钛铁矿深加工及高钛渣生产中资源综合利用研究

钛矿资源主要包括钛铁矿、金红石、白钛矿和红钛铁矿等,其中钛铁矿约占可利用钛矿资源80%左右,是用途最大的钛矿资源.国外大多利用钛铁矿砂矿,主要生产国家有澳大利亚、南非、加拿大、乌克兰、挪威等国,其产量占世界产量的84%以上.我国钛资源虽然居世界储量之首,但97%为原生钒钛磁铁矿,由于原生矿中TiO2含量均低于10%,且钛铁矿与磁铁矿紧密结合,选治难度较大,因此目前多用于硫酸法钛白的生产原料.     

沉积型钛铁矿品位计算方法

沉积型钛铁矿品位计算中时常出现简化计算公式,忽视钛铁矿中TiO2实际含量和钛物相分布中钛铁矿占比等因素,导致钛铁矿品位计算数据偏差,影响钛铁矿储量计算和项目经济测算。为了减少钛铁矿品位计算的错误,本文以莫桑比克和马拉维钛铁矿项目勘查资料数据为基础,论述钛铁矿物中TiO2实测含量及钛物相分析中钛铁矿占比的意义,正确运用钛铁矿品位计算公式,使沉积型钛铁矿品位计算更接近实际,为提升钛铁矿砂矿资源储量和项目经济性测算的准确性提供重要支撑。     

沉积型钛铁矿品位计算方法

沉积型钛铁矿品位计算中时常出现简化计算公式,忽视钛铁矿中TiO2实际含量和钛物相分布中钛铁矿占比等因素,导致钛铁矿品位计算数据偏差,影响钛铁矿储量计算和项目经济测算。为了减少钛铁矿品位计算的错误,本文以莫桑比克和马拉维钛铁矿项目勘查资料数据为基础,论述钛铁矿物中TiO2实测含量及钛物相分析中钛铁矿占比的意义,正确运用钛铁矿品位计算公式,使沉积型钛铁矿品位计算更接近实际,为提升钛铁矿砂矿资源储量和项目经济性测算的准确性提供重要支撑。     

钛矿资源及其开发利用

钛金属因其特殊性能和广泛用途被称为“第三金属”，９０％以上的钛矿物被用于ＴｉＯ２颜料的生产，其次为宇航工业等。金红石和钛铁矿是提炼金属钛的主要原料。我国钛铁矿储量居世界之首，其精矿可满足国内钛工业需要，金红石资源较贫乏，原料供不应求。目前世界钛工业总形势是供大于求     

金红石中铁的存在形式的研究

本文对我国不同地区和不同成因类型矿床及人工合成的金红石的20个样品进行了矿物学研究。结果表明,大多数金红石样品中都含有钛铁矿的嵌晶,金红石和嵌晶钛铁矿晶粒中多含有含钛赤铁矿(Titano-hematite)的出溶相。金红石晶粒中的含钛赤铁矿于600℃消失;而钛铁矿中的含钛赤铁矿于800℃消失,且整个晶粉转变成亚铁假板钛矿(Ferro-pseudobrookite)。总结出金红石中铁的三种存在形式:类质同象置换钛的Fe~(3+)、固溶体出溶相含钛赤钛铁矿中的Fe~(3+)及钛铁矿中所含的Fe~(2+)。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北缘砂岩型铀矿含矿砂岩中钛铁矿蚀变及其聚铀过程探讨

国内砂岩型铀矿含矿砂岩中普遍可见蚀变钛铁矿与铀矿物空间关系密切的现象,是国内砂岩型铀矿研究领域全新发现。为探讨砂岩型铀矿含矿砂岩中钛铁矿蚀变特征及其聚铀过程,本文选择鄂尔多斯盆地北缘砂岩型铀矿为例,通过镜下观察、扫描电镜、电子探针等精细微区分析手段对研究区含矿砂岩中蚀变钛铁矿与铀矿物空间赋存关系及对铀富集机理开展研究。研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地北缘砂岩型铀矿含矿砂岩中钛铁矿主要沿其边缘、裂隙或靠近其核部等部位蚀变形成白钛石、含铀白钛石或锐钛矿;铀石呈毛刺状、微细柱状围绕锐钛矿或白钛石生长,或在钛铁矿蚀变空洞中形成大量呈针织状的铀石集合体,反映出钛铁矿—白钛石/锐钛矿—含铀白钛石—含钛铀石—铀石的矿物组合递变顺序;砂岩型铀矿中蚀变钛铁矿可通过吸附—自催化还原的方式造成铀富集沉淀,并可将蚀变钛铁矿的聚铀过程分为钛铁矿蚀变—铀吸附预富集(Ⅰ)与蚀变钛铁矿自催化还原铀成矿(Ⅱ)两阶段,其中蚀变钛铁矿吸附铀衰变过程产生β与γ射线为蚀变钛铁矿自催化还原聚铀提供了条件。     

