基于TM影像的太湖悬浮物反演模型

1 Introduction Suspended sediment (SS) is the non-dissolved matter in water which reflects the physical and chemical property of water. Suspended sediment plays an important role in water quality management, which influences the total primary productivity…     

基于TM数据的太湖叶绿素A浓度定量反演

利用TM(ETM)数据与准实时地面采样数据,建立太湖叶绿素浓度反演模型。结果表明,TM3/(TM1+TM4)与叶绿素A浓度的相关性最好,并以此建立了太湖叶绿素A浓度线性反演模型,但反演精度并不高,因此,建立了一个两层BP神经网络模型反演太湖的叶绿素A浓度,结果表明,神经网络模型的反演精度远高于线性反演模型,16个测试样本表明,神经网络模型反演的相对误差小于30%的有15个点,占总测试样本93.75%,而线性反演模型反演相对误差在30%以下的仅有3个点,这表明对于太湖这样一个光谱特征复杂的二类水体,可以利用神经网络模型反演水质参数。     

海岸带浅海水深高光谱遥感反演方法研究

近红外波段(760~900 nm)反射率对水深最为敏感,通过波段比值方法可以提高与水深的相关性,而711nm处反射率一阶微分值与水深的相关系数高达-0.87。对于近岸混浊度高的样本,单波段和比值模型反演效果不好,平均相对误差均高于30%;而光谱微分模型的精度较好,平均相对误差为17%。研究结果证明:水体反射率的一阶微分可以有效地削弱水质变化给水深反演带来的误差。     

基于TM数据的太湖叶绿素a浓度定量遥感反演方法研究

探讨利用常规卫星遥感数据Landsat/TM定量反演太湖叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度的方法。在对Landsat/TM影像进行几何校正、辐射定标、大气校正等预处理的基础上,选择适于太湖Chl-a浓度定量反演的最佳波段或波段组合,采用半经验回归模型和混合光谱分解模型分别建立太湖Chl-a浓度定量反演模型,并对不同模型及反演结果进行对比分析。     

基于环境一号卫星的内陆水体水质多光谱遥感监测

基于环境一号卫星多光谱数据,针对我国内陆水体开展遥感监测研究。该研究建立分地区分季节经验模型反演叶绿素a浓度,基于生物光学模型的近红外单波段方法反演悬浮物浓度,以悬浮物浓度间接反演透明度,最终基于叶绿素a和悬浮物获得基于遥感监测的内陆水体营养状态指数。以2009年6月巢湖同步观测试验验证本文的水质参数反演算法,表明叶绿素a浓度反演精度不如悬浮物浓度,两者反演精度符合水环境监测业务需求。     

海洋悬浮泥沙二元特征参数MODIS遥感反演模型研究

本文提出了一种采用海面离水辐射率和泥沙粒径二元特征参数来反演研究海区(渤海)海洋表层悬浮泥沙浓度的新的遥感反演算法,以此为基础分别建立了基于MODIS遥感数据和泥沙粒径二元特征参数的主成分和神经网络两种泥沙浓度反演模型,并对比分析了两类模型的反演精度以及泥沙粒径因子对模型的影响。分析结果表明,新建立的二元特征参数反演算法在采用主成分模型和神经网络模型时的检验误差分别为0.256和0.244,而忽略泥沙粒径因子贡献的主成分模型和神经网络模型的检验误差分别为0.384和0.390,因此可以认为,在泥沙浓度反演模型中加入粒径因子时,模型的预测精度和模型稳定性均比只考虑浓度对反射率贡献的模型有显著改善。     

基于HJ-1号卫星数据的太湖悬浮物浓度空间分布和变异研究

以太湖为研究区,利用环境1号卫星第4波段建立的线性模型反演了太湖悬浮物浓度,得到2009年全年太湖悬浮物质量浓度空间分布特征。通过等间距的布点和地统计学的相关原理,揭示太湖悬浮物浓度的空间变异特征。结果表明:2009年太湖悬浮物浓度值比较高,大都集中在30~50mg/L和50~70mg/L,高值区从西北太湖或西南太湖区域逐渐向湖心扩散,最终在湖心形成大面积区域。通过地统计学分析发现,太湖悬浮物具有块金效应和强烈的空间相关性,其中6月份的变程最小,为9.2km,而2009年其他月份的变程都大于20km。     

