultimately affecting oil and gas migration and accumulation process. The PRMB is dominated by deep-water shelf break accumulation with deep-water fan reservoir bodies. The QB is dominated by canyon type accumulation with channels.     

Structural Variability and Rifting Process of the Segmented Cenozoic Pearl River Mouth Basin, Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

The Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) is an important area for studying the evolution of continental marginal basins in the northern South China Sea (SCS), but the structural variability and spatiotemporal rifting process remains poorly understood. This study investigates the differential structural features of the eastern, middle and western PRMB, as well as the extensional deformation laws in operation during the rifting stage, according to an integrated analysis of geometric characteristics and kinematic parameters, i.e., horizontal displacement and stretching factors of basin and crust. The PRMB underwent at least three phases of intense extension, which varied in time and space. (1) During the middle Eocene, most sags in the PRMB were intensely stretched and high-angle planar to listric boundary faults controlled the wedge-shaped stratigraphic geometry. (2) During the late Eocene-to-early Oligocene, the stratigraphic geometry of the sags was slightly wedge-shaped and continuously controlled by boundary faults, however, the extensional strength decreased relatively in the Northern depression zone, but increased in the Southern depression zone. (3) During the late Oligocene, the extension was extremely weak in the northeast PRMB, but relatively strong in the southwest PRMB, leading to tabular stratigraphic geometry in the northeast PRMB, but localized slightly wedge-shaped stratigraphic geometry in the southwest. The southwest PRMB still underwent relatively strong extension during the early Miocene. The southwest PRMB that was induced by a small-scale localized mantle convection system constantly rifted during the late Oligocene, controlled by the weak lithosphere, westward (southwestward) diachronous opening and southward jump of the ocean ridge. The applied quantitative parameters and spatiotemporal rifting process may be used as a reference with which to study the segmented continental margin rifts.     

华南洋陆过渡带构造演化:特提斯构造域向太平洋构造域的转换过程与机制

南海北部陆缘位于大华南地块洋陆过渡带南段的关键核心段落,曾处于特提斯洋构造域与（古）太平洋构造域交接地带,是印度洋构造动力系统与太平洋构造动力系统波及的共同地区。然而,以往研究和勘探程度较低,特提斯构造域与太平洋构造域交接转换区域的大地构造背景、过程、机制始终不够明确。基于南海北部陆缘地震剖面,不仅关注该区新生代盆地结构构造,以服务该区油气精准勘探,并且试图以此解剖、揭示该区中生代基底结构特征,进而探索新生代南海海盆打开、扩张、停滞到消亡过程的前生今世。对珠江口盆地地震剖面解析和华南陆缘野外构造研究表明:华南地块洋陆过渡带先后经历了中生代印支期碰撞造山、燕山早期增生造山、燕山晚期压扭造山三个过程;随后进入新生代,又经历了早期北东东—南西西走向正断层主控下的弥散性裂解成盆、中期北东—北北东走向张扭断裂主控下的右行走滑拉分成盆、晚期北西—北西西向张扭断裂主控下的左行走滑拉分成盆三期伸展构造叠加。总体上,该区特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换过程经历了四个阶段:古特提斯洋构造体系向新特提斯洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向古太平洋构造体系转换、新特提斯洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系转换及古太平洋构造体系向太平洋构造体系的转换。东亚洋陆过渡带的构造转换折射出地球深浅部动力系统驱动“东亚大汇聚”的长期机制,即东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系、太平洋LLSVP和非洲LLSVP的深部动力系统（统称为海底“三极”）的重要性,其中,东南亚环形俯冲驱动体系是地球板块运动的重要动力引擎之一。      