过氧化钠碱熔-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定钛铁矿中的高含量钛

钛矿资源主要类型为钛铁矿岩矿、钛铁矿砂矿、金红石矿。钛铁矿属于难熔矿物,一般不溶于硝酸、盐酸或王水。对于高品位钛铁矿,即使采用盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸混合酸溶解样品,钛元素也易水解形成难溶的偏钛酸析出,常给分析带来很大困难。容量法和分光光度法等传统方法测定钛存在操作流程长、步骤多、效率低等不足。因此,选择合适前处理方法的同时将大型仪器分析方法结合起来,有利于提高钛铁矿分析的准确度和测试效率。本文建立了以2.0g过氧化钠为熔剂,使用刚玉坩埚在700℃熔融样品15min,热水浸取后盐酸酸化,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）测定钛铁矿中的高含量钛元素的方法。实验中采用全程空白试液稀释定容标准溶液消除了钠基体影响,通过优化熔融温度和时间使样品分解完全,考察了过氧化钠用量来降低待测溶液中盐分以保证测定的稳定性,通过选择合适的分析谱线并采用背景扣除法消除光谱干扰。本方法检出限为0.0035%,测试范围为0.0066%～62.50%（均以TiO₂含量计）;经钛铁矿国家标准物质（GBW07839、GBW07841）验证,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=12）为1.1%～2.1%,相对误差为-1.69%～1.11%。本方法应用于实际样品分析,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=12）均小于4%,TiO₂分析结果与国家标准方法（硫酸铁铵容量法）一致。本方法有效解决了钛铁矿分解不完全及高含量的钛易水解的问题,实现ICP-OES对不同类型钛铁矿样品中钛元素的定量分析。     

中国钛资源与海绵钛加工环境效应

海绵钛是生产金属钛产品的基本原料,然而工业上生产海绵钛的镁还原法工艺复杂、能耗高、环境相容性差、成本高,严重制约了钛产业的发展。重点论述了中国的钛资源概况、海绵钛生产过程的基本原理、资源能源消耗和加工环境效应,并围绕海绵钛产业的可持续发展展开讨论。中国钛资源储量虽居世界第一位,但贫矿多,富矿少,且多为多金属共生矿,难以用作生产海绵钛的优质原料。通过对比镁还原法制备海绵钛过程中氯化工序、还原蒸馏工序、镁电解工序和全流程的资源能源消耗,讨论了海绵钛的加工环境效应和钛冶炼工艺的研究进展。将中国丰富的钛铁矿资源加工成高品位富钛料,充分发挥中国的钛资源优势,减少对钛矿资源进口的依赖程度,通过开发新工艺降低海绵钛制备过程的资源能源消耗、废弃物排放量和生产成本是保证钛行业可持续发展的有效措施。     

承德钒钛磁铁矿钒和钛物相的联测分析方法

依据承德地区大庙式钒钛磁铁矿床特征,通过人工重砂分离及单矿物化学分析并结合电子探针、岩矿鉴定结果查明了承德钒钛磁铁矿石中的含钒矿物主要是钛磁铁矿和磁铁矿,次要矿物是钛铁矿和硅酸盐;含钛矿物主要是钛铁矿、钛磁铁矿,次要矿物是金红石、榍石。根据承德钒钛磁铁矿石钒和铁呈正比的关系,选取代表性试样进行了钒钛物相分析项目的确定及溶剂选择的实验,最终确定了钒和钛物相分析测定流程。钒物相分析测定项目为磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钒、钛铁矿中的钒、硅酸盐中的钒及总钒四项;钛物相分析测定项目为钛铁矿中的钛、磁铁矿和钛磁铁矿中的钛、金红石中的钛、硅酸盐中的钛及总钛五项。通过本方法测定的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例与人工重砂分析定量计算的各种含钒和钛矿物含量占矿石中总钒和总钛含量的比例是相互吻合的。对110件钒钛磁铁矿石样品进行了4种含钛矿物及3种含钒矿物物相分析,结果与实际地质成矿组分符合。本方法实现了钒钛磁铁矿中钒矿物和钛矿物的定量分离,确定了钒和钛物相联测分析流程,可以同时测定钒和钛矿物的含量。     