Tracking eutrophication in Taihu Lake using the diatom record: potential and problems

Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China and has been experiencing eutrophication problems for several decades. Diatoms in short sediment cores from three bays in northern Taihu Lake were studied in addition to 1-year of seasonal phytoplankton samples in order to evaluate the rate and magnitude of nutrient enrichment. The dominant species found in the phytoplankton samples appeared in high percentages in the surface sediment samples, suggesting that the latter faithfully record the modern diatom flora. The diatom preservation status varied among the three cores, while in all cores the preservation deteriorated with sediment depth. Due to the superior diatom preservation in the core from Mashan Bay, the fossil diatom record of this core and an established diatom total phosphorus (TP) transfer function were used to reconstruct the nutrient history of Taihu Lake. Diatom assemblages changed from Aulacoseira-dominated to other eutrophic planktonic species, such as Stephanodiscus minutulus, Cyclostephanos tholiformis, Cyclotella atomus, C. meneghiniana and S. hantzschii in ca. 1980. Diatom-inferred TP concentrations exhibited little change prior to 1980, with values around 50 μg/l. However, after 1980 TP concentrations increased significantly and remained in excess of 100 μg/l, reflecting eutrophication of Taihu Lake. Comparison with TP measurements in the water column from 1988 to 2004, as well as the analogue analysis among fossil and modern samples, demonstrates that the diatom-TP inference model can reliably hindcast past TP concentrations. Therefore, the baseline TP value of about 50 μg/l, can be used as a restoration target for Taihu Lake. However, due to the complexity of this very large, shallow aquatic ecosystem, caution should be exercised when employing the diatom record to track eutrophication. Further studies on the mechanism of diatom distribution, evolution and preservation are recommended for Taihu Lake.     

湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征及其吸附热力学参数

在模拟条件下研究了属于不同营养水平的3个沉积物吸附磷等温线、动力学和热力学参数,比较了不同沉积物吸附磷的差别。结论如下:（1）在本研究条件下,五里湖沉积物吸附磷的Qmax、K、NAP和EPC0均高于东太湖和贡湖沉积物,而m却较低。东太湖和贡湖沉积物与其上覆水间基本保持磷吸附-解吸动态平衡状态,五里湖沉积物有向上覆水释放磷的趋势;（2）沉积物吸附磷主要发生在0⁰.5h之内,此时间段吸附速率为贡湖沉积物与东太湖沉积物相差不大,均高于五里湖沉积物;（3）温度对五里湖沉积物吸附磷影响相对较小,而对贡湖和东太湖沉积物影响较大。     

台湾基隆河流域水质与环境遥感制图及分析

本文利用TM 影像和SPOT影象, 在地图资料、统计资料以及实测资料的基础上,进行了基隆河流域环境遥感制图, 并根据遥感影象灰度值与水体反射率和水中悬浮固体含量之间的相关关系,运用SPOT影象和实测数据将基隆河悬浮固体含量分为4 级。     

南黄海辐射沙洲邻近海域表层悬浮颗粒物浓度遥感反演

利用2003年春、秋季南黄海辐射沙洲邻近海域水体表观光谱测量与同步水体取样数据,分析该海域不同季节表层水体遥感反射率光谱响应特性。结合常用水色传感器波段光谱响应模拟,建立春、秋季表层水体总悬浮颗粒物浓度(TSM)与悬浮泥沙浓度(SSC)的最适单波段、双波段(波段比值)和3波段统计反演模式。结果表明,不同季节水体上述3类算法的最优波段均不相同,欲寻求适合所有季节水体的统一反演算法,仅能选择次优波段。通过比较,3种不同反演模式中三波段模式更适于反演近岸水体悬浮颗粒物浓度。     

基于冠层反射和植被指数的华东地区叶面指数反演

1 IntroductionLeaf A rea Index (LA I), defined as half the all-sided leaf or needle surface per unit groundsurface (Chen and Black,1992),is an im portantparam eter to quantify leaf density and m onitorvegetation change.A tthe sam e tim e,LA I is also an i…     

