湖北武湖日本沼虾的生长特性

从1998年9月至1999年9月对人工养殖湖泊——武湖日本沼虾生长特性作了研究. 以月龄来研究日本沼虾的生长,研究结果表明日本沼虾在7-1月份(1-7月龄)呈等速生长,在2-6月份(8-12月龄)呈异速生长.日本沼虾体重(W)与体长(L)呈幂函数相关,但在7-1月份时其b值接近于3,而在2-6月份时其b值明显小于3,其关系式如下: 1-7月龄:W♂=0. 0148L3. 2419(r=0. 9978,n=390),W♀=0. 0206L3. 0117(r=0. 9968,n=372); 8-12月龄:W♂=0. 0857L2. 1788(r=0.9854,n=188),W♀=0. 1450L1. 8165(r=0. 9974,n=278). 1-7月龄雄虾的生长规律符合Von Bertalanffy方程,雌虾的生长规律符合Logistic方程;8-12月龄雌雄虾的生长规律都符合Logistic方程.     

新疆乌伦古湖河鲈二十年来种群生长变化及原因

新疆乌伦古湖是中国内陆主要渔业基地之一,为了充分开发其渔业资源,在过去的40余年中共引进鱼类15种;乌伦古湖土著鱼类的生态位大部分已经为外来鱼类所占据,曾为乌伦古湖最重要的土著经济鱼类的河鲈物种濒临灭绝,为了探讨河鲈种群数量锐减的原凶和外来鱼类对乌伦古湖土著鱼类的入侵机制,2007-2008年对乌伦古湖河鲈的生长状况进行了调查,并与1987-1989年的调查数据进行了比较分析,调查结果表明:除1+龄组外,乌伦古湖河鲈其它各龄组的平均体长和体重均明显减小;拟合Von Bertalanffy生长方程的各参数,L∞=41.317cm,W∞=15475.1g,k=0.1649,t0=-0.2626;求得生长特征指数Φ=2.4493.L∞和Φ值明显减小,k值有所增加;但生长式型没有改变,生长拐点与1987-1989年一致,仍为tIP=7.探讨了乌伦古湖河鲈种群生长变化的主要原因及作用机制.     

洪湖日本沼虾的种群繁殖生物学

1994年5月至1995年6月对洪湖日本沼虾的种群繁殖生物学进行了研究．洪湖日本沼虾的繁殖期为4月中旬至10月上旬,5月中旬至8月中旬为日本沼虾的繁殖高峰期,其中6月、8月雌虾抱卵率均在70％以上;日本沼虾群体中雄性总是少于雌性,月性比（♀／♂）变化于1．104－5．780之间,3—6月性比逐渐增高,7─10月性比则逐渐降低;在整个繁殖期．4─7月的抱卵虾均为前一年出生的大、中规格的个体,之后当年出生的个体在繁殖群体中逐渐占据优势;春季抱卵虾的绝对繁殖力和相对繁殖力都大于秋季抱卵虾,分别计算了绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力与体长、体重的函数关系．本文还对日本沼虾群体性比的周年变化及其产卵次数进行了讨论．     

网湖似剌鳊鮈年龄与生长的研究

对湖北省阳新县网湖所采得的862尾似刺鳊鮈的年龄与生长的研究表明,其年轮特征主要为切割型和碎裂型。其体长与鳞径呈直线相关:L=5.6784+4.3056R;体长与体重呈幂函数的增长关系:W=2.8026×10~(-2)L~(2.8754)。应用Van Bertalanffy生长方程拟合该鱼的一般生长规律,其生长参数为:L_∞=25.0143cm,W_∞=277.8876g,K=0.4668,t_0=-1.3886,拐点年龄t_i=1龄,拐点体长L_i=16.42cm,拐点体重W_i=82.82g。     

浙江铜山源水库美国大口胭脂鱼的年龄组成及生长

2002-2004年,在浙江衢州铜山源水库,对该库放养的美国大口胭脂鱼的生长情况进行了研究,结果表明,该水 库美国大口胭脂鱼的鳞片以环片的切割型为主要年轮特征．用刺网所捕的美国大口胭脂鱼渔获物中以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄个体为 主．体长和体重的关系式为：W=8．595×10~(-5)15 L~(2.662),Von Bertalanffy 生长方程的主要生物学参数：L_∞=36．54cm,W_∞= 1．245kg,K=0．6377,t_0=-0．261龄,体重生长的拐点年龄 t_1=1．92龄,拐点体重W_1=0．396kg．与池养鱼类生长情况相 比,铜山源水库的美国大口胭脂鱼生长较慢．     