Initiation and evolution of the South China Sea: an overview

Different models have been proposed for the formation and tectonic evolution of the South China Sea (SCS), including extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, backarc extension, two-stage opening, proto-SCS dragging, extension induced by a mantle plume, and integrated models that combine diverse factors. Among these, the extrusion model has gained the most attention. Based on simplified physical experiments, this model proposes that collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates resulted in extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, which in turn led to opening of the SCS. The extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula, however, should have led to preferential opening in the west side of the SCS, which is contrary to observations. Extensional models propose that the SCS was a backarc basin, rifted off the South China Block. Most of the backarc extension models, however, are not compatible with observations in terms of either age or subduction direction. The two-stage extension model is based on extensional basins surrounding the SCS. Recent dating results indeed show two-stage opening in the SCS, but the Southwest Subbasin of the SCS is much younger, which contradicts the two-stage extension model. Here we propose a refined backarc extension model. There was a wide Neotethys Ocean between the Australian and Eurasian Plates before the Indian-Eurasian collision. The ocean floor started to subduct northward at ~125 Ma, causing backarc extension along the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate and the formation of the proto-SCS. The Neotethys subduction regime changed due to ridge subduction in the Late Cretaceous, resulting in fold-belts, uplifting, erosion, and widespread unconformities. It may also have led to the subduction of the proto-SCS. Flat subduction of the ridge may have reached further north and resulted in another backarc extension that formed the SCS. The rollback of the flat subducting slab might have occurred ~90 Ma ago; the second backarc extension may have initiated between 50 and 45 Ma. The opening of the Southwest Subbasin is roughly simultaneous with a ridge jump in the East Subbasin, which implies major tectonic changes in the surrounding regions, likely related to major changes in the extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula.     

多期走滑拉分盆地的沉积响应:以南海北部珠江口盆地为例

南海北部陆缘位于太平洋和新特提斯两大构造域之间,其形成与演化受到多期多向构造叠加作用,珠江口盆地是南海北部陆缘的重要构造单元.自新生代早期珠琼运动以来,由于太平洋板块向华南大陆俯冲在珠江口盆地形成两期强烈的走滑拉分作用,从而导致早期弥散状地堑与后两期拉分盆地的三层盆地叠合现象.本文在综合珠江口盆地的地质、构造物理和数值...     

南海后扩张期大陆边缘闭合过程及成因机制

南海是西太平洋海域最大的边缘海,然而南海扩张终结后动力学过程研究仍较为薄弱.通过构造变革界面识别、褶皱冲断带沉积记录等方面的系统研究,揭示南海南部和东部陆缘在南海后扩张期的演化历程.研究表明南海南部和东部边缘经历了多个微板块从俯冲到碰撞的演变历程,形成了陆-陆碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、洋-弧俯冲等多个特征迥异的板块边界.南海南部陆缘属于古南海俯冲拖曳构造区,婆罗洲西北沙捞越-曾母地块率先碰撞,随后经历了婆罗洲东北沙巴-南沙地块碰撞、西南巴拉望-卡加延岛弧碰撞.南部多个微板块碰撞导致古南海呈剪刀式从西向东逐渐关闭和消亡,总体形成了以微地块碰撞、深海槽发育和造山带前缘巨厚沉积充填为特色的碰撞陆缘.东部陆缘属于菲律宾海俯冲-碰撞构造区,南海东部洋壳自中新世开始向菲律宾海板块俯冲,弧-陆碰撞仅局限于东部陆缘南北两端.澳洲-印度板块、菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块相互作用控制了南海边缘海闭合过程,南海正在进行的关闭过程主要集中在东缘和南缘,东缘呈现了以南海洋壳消亡为特征的闭合过程,而南缘则呈现以微陆块碰撞为特征的古南海闭合过程.显然,南部后扩张期陆缘演变可为边缘海闭合过程研究提供极佳的范例,同时对我国海洋权益保护和南海大陆边缘动力学研究具有重要意义.      

A model of the Cenozoic evolution of northern New Zealand and adjacent areas of the southwest Pacific

New information from the southwest Pacific indicates that earlier attempts at formulating the evolution of the area assuming a single Upper Cenozoic magmatic arc are untenable. It now appears that there were two arcs during the Miocene and Pliocene, a western Northland/Three Kings Rise arc, and an eastern Tonga-Lau/Kermadec-Colville arc. Both appear to have developed above west-dipping subduction zones. It is suggested that the Norfolk- and Reinga basins formed as back-arc basins to the western arc, and that eastern North Island lay adjacent to Northland and formed the accretionary prism to that arc. Upper Cenozoic evolution of the region involved the simultaneous opening of the Norfolk/Reinga basins, consumption of the western portion of the Oligocene South Fiji Basin by subduction beneath the western arc, and eastwards movement of New Zealand/Three Kings Rise towards the Tonga/Kermadec arc. When the Kermadec and Hikurangi trenches came into line late in the Pliocene, the Tonga/Kermadec arc was able to propagate rapidly southwards into North Island; simultaneously the western arc became extinct, and the tectonic tempo and strike-slip faulting accelerated markedly throughout New Zealand. Eastern North Island was moved dextrally an uncertain distance relative to the western North Island, and rotated 25°–30° clockwise. This accounts for the paradox of a 22-m.y. old accretionary margin lying adjacent to a 2-m.y. old arc (Taupo Volcanic Zone) at the present day.     

