从土壤腐殖质分组到分子有机质组学认识土壤有机质本质

梳理了与土壤生态系统功能相联系的,特别是对固碳减排的土壤有机质本质认识的研究进展及路径,探讨了经典腐殖质学说存在的问题,概述了新近的有机质保护稳定学说及腐殖质组学学说,并追溯了生物标志物有机质分子研究,最后从土壤学的基本理念和理论出发讨论和重新认识土壤有机质的本质及其价值。从形成条件、分离条件和分子鉴定等多方面分析,土壤腐殖质形成和稳定学说越来越显示出局限性;而面向气候变化的碳固定研究可以深入探析土壤有机质的复杂存在状态。越来越认识到土壤有机质是投入土壤的有机物质经不同程度生物利用或降解的产物残留,只是被土壤不同程度地区隔和封闭,本质上仍是分子量变化极大的生命源有机物的集合。因此,可通过生物标志物分子作为靶标在土壤中提取和识别,该技术的发展将孕育萌生土壤有机质分子组学。后者可以用于判读土壤有机质的结构支撑、反应活性和促生功能等方面的本质差别,这些差别可能是由有机分子组成结构及存在状态所决定而不是由有机分子稳定性决定的。从这个概念出发,类似于土壤微生物分子生态,土壤有机质的丰度、组成、结构与功能间的联系可能是土壤有机质本质的核心问题。对这种关系的量化和参数化表征可用以探索土壤有机质永续固定,且可以保持生命活性的土壤有机质的管理策略及技术,并配合土壤的团聚体理论诠释土壤的本质和生态系统功能服务,这将是未来土壤学服务人类可持续发展的理论立足点。     

农田土壤固碳潜力研究的关键科学问题

农田生态系统在陆地生态系统碳循环中扮演着重要的角色。增加农田土壤有机碳的固定不仅可减少大气CO2含量,而且对保障国家粮食安全具有举足轻重的作用。近年来评估土壤固碳潜力已成为国际科学界研究的热点和难点。但由于不同研究者对“潜力”范畴的界定不同,全球或区域尺度农田土壤固碳潜力的估算还存在很大的不确定性。所谓固碳潜力,即土壤碳的饱和水平或土壤所容纳碳的最大能力。这一能力受区域气候、土壤类型、农业管理措施的综合影响。故此,合理地评价固碳潜力,应综合考虑气候、土壤和农业措施诸因素,并将宏观尺度与微观尺度的研究结合起来。从固碳潜力概念范畴及研究方法出发,阐述了农田土壤固碳潜力的研究现状,并结合生物潜力和物理化学潜力的研究,提出区域农田土壤固碳潜力的计量方案,并就该研究领域亟需回答的科学问题进行了探讨。     

基于文献可视化分析的土壤团聚体研究进展

从时间和空间尺度梳理了土壤团聚体的发展历程,通过分析发文时间、发文国家和地区以及关键词等把握土壤团聚体的研究方向、热点和发展趋势。近10年来,土壤团聚体的研究方向主要集中在气候变化背景下土壤有机碳对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响机制,以及土壤团聚体在缓解土壤侵蚀、风蚀和重金属污染等方面的作用。土壤团聚体研究的热点是不同土地管理制度或者不同土地利用方式对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响机制,以及土壤团聚体在碳循环中的作用。同时发现对土壤团聚体的研究高度集中在中低纬度、中低海拔地区,而对高纬度、高海拔地区关注不够。未来土壤团聚体的研究仍会在气候变化背景下展开：(1)研究其与土壤有机碳的相互作用机制,充分发挥其固碳潜力;(2)研究其与土壤水分的关系,探究其对不同尺度水循环的影响;(3)在高纬度、高海拔地区进一步开展深层次和外延性的研究。     