太湖大银鱼生长特性的研究

本文根据太湖大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocranius Abbott)周年生物学实测资料,并应用Von Bertalanffy生长方程进行计算,对大银鱼在太湖的生长规律及特点进行分析探讨,结果表明:1.体全长与体重呈幂函数关系:W=3.981×10~(-6)L~(2.9359);2.Von Bertalanffy生长方程的各项参数值为:L_∞=219.86(mm),W_∞=28.56(g),K=0.1469,t_0=0.33;3。生长拐点年龄为7、8月龄。     

澜沧7.6级地震前兆异常特征（二）短临异常及其综合特征

本文介绍1988年11月6日澜沧—耿马7.6、7.2级强震的短期和临震异常情况,研究了短临阶段异常群体的综合特征。短期阶段全省计有地磁Z、水化、水位、水温、地应力、定点形变等6类22个台项异常,占6类手段总台项的28％,且异常形态复杂。临震阶段计有水温、水位、水氡、磁偏角、定点形变等5类14个台项异常,占5类手段总台项的23％。短期阶段部分中期异常出现准同步转折,与此同时新异常台项月频次出现同步增加的现象,将它定义为配套性短期异常,这一特征可以作为异常发展进入短期阶段的判据。1988年10月新异常台项月频次较短期阶段最高的8月(8台项)增大近1倍,达15台项,这一特征可作为临震阶段的判据。     

滇西哀牢山地区晚三叠世高εNd（t）-εHf（t）花岗岩的构造指示

高εNd（t）-εHf（t）花岗岩是研究陆壳生长的有力证据。哀牢山构造带中段滑石板花岗岩样品激光锆石U-Pb年代学、Lu-Hf同位素和全岩主微量元素、Sr-Nd同位素分析结果表明其为高硅（SiO2=72.66wt%-73.70wt%）、低镁（Mg^#=0.28-0.34）、弱过铝质（A/CNK=1.01-1.05）的高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩, 具有正的εNd（t）值（3.28-3.55）。其中两个样品的锆石^206Pb/^238U加权平均年龄分别为（229.9±2.0）和（229.3±2.3） Ma, 对应的εHf（t）分别为9.8-12.6和8.4-13.1. 229 Ma代表了花岗岩结晶年龄, 结合对近年来国内外关于哀牢山深变质杂岩的年代学资料的统计分析, 可以认为哀牢山深变质岩并非前人所认为的是扬子地台前寒武纪结晶基底的一部分, 而是由中元古代、新元古代、海西早期、印支期和喜马拉雅期等不同时代岩石组成的变质杂岩。滑石板高εHf（t）花岗岩的形成经历了两个阶段： 二叠纪受到流体、熔体交代的地幔楔部分熔融底侵到下地壳形成岛弧下地壳; 晚三叠世碰撞后阶段上涌的软流圈地幔热导致新生下地壳重熔。滑石板高εNd（t）-εHf（t）花岗岩记录了哀牢山构造带经历过的一次地壳增生事件。     

320排 CT 前瞻性心电门控容积扫描窄采集窗设置的临床评价?

目的：通过低心率下宽采集窗与窄采集窗图像质量与辐射剂量对比,明确窄采集窗320排 CT 冠脉造影的临床应用价值。方法：前瞻性选取2015年9月至2016年1月拟行 CTCA 且心率（HR）≤65次/min、心率变异度（HRv）≤ 5次/min 的患者80例,平均年龄51岁（范围：36岁～83岁）。所选患者随机分为 A、B 两组,其中 A 组（n =40）采集期相设置为 R-R 间期70％～80％。B 组（n =40）采集期相设置为 R-R 间期30％～80％。两组设置管电压100 kV,依据体质量指数自动设置管电流300～580 mA。评价并比较 A、B 两组辐射剂量与图像质量。结果：A、B两组辐射剂量差异具有统计学意义（2.02 mSv ±0.78 mSv vs 4.35 mSv ±0.85 mSv,t =-12.474, P =0.000）。A 和 B 两组可评估率差异无统计学意义（χ2 =0.215,P =0.643）。A 组平均评分3.61±0.53,B 组平均评分3.71±0.48,Z =-3.074,P =0.002,差异有统计学意义。A、B 两组主动脉根部衰减值差异无统计学意义（t =-1.132,P =0.261）。结论：320排螺旋 CT 窄采集窗设置可以提供可评估的图像质量,从而大幅度减少辐射剂量。     