Leaf area index retrieval based on canopy reflectance and vegetation index in eastern China

The aim of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of using Landsat TM data to retrieve leaf area index (LAI). To get a LAI retrieval model based ground reflectance and vegetation index, detailed field data were collected in the study area of eastern China, dominated by bamboo, tea plant and greengage. Plant canopy reflectance of Landsat TM wavelength bands has been inversed using software of 6S. LAI is an important ecological parameter. In this paper, atmospheric corrected Landsat TM imagery was utilized to calculate different vegetation indices (VI), such as simple ratio vegetation index (SR), shortwave infrared modified simple ratio (MSR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Data of 53 samples of LAI were measured by LAI-2000 (LI-COR) in the study area. LAI was modeled based on different reflectances of bands and different vegetation indices from Landsat TM and LAI samples data. There are certainly correlations between LAI and the reflectance of Tm3, TM4, TM5 and TM7. The best model through analyzing the results is LAI = 1.2097*MSR + 0.4741 using the method of regression analysis. The result shows that the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.5157, and average accuracy is 85.75%. However, whether the model of this paper is suitable for application in subtropics needs to be verified in the future.     

Retrieval study of lake water depth by using multi-spectral remote sensing in Bangong Co Lake

This paper reviewed studies on remote sensing of water depth retrieval. Four water depth retrieval models （single-band, dou- ble-ratio-band, multi-band, and BP network models） were evaluated using TM image and water data from Bangong Co Lake, which is located in China＇s Tibet Autonomous Region and Indian Kashmir. Tested by independent data, comparison of these four models demonstrates that BP network model performed better than the multi-band model, with the single-band model performing the worst. To sum up, this study demonstrates that first, BP network model performed better than the traditional model; second, precise atmospheric correction and radiation study, affected by different water level sand sediment, could improve the precision of water depth retrieval.     

西太湖沉积物污染的地球化学记录及对比研究

通过对西太湖MS、DLS沉积短岩芯中金属元素、营养指标的对比分析,讨论了西太湖近80年来的元素地球化学演化特征。结果表明,20世纪40年代以前,西太湖沉积物中元素为自然来源;40~70年代末期,除北部Hg、TP受到人为污染之外,其余元素仍主要为自然来源;70年代末期以来,重金属元素人为污染逐渐加重,湖泊营养程度升高。西太湖北部沉积物中Pb、Zn、Mn、Ni、As污染开始于20世纪70年代末期,Hg污染开始于40年代初期;与北部相比,南部沉积物重金属污染历史较短,Pb、Zn污染开始于70年代末期,As、Mn、Ni、Hg污染开始于80年代中期~末期。西太湖北部、南部沉积物中TN、TOC含量70年代末期以来开始增加,C/N比值增大,有机质外源输入比例增加。西太湖北部沉积物中TP含量自40年代初期以来逐渐增加,受到人为污染;南部TP含量在40~70年代略高,但无明显的人为污染特征。     

用TM影像和DEM获取黑河流域地表反射率和反照率

传统的大气校正方法原理比较复杂,而且有些参数特别是实时的大气剖面资料难以获取。本文利用DEM对TM 影像进行地形校正后,用简便而又实用的方法对TM影像进行了大气校正,较精确地反演出黑河流域河西走廊中段对应于Landsat TM 1~5 和7波段的地表反射率。在此基础上,通过不同波段地表反射率的组合,获得了地表反照率。通过与实地观测数据对比分析,表明对于植被覆盖区用TM 2,4,7波段组合结果较好,而在非植被覆盖区用TM 1~5,7这6 个波段组合结果更佳。     

Feasibility study on the binary-parameter retrieval model of ocean suspended sediment concentration based on MODIS data

This paper brought out a new idea on the retrieval of suspended sediment concentration, which uses both the water-leaving radiance from remote sensing data and the grain size of the suspended sediment. A principal component model and a neural network model based on those two parameters were constructed. The analyzing results indicate that testing errors of the models using the two parameters are 0.256 and 0.244, while the errors using only water-leaving radiance are 0.384 and 0.390. The stability of the models with grain size parameter is also better than the one without grain size. This research proved that it is necessary to introduce the grain size parameter into suspended sediment concentration retrieval models in order to improve the retrieval precision of these models.     