从《世界土壤资源状况报告》解读全球土壤学社会责任和发展特点及对中国土壤学研究的启示

解读2015年发布的《世界土壤资源状况报告》。基于对世界土壤资源状况的多视角分析,提出1/3面积的世界土壤资源处于部分或严重受损的态势,再次强调了世界土壤资源对于全球社会的普世价值,彰显了全面监测、调控和管理全球土壤资源的重大任务以及教育、研究和技术发展支撑全球土壤可持续管理的社会责任。报告表明,全球土壤学研究焦点是土壤变化与自然和人类活动驱动力、土壤退化及其导致的土壤质量、过程、功能和服务的变化,热点是碳(氮)—水—生物储库及分布为代表的生物地球化学与全球系统气候变化、生态系统功能及人类健康生活的关系;全球土壤学发展的突出趋势还表现为大数据为基础的集成研究。全球土壤学话语权仍为欧美发达国家所主导,中国土壤学的影响还很小,我国土壤学研究水平及其对社会的服务作用急需提升。     

桂林毛村岩溶区自然植被土壤团聚体中腐殖质组成初步研究

探索土壤有机碳物理保护与化学保护的关系,有助于揭示土壤固碳和培肥机理,明确不同粒级团聚体和不同腐殖物质组分对土壤固碳和肥力的贡献。本研究对岩溶区自然植被土壤团聚体中腐殖质含量进行了研究,结果表明:(1)灌丛和林地土壤团聚体中有机碳含量总体上均表现为随着土层深度的增加逐渐下降,而在不同土层深度随着团聚体粒径范围的变化则有机碳含量的变化规律则不同,无明显一致的规律;(2)两种土地利用方式各粒径团聚体中胡敏酸和富里酸均比全土小。这可能是由于在湿筛分离团聚体的过程中溶于水的那部分胡敏酸和富里酸成分被损失掉;(3)各腐殖质组分随着团聚体粒径范围的减小在两种自然植被上均无明显一致的规律,但胡敏酸和富里酸总量则基本表现为随着团聚体粒径范围的减小而逐渐升高,即在0.25mm和0.5~0.25mm粒径范围团聚体中最大;(4)两种自然植被土壤各土层中和各团聚体中胡敏酸/富里酸(HA/FA)基本上表现为小于1,这主要是因为研究区温度相对较高,湿度较大,植被覆盖度大,微生物降解作用强所致。     

岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义——以贵州贞丰—关岭岩溶石山地区为例

岩溶石山地区土壤退化与恢复的成因和机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。以贵州西南部贞丰—关岭岩溶石山区为对象，选择了区内退化地、农用地、恢复地等生态样块以及与未退化地为对照，采集了其中的表层和亚表层土壤，分别进行了土壤的养分库量、微生物活性与功能和土壤酶活性等化学分析。研究表明土壤养分库是土壤中微生物活性基础，微生物量碳随土壤养分库容的退化或恢复而相应变化，退化岩溶地植被恢复3~6年后，主要养分总库容得到明显恢复(恢复程度55%~65%)，因而带动了微生物量碳的恢复（平均恢复程度60%以上），但养分的活性（有效磷）、微生物的功能（呼吸熵及土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性）并没有得到相应程度的恢复（平均恢复程度仅在25%~40%）。这些结果提示，限制性养分活性和微生物功能的恢复是植被恢复下生态系统健康水平的重要指示。因此，在分析岩溶土壤和生态系统退化过程的本质以及评价生态恢复的效应时，不仅应将微生物量碳和总养分库指标作为岩溶土壤退化恢复的指标，更应将微生物区系的质量和功能指标纳入关键评价内容。      

水文土壤学面临的机遇与挑战

水文土壤学是以土壤发生学、土壤物理学和水文学为主的新兴交叉学科,综合研究不同时空尺度土壤与水的相互作用关系,在地球表层系统科学综合集成研究中具有特殊地位和重要作用。阐述了水文土壤学形成背景与内涵、学科与理论基础及研究进展,并展望未来面临的机遇与挑战。水文土壤学重点解决以下2个科学问题:①土壤结构及土壤—景观分布格局在不同时空尺度上如何主导和影响水文过程以及与其相关的生物地球化学循环和生态系统演变;②景观系统水文过程如何影响土壤发育、演变、异质性及其功能。水文土壤学面临研究方法和理论创新、多尺度综合观测网络体系构建及人才培养等方面的挑战。     