西江凹陷早新生代断裂演化及其对南海北缘应力场顺时针旋转的响应

南海北部发育了一系列的新生代盆地,该类盆地记录了新生代早期南海北缘应力场顺时针旋转过程,西江凹陷位于珠江口盆地内,记录了这一过程.利用丰富的二维、三维地震资料,针对西江凹陷断裂体系的演化过程进行了研究.凹陷基底在新生代之前作为华南陆缘的一部分,经历了多期次复杂的构造演化,形成了NE和NW两个方向的基底断层; 早-中始新世,NE向先存断裂优先复活,由太平洋板块俯冲后撤在研究区产生的NW-SE向伸展应力所致; 晚始新世-早渐新世,近EW向断裂大量发育,NW向断裂以走滑方式复活,该时期断层演化主要受太平洋俯冲方向的变化、印度板块碰撞及古南海的拖拽导致该地区应力场顺时针转变为近NS向的影响; 进一步通过物理模拟实验验证了断裂的演化机制,NE向先存断裂施加NS向拉张应力,先存NE向断裂局部复活,大量近EW向断层沿着NE向先存断裂展布位置形成,剖面上表现为正断层; NW向断裂在NS向拉张应力条件下,可见NW向走滑大量复活,局部发育少量的近EW向断裂.该研究对南海北缘新生代应力转变过程研究具有重要的借鉴意义.      

珠江口盆地构造演化旋回及其新生代沉积环境变迁

目前对珠江口盆地中生代以来的演化过程及其与沉积环境演变的响应关系尚缺乏系统性认识.基于珠江口盆地中-新生代岩浆活动、断陷结构样式及其改造、典型构造变形样式、沉积中心的转换等特征的对比分析,将盆地中-新生代的构造演化划分为4个阶段、7个期次:（1）中侏罗世-晚白垩世早期（~170~90 Ma）为古太平洋板块俯冲主控的陆缘岩浆弧-弧前盆地演化阶段;（2）晚白垩世-始新世中期（~90~43 Ma）为太平洋板块俯冲后撤背景下弧后周缘前陆/造山后塌陷-主动裂谷演化阶段;（3）始新世中期-中中新世（~43~10 Ma）为华南挤出-古南海俯冲拖曳主导的被动陆缘演化阶段;（4）晚中新世以来（~10~0 Ma）为菲律宾板块NWW向仰冲主导的挤压张扭演化阶段.~90 Ma、~43 Ma、~10 Ma分别实现了由安第斯型俯冲向西太平洋型俯冲、由主动裂谷向被动陆缘伸展、由被动陆缘伸展向挤压张扭的转换.在此过程中,伴随着古南海和南海的发育-消亡,新生代裂陷期沉积环境由东向西、由南向北逐渐海侵,裂后期由南向北阶段性差异沉降,由陆架浅水向陆坡深水转换,这使得珠一/三、珠二、珠四坳陷的石油地质条件具有显著的分带差异性.      

南沙西南海域新生代构造活动特征与盆地演化

南沙海域处于已俯冲消亡的古南海和海底扩张形成的新南海洋盆之间, 其研究对于了解中生代末期以来南海北部陆缘张裂、新南海海底扩张和古南海向南俯冲消亡等构造过程具有重要意义.通过利用平衡剖面反演对该区新生代以来的构造活动和盆地演化进行研究.结果发现, 该区新生代以来的构造活动具有显著的分区性特征, 表现为以区内深大断裂为界, 所分隔的3个块体其构造活动的主导因素和活动阶段性存在差异.南沙块体构造活动的主导因素为NW向应力, 构造活动以中—晚中新世为界前张后压, 具有明显的阶段性; 万安盆地构造活动受万安断裂控制, 构造活动阶段性不明显; 曾母块体构造活动特征与南沙块体类似, 具有明显的阶段性, 但具体表现不同.在此基础上, 将该区主要盆地的演化划分为4个阶段, 即裂陷阶段、同沉积阶段、挤压阶段和区域沉降阶段.其表现又因盆地成因类型而有所不同: 北康盆地裂陷和挤压阶段突出, 沉降阶段缺失; 南薇西盆地裂陷阶段南弱北强; 万安盆地缺少挤压阶段; 曾母盆地则4个阶段均非常明显.