扎龙湿地克钦湖富营养化状态的高光谱遥感评价

通过分析扎龙湿地克钦湖水体高光谱反射率与水质参数的相关关系,采用单波段、波段比值等算法分别选取特征波长建立水质参数的高光谱定量模型,并且结合修正营养状态指数(TSIM)和综合营养状态指数法,对水体的富营养化程度进行了监测和评价。结果表明,单波段归一化反射率对叶绿素a估测模型效果较为理想;利用高光谱一阶微分反射率,诊断各水质参数的敏感波段,建立线性模型,确定了TN、TP、SD、CODMn的敏感波段分别为733 nm、765 nm、782 nm、680 nm。单因素水质参数评价水体富营养化水平具有一定的局限性。综合考虑多个水质指标,对水质的富营养化程度进行了评价,结果显示,克钦湖水体呈现出中营养化状态,需要采取一定的措施,防范于未然。     

Remote sensing of temporal and spatial variations in pool size, suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas: 1993

Four dates of Landsat Thematic Mapper data from 1993, April 9, July 30, August 15, and September 16, were used to assess temporal and spatial patterns of lake area and dimensions of suspended sediment concentration in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. In 1993, excessive precipitation in the Big Blue River Basin, and throughout much of the Upper Middle West, led to widespread flooding. Rains produced substantial erosion, sediment movement down the stream network, and a runoff volume that filled Tuttle Creek Reservoir, a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers flood control structure. The April 9 data are from before the flood, the July 30 data are from the time of maximum pool size and use of the emergency spillway, and the August and September data document the declining pool sizes. Three separate analyses were performed on each of the four dates of Thematic Mapper data. One set of analyses involved applying an existing physical model that uses at-satellite reflectance for TM Band 3 to estimate variations in suspended sediment, turbidity, and Secchi depth throughout the reservoir. Maps of estimated parameters of water quality for the four individual dates were compared and analyzed to document spatial and temporal changes. The second research method involved unsupervised classification (ERDAS ISODATA algorithm) of the data from the Tuttle Creek Reservoir. Water areas were grouped into coherent classes for further spatial analysis using a two-step or layered classification procedure for each date. The third analysis used a GIS overlay technique to compare the area of the water surface for each of the four dates with the flood pool as marked on U.S.G.S. 7-1/2 minute quadrangles. Comparisons document the major change in lake area between April and July, the high levels of suspended sediment in mid-summer, and the decline in pool size and concentrations of suspended sediment by mid-September. The study illustrates the advantages of using remote sensing to assist in documenting a relatively short-term environmental hazard. This study also demonstrates the value of Landsat Thematic Mapper data for use in mapping geographic variations in water area and quality in conjunction with a major flood event.     

基于TM图像的塔盆周边地区主要地物亮度值分析

居民点、水体、植被、早地是组成干旱区的主要地物，在遥感图像上反射差异比较大，易于判读；研究这些地物在遥感影像上的亮度值变化规律，对于干旱区遥感监测分析，信息提取过程具有重要意义。利用5景南疆地区5市1县陆地卫星TM影像图，选择出能代表该地区水体、植被、居民地和早地等主要地物的720个样点，分析干旱区4种主要地物在TM影像不同波段上的变化规律以及产生辐射绝对亮度值（R）变化的地物光学性质和状态；揭示干旱区主要地物在TM影像中的亮度值变化的光学特征。研究表明，这种光学特征对水体来说遵循TM1〉TM2〉TM3〉TM4〉TM5〉TM7的规律，对植被来说，遵循TM4〉TM5〉TM1〉TM2〉TM7〉TM3的规律，对居民地来说，遵循TM5〉TM3〉TM1〉TM4〉TM2〉TM7的规律，对早地来说，遵循TM5〉TM3〉TM7〉TM1〉TM4〉TM2的变化规律。