地球关键带视角理解生态系统碳生物地球化学过程与机制

陆地生态系统研究通常未考虑影响整个岩石风化层--土壤剖面的生物地球化学过程,而关键带科学则强调从冠层到基岩重新认识整个生态系统的结构和功能,在流域尺度上应该强调大气和植物之间、植物和土壤之间、小流域土壤和溪流之间物质和元素循环的相互联系等。植物碳固定及分配、从地表到基岩的土壤碳库分解和转化以及小流域碳迁移与平衡是碳生物地球化学循环的起始、周转和迁移过程的关键环节,应该加强流域尺度上从冠层到基岩的生态系统碳循环过程、机制及其生态功能研究。同位素技术具有指示、示踪和整合功能,通过δ13C自然示踪和人工标记技术,可以辅助解析碳生物地球化学过程与机制。     

祁连山地区生态系统服务间权衡的社会-生态环境响应机制研究

生态系统服务间权衡和协同关系存在显著的空间异质性,现有研究较少从社会-生态环境的角度进行分析,难以对将生态系统服务纳入实际政策制定过程中。以祁连山地区为研究区,利用InVEST模型和CASA模型对2019年五项调节服务（碳固定、碳储存、产水量、土壤保持和水质净化）和一项支持服务（生境质量）进行计算,结合多元回归树分析法,研究服务间关联的空间异质性及其对社会-生态环境的响应。结果显示,全区尺度上六项服务间呈协同关系,主要受到土地利用类型、降雨和植被覆盖度的影响。植被覆盖区的服务供给量整体高于无植被覆盖区。研究区可被分为5个聚类,不同聚类内服务间关联存在差异。无植被覆盖且年均降雨量低于440.2 mm的区域与植被覆盖度高于0.559的非耕地区内,服务间关联均呈显著协同,后者服务整体较高。降雨升高可促使无植被覆盖区内产水量和土壤保持与其他服务间呈权衡关系,植被覆盖度较低或耕地区内服务间关联变弱。研究成果可为生态管理和政策制定提供有效参考。     

土地利用方式对广西平果喀斯特土壤碳氮磷全量与易利用组分的影响

以广西平果喀斯特生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站及周边地块的三种土地利用方式(退耕林地、退耕草地、耕地(甘蔗地和玉米地))为研究对象,通过采集0～15 cm表层土壤,分析土壤的理化性质和土壤碳、氮、磷全量与易利用组分及其关系,以期能更加准确地理解和把握退耕还林还草、土地利用方式转变对喀斯特地区土壤碳、氮、磷全量及易利用组分的影响。结果表明：(1)与耕地相比,退耕后林地和草地土壤pH值显著升高,大团聚体、速效氮显著增加,微团聚体、速效磷显著减少。(2)退耕后林地和草地土壤有机碳较耕地显著增加,林地和草地分别是甘蔗地的1.98和1.88倍,分别是玉米地的2.15和2.04倍。林地和草地土壤微生物生物量碳、全氮、微生物生物量氮较耕地也明显提高。对于磷,草地全磷(1.04 g·kg^-1)最高,其次玉米地(0.81 g·kg^-1),且甘蔗地和玉米地的可溶性磷均显著高于林地和草地。在土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量比方面,林地的OC/TP、TN/TP显著高于草地和耕地,而草地和耕地没有显著差异。(3)土壤容重、团聚体结构、pH、速效氮、速效磷都与土壤碳、氮、磷全量与...     

Exploring the Nature of Soil Organic Matter from Humic Substances Isolation to SOMics of Molecular Assemblage