匀变速扩展的圆盘形断层的远场辐射理论（一）

本文研究了由匀变速扩展的圆盘形断层所辐射的远场位移。通过Jacobi椭圆函数和Legendre范式的第一、第二、第三种非完全椭圆积分等特殊函数,给出了该问题的普遍形式的闭合解析解。 本文所讨论的问题是普遍情形。与已往工作比较具有以下不同之处: 1.设破裂速度为V（t） V（t）=V₀+at （a=常数）其中V₀是初始破裂速度,V₀=0即初速度为零的特殊情形;a是破裂加速度;a>0、a=0及a<0分别对应于加速破裂、匀速破裂及减速破裂的特殊情形。 2.破裂是从半径R₁开始的。即可以有初始裂纹存在。从而扩展的瞬时半径ζ（t）为 ζ（t）=R₁+V₀t+1/2at².R₁=0,相应于从中心开始扩展的情形。 3.震源函数假设具有下述形式: S（ζ,t）=D₀[1-（ζ/R₂）ⁿ]g（t）. （n=0,1,2,……）其中,D₀是圆盘中心最终错距,R₂是最终破裂半径,g（t）是震源时间函数。n=0时得到震源空间函数为均匀分布情形。n=2时得到该裂纹问题静态解的一级近似的情形。 最后,作为例子,给出了整个破裂过程（起始-加速-匀速-减速-停止）所引起的远场位移公式。 本文第一部分只讨论R₁=0,n=0的情形,其他内容将在第二部分中讨论。     

太湖秀丽白虾生物学与食性的研究

对太湖秀丽白虾怀卵亲体进行培养,两次共获苗1．35万余尾,在实验室内成功地实成了是苗至亲体一个生命周期的饲养,同期结合对太湖白虾的定期采样测定,分析描述了太湖白虾的生产与繁残规律,并对其食性进行了定性与定量的研究分析。     

水丰水库亚洲公鱼和大银鱼种群生态的比较研究

1998年 10月至 2 0 0 0年 11月对水丰水库亚洲公鱼和大银鱼的食性、生长、繁殖、群体结构进行了比较研究 .亚洲公鱼为杂食性鱼类但主要以浮游动物为食 ,繁殖时还摄食同类卵 ,出现频率达 4 2 .9% ,在冬季也摄食大银鱼卵 (2 .8% ) ;体长 (L)、体重 (W)呈异速生长 (W =1.176×10 - 6 L3.5555) ;群体繁殖速度比 1984年以前提高了 4 9.2 % ;群体结构中体长、体重的离散度很小 .大银鱼前期主要以浮游动物为食 ,后期以小鱼小虾为主要食物 ,也捕食公鱼 ,出现频率 6 .9% -9 6 % ;体长、体重呈等速生长 ,W =4 .4 82× 10 - 6 L3.0 0 0 9;群体繁殖速度高出公鱼 1.18倍 ;群体结构中体长、体重的离散度较大 ,表现出了个体间的差异性     

Chronic exposure of adults and embryos of Pandalus borealis to oil causes PAH accumulation, initiation of biomarker responses and an increase in larval mortality

Adult shrimps (Pandalus borealis) and their embryos were exposed to an oil-water dispersion (OWD) at concentrations of 0.015, 0.06 and 0.25 mg/L using a continuous flow system. Lysosomal membrane stability was analysed in haemocytes using the neutral red retention assay and an alkaline unwinding assay was used to measure DNA damage in hepatopancreas tissue. Exposure to oil induced concentration and time dependent biomarker responses in adult shrimps together with the accumulation of PAH in their tissues. Oil exposure of shrimp embryos caused increased mortality in the resultant larvae, even if the larvae were kept in clean water after hatching. There were minor differences observed in larval stage development times in the first part of the experiments. The fatty acid composition of embryos exposed to oil was different to that of non-exposed larvae. PAH tissue concentration and biomarker responses correlated to the reduced survival of the shrimp larvae.     

Life history traits of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes antennarius (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) in the delta of the Neretva River, Croatia

The life history of the freshwater shrimp Palaemonetes antennarius (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) was investigated from April 1993 to November 2002 at 13 sites in the delta of the Neretva River, Croatia. The sex ratio (males vs. females) was in favour of females throughout the study year . The breeding period lasts from April to August with a peak of 75% of the ovigerous female in June. The maximum number of eggs carried by ovigerous females was 73, and there was a positive significant linear correlation between fecundity (number of early embryonic stage eggs per female) and female body size (carapace length) (R²=0.698, p<0.01). The breeding period was longer in limnocrenes and lakes with oligohaline-limnic water than in other habitat types because the water is more rapidly warmed in spring and cooled more slowly in autumn in these habitats. Larvae were present from June to October, with a peak reaching 19.4% of the total population in June. The shrimps follow a synchronic univoltine life cycle with a short egg-laying period and a new summer generation. Their larvae, apparently having no ecological flexibility, did not appear in any environment with high oscillations of salinity.     