In this review, the evolution of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) research was traced back to outline the main achievement of understanding SOM in relation to its ecological functioning, particularly of carbon sequestration against climate change. The short-coming of soil humus theory, knowledge of SOM protection and stabilization, framework of newly emerged Humeomics as well as the increasingly active study of molecular organics in soils were analyzed and discussed, highlighting the importance of re-visiting SOM in term of structure-property-functions for the main mission of modern soil science. There were limitations of soil forming conditions, fraction separation procedure and single molecule identification for understanding the huge complex humus of larger sized synthesized molecules. Thanks to the ever-active studies of soil (organic) carbon sequestration and stabilization focusing on the association status of SOM with soil components, SOM has been increasingly recognized as an assemblage of metabolites from life activities on or in soil, with different allocation or protected in mineral/organic complex phases, which could be traced by biomarker molecules. Using such biomarker molecules as a target (like primer in molecular microbiology), all the molecules of SOM could be digested and isolated for qualitative or quantitative identification with GC/MS high resolution technologies. Such development has emerged a new paradigm of molecular SOM study, finally as SOMics as a modern soil science frontier. The functioning of SOM for stabilizing soil structure, enhancing reactivity and promoting biological resistance could be correlated to the paradigm of abundance, composition, structure and functions rather than the content and recalcitrance of SOM. This may deserve urgent studies to quantify and parameterize the defined paradigm based on the molecular composition of SOM. Again, such theory and technology development could provide a tool to manage SOM in term of carbon sequestration but revalorizing bioactivity in ecosystems, especially in agroecosystems. We believe such studies could rather depict the nature of SOM and of soil in relation to its ecological services and functioning, which will be the focus of soil science in serving the sustainable development of human society.     

Analysis on the Feasibility and Pathway of Integrating Ecosystem Service into Climate Change Governance Solution

Climate change mitigation and adaptation based on the ecosystem services, used as the fundamental part of climate change strategy, can help make more cost effective and more sustainable climate change solutions. The article analyzed the necessity and the feasibility of combination of ecosystem service and climate change strategy, and put forward the way of cooperation between mitigation and adaptation through the ecosystem approach. Based on the above analysis, we reached the conclusion of taking the knowledge involved with ecosystem services into the efforts of tackling climate change timely and of achieving synergies by maintaining and improving a healthy ecosystem, which would not only just help ease the problems of climate change, but also bring in new opportunities and development space.     

Human impacts on soils: Tipping points and knowledge gaps

Soil ecosystem functions are derived from plant, animal and microorganism communities and the non-living environment interacting as a unit. Human activities have affected soil ecosystem functions and in many cases caused soil ecosystem collapse. This review provides a synthesis of current knowledge of human impacts on soil ecosystems, with a special focus on knowledge gaps regarding soil ecosystem shifts and tipping points, using the island of Crete, Greece as an example. Soil ecosystem shifts are abrupt changes that occur at “tipping points” and have long-lasting effects on the landscape and both the biotic and abiotic structure of the soil. These shifts can occur due to climate change, land use change, fertilization, or above-ground biodiversity decline. The environmental pressures in the agricultural land of Crete, place the island very close to tipping points, and make it an “ideal” area for soil ecosystem shifts. Reversing the trend of the shift while using the soil ecosystem services, means that significantly more organic matter needs to be added to the soil compared to the amount added under set-aside conditions. Potential nutrient supply and demand calculations indicate that fertilizer demand in Crete can be satisfied by recycling of bio-residue and livestock excreta produced on the island. Soil fertility improves faster if, in addition to bio-fertilization, farmers use traditional agricultural practices such as crop rotations and legume row plantings within olive trees and orchards. A renewed soil fertility paradigm shift requires a “holistic” management of biotic-soil–water resources in order to provide sufficient and an appropriate type of organic matter to the plant–microorganism system to maximize food production.     

从第三极到北极： 热喀斯特及其对碳循环影响研究进展

北半球多年冻土区储存着大量的土壤有机碳, 气候变暖加剧了多年冻土退化, 多年冻土退化最明显的特征是热喀斯特。热喀斯特会直接导致活动层及多年冻土层土壤有机质暴露, 并改变水文、 植被和土壤生物环境条件, 对生态系统碳循环具有重要影响。热喀斯特对碳循环的影响是评估多年冻土碳循环和气候变化关系不确定性的关键问题之一。然而, 在气候变暖背景下热喀斯特地貌的发育及其对碳循环影响有多大, 目前对这个问题仍然缺乏足够的认识。通过综合比较第三极和北极热喀斯特相关研究, 分析了第三极和北极地区热喀斯特地貌特征及其变化趋势, 阐述了热喀斯特对植被演替、 土壤碳损失和生态系统温室气体排放过程的影响, 并提出了未来热喀斯特研究可能遇到的挑战。认识热喀斯特碳循环过程, 是评估气候变化对多年冻土碳循环影响的关键环节, 有助于加强多年冻土区生态系统碳循环与气候变暖之间反馈关系的认知。     