Linking hypoxia to shrimp catch in the northern Gulf of Mexico

Wide spread and reoccurring hypoxia has been observed in the northern Gulf of Mexico since routine monitoring began in the 1980s. Although the potential ecological effects of hypoxia (habitat loss, mortalities) are well known, there is relatively little information linking hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico to fisheries decline. Previous analyses have shown a negative relationship between hypoxic area and brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus) catch for the Texas and Louisiana coasts combined from 1985 to 1997. Extending these analyses with data through 2004, we found that the correlation between hypoxic area and landings holds (r=-0.52), plus there was a significant negative relationship (r=-0.59) between hypoxia and shrimp landings for the Texas coast alone. We hypothesize that this pattern is not seen in the Louisiana fishery alone because of differences in fisheries practices (inshore vs. offshore) between Louisiana and Texas.     

大水面日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)资源人工增殖

挑选受精卵颜色呈褐色或接近褐色的抱卵虾,放入网箱多点布局孵化,直接放流孵出幼体是大水面日本沼虾资源增殖的有效方法.2001年,采用此法对湖北省阳新县网湖日水沼虾进行增殖,其产量从增殖前(2000年)的10000kg上升至35000kg,取得显著增殖效果,进箱孵化的抱卵数量(N,kg)可用计划生产量(Y,kg),总回捕率(R)及个体平均体重(W,g/ind)计算:N≥Y·(1000·R·W)-1.     

短钝溞（Daphnia obtusa Kurz)在“藻-螺-溞”系统中的反馈养殖与污水净化

本文对河蟹幼蟹蜕壳过程及蜕壳后的特征进行了比较斩观察,并初步探讨了蜕壳与光照,温度及生境的关系。对于０．５－２ｇ的幼蟹,蜕壳期大约需要３－６ｈ,软壳期需要２ｈ,薄壳期需要１５ｈ,幼蟹特别喜欢选择有草的生境作为蜕壳地点,也喜欢在池塘浅水区蜕壳,但是在２ｍ以内水深对蜕壳成功没有影响。     

The impact of shrimp farming effluent on bacterial communities in mangrove waters, Ceará, Brazil

The effects of shrimp farm effluents on bacterial communities in mangroves have been infrequently reported. Classic and molecular biology methods were used to survey bacterial communities from four mangroves systems. Water temperature, salinity, pH, total heterotrophic bacteria and maximum probable numbers of Vibrio spp. were investigated. Genetic profiles of bacterial communities were also characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of eubacterial and Vibrio 16S rDNA using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Highest heterotrophic counts were registered in the mangrove not directly polluted by shrimp farming. The Enterobacteriaceae and Chryseomonas luteola dominated the heterotrophic isolates. Vibrio spp. pathogenic to humans and shrimps were identified. Eubacterial genetic profiles suggest a shared community structure independent of mangrove system. Vibrio genetic profiles were mangrove specific. Neither microbial counts nor genetic profiling revealed a significant decrease in species richness associated with shrimp farm effluent. The complex nature of mangrove ecosystems and their microbial communities is discussed.     

Inverse modeling of lichen growth curves and implications for lichenometric dating

Lichenometric dating represents a quick and affordable surface exposure dating method that has been widely used to provide a minimum age constraint on tectonic and geomorphic landscape changes as well as buildings and anthropogenic landscape changes in various settings during the late Holocene. Despite its widespread usage, this method has several limitations. Major problems relate to the sampling of lichen population on any given rock surface and the modeling of growth curves. In order to overcome these issues, it has been suggested to subdivide the rock surface into some areas and measure the largest lichen thallus on each one. However, how to express the data in terms of a probability distribution function and link it to an age of last exposure of the rock surface are still a matter of debate. Here, we propose a novel approach to the modeling of lichen growth curves by treating lichen growth as a continuous-time Markov process with a time-varying rate and additive Brownian noise. Given the growth rates, the probability distribution of the lichen population at any time can then be obtained by solving the Fokker–Planck equation. This method is illustrated using a dataset from the Huashan area of eastern China, which consists of measurements of the largest thalli on 12 rock surfaces of known age. We first build up the probability distribution of the lichen population for each rock surface based on extreme value theory and then use these to optimize the growth curve by minimizing the Jensen–Shannon divergence. A new method is also proposed to use the growth curve to map a sample of size data from an undated rock surface to the calendar age domain so as to yield a fully probabilistic estimate of the exposure age of the undated rock surface rather than a point estimate.