Global challenges and adaptations in management practices to preserve soil carbon pool with changing climate

Increasing CO₂ levels and its consequent effects have been prominent with climate change. Three out of ten transgressed planetary boundaries reflect our planet’s status at tipping point. Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) which helps soil supply water and nutrients to plants through roots is inherently related to various ecological systems and needs urgent attention. Although the total SOC globally is more than the total carbon in biosphere and atmosphere, the vulnerability of SOC due to anthropogenic activities is unavoidable. The environmental factors affecting sequestration of SOC, soil fertility, crop production, accelerated SOC removal with rising temperatures, green-house gases emissions and climate change are interrelated. Thus, it is impossible to understand and estimate the various scenarios of impacts on SOC pool with ever-changing ecosystems and related processes in soil environment completely. Based on currently predicted climate change scenarios, if deforestation is controlled and reestablishment is achieved, tropical forests can trap atmospheric CO₂ in the cheapest way and function as the largest sink on earth. The agricultural management practices (AMPs), which have been practiced in the last two decades and found helpful are suitable. However, some innovative adaptations such as crop modelling, selecting types of residue to change microbial communities, practices of grassland-grazing and low-C-emission AMPs are also necessary. To achieve the millennium development goals, we must accomplish food security, which relates all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) also relays agricultural systems, soil systems, ecosystem services, soil fertility and how best we nurture SOC pool with supportive AMPs.     

黑龙江省兴凯湖自然保护区生态系统固碳服务功能评价

湿地是自然界中重要的“碳汇”,其碳储量变化对全球气候变化和温室效应有重要的影响.选择地理位置独特的黑龙江兴凯湖自然保护区作为研究区,根据保护区内不同土壤类型采集表层（0～20 cm）土壤样品,利用遥感解译的保护区土地利用图、土壤储碳量和植物固碳量计算公式,核算兴凯湖自然保护区生态系统固碳服务总量,同时借鉴瑞典碳税法和中国造林成本法,估算兴凯湖保护区固碳服务功能价值为4.9亿元.结果显示,兴凯湖自然保护区湿地固碳服务功能高于全国平均水平,且高于同纬度同属东北平原的莫莫格湿地,为保护区今后的保护管理策略提供了有效的参考依据.     

A Review of the Methods and Controls of Soil Weathering Rates

The study of soil weathering processes College of Resources and Environment, rates and the associated influencing factors is crucial for understanding of the feedbacks between soil and environment, which will provide a basis for predicting soil behavior and evolution trend in the ecosystem under natural and anthropogenic forcings. This is also important for the effective management of soil resources. This article reviewed the methods for measuring soil weathering rates (including simulating leaching experiment, model calculation, isotope technique, element depletion and geochemical mass balance) and the influencing factors (including climate, organism, parent material, relief, time and human activities). In view of the serious degradation of soil resources, we proposed the challenge and opportunity of the research of soil weathering. The future study should focus on the critical processes, rates and the associated environmental thresholds of soil weathering under varying natural conditions and intensive human perturbations, including the establishment of the quantitative relationship between the weathering rates calculated by different methods, the analysis and interpretation of synergistic effects among multiple influencing factors, and the modeling and prediction of changing tendency of weathering rates under the impacts of both climatic changes and human activities, in order to guide the sustainable management of soil resource and mitigation of global change.     

根系分泌的有机酸及其对喀斯特植物、土壤碳汇的影响

根系分泌的有机酸是土壤有机酸的重要动态来源,来源于光合作用固定的碳,是土壤碳流动的最活跃形式。根系分泌的有机酸是一种具有调节作用的植物和土壤碳汇。一方面,在喀斯特土壤环境中,植物根系分泌有机酸的含量增加,影响碳汇的产生和流动,直接调节植物与土壤的固碳增汇能力;另一方面,根系分泌的有机酸通过影响土壤中一系列的动态化学和生物学过程,对土壤养分有效性和养分循环以及微生物的活性产生深刻影响,直接影响土壤的固碳增汇能力,从而间接影响植物的固碳增汇能力。因此,根系分泌的有机酸在喀斯特生态系统的固碳增汇中起着重要作用。