中国东部金伯利岩中的富钛矿物及矿物新变种——富铬黑镁铁钛矿

本文研究了中国东部金伯利岩中富铬黑镁铁钛矿、沂蒙矿、钛铁矿、硅铁石及其富钛物相以及未定名的富钛矿物。富铬黑镁铁钛矿是首次报道的黑镁铁钛矿的新变种,产于山东金伯利岩岩管中。富铬黑镁铁钛矿和沂蒙矿都是上地幔交代产物。河南金伯利岩中的钛铁矿表明该区金伯利岩岩浆为未分异的硅酸盐和碳酸盐岩浆。     

Applied Mineralogical Studies on Iranian Titanium Deposits

Qara-aghaj and Skandian as hard rock titanium deposit and Kahnooj one as a placer deposit were investigated from applied mineralogical point of view. The mineralogical studies were carried out using XRD, XRF, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and microprobe analysis. These studies indicated that ilmenite and magnetite are main valuable minerals in the studied ores. Pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase are the main gangue minerals in Qara-aghaj ore while chlorite and plagioclase are the major gangue minerals in Skandian ore. Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, amphibole, feldspate and some quartz are the important gangue minerals in kahnooj deposit. In all three ores ilmenite is mainly in the form of ilmenite grains but some lamellae of ilmenite with thickness between 0.1 to 20 μm have been occurred as exsolution textures inside magnetite grains, where the magnetite here can be referred to as ilmenomagnetite. In the hard rock ores some fine ilmenites have been disseminated in silicate minerals. The liberation degree of granular ilmenite was determined 150, 140 and 200 μm for Qara-aghaj, Skandian and Kahnooj, respectively. So, only the granular form of ilmenite is recoverable by physical methods. Some sphene and rutile as titanium containing minerals were observed mainly inside ilmenite phase in kahnooj ore. Some fine rutile was also found inside Skandian ilmenite while there were not any other titanium minerals inside Qara-aghaj ilmenite. Apatite is another valuable mineral which was found only in Qara-aghaj ore. Using SEM and microprobe analysis it was found that there are different amounts of exsolved fine lamellae of hematite inside ilmenite in Qara-aghaj and Kahnooj ores while it was not observed in Sckandian one. The average contents of TiO2 in the lattice of Qara-aghaj, Skandian and Kahnooj ilmenite were determined 51.13, 50.9% and 52.02%, respectively. FeO content of ilmenite lattice for all three samples is clearly lower than the theoretical content. This is due to the substitution of Mg and Mn for some Fe2+ ions in the ilmenite lattice. V2O3 content of magnetite lattice is up to 1%. So, magnetite can be a suitable source for production of vanadium as a by-product in all three deposits.     

风化型钛砂矿地质报告的典型错误分析

笔者从事钛矿投资7年多时间,收集研究过的风化型钛砂矿地质勘查报告和储量核实报告近百个,其中多数报告在资源/储量估算时都不同程度的存在错误。本文就《云南省建水县盘江钛铁矿资源储量核实报告》存在的典型问题进行详细分析,希望对同类型报告编制有所帮助,同时,引起从事矿业投资的人士重视。     

Recent developments in processing ilmenite for titanium

This review examines the literature on the processing of ilmenite during the last fifty years. It is aimed at giving a simplified outline of the major processes currently used for beneficiation and recovery of titanium dioxide and titanium metal from ilmenite ores. Attention has been drawn to the main parameters affecting the recovery of titanium dioxide. All methods developed to date are of the batch type and on a laboratory scale and require further evaluation on a larger scale if ilmenite is to be a major source of metal titanium.A brief discussion on the extraction of titanium metal from rutile has been given.     

风化型钛砂矿地质报告的典型错误分析

笔者从事钛矿投资7年多时间,收集研究过的风化型钛砂矿地质勘查报告和储量核实报告近百个,其中多数报告在资源/储量估算时都不同程度的存在错误。本文就《云南省建水县盘江钛铁矿资源储量核实报告》存在的典型问题进行详细分析,希望对同类型报告编制有所帮助,同时,引起从事矿业投资的人士重视。     

Differential Alteration of Ilmenite in a Tropical Beach Placer, Southern India: Microscopic and Electron Probe Evidences

Abstract. The study based on microscopic and microprobe techniques reveals that ilmenite of Manavalakurichi deposit has generally reached the alteration phase of 'leached ilmenite'. The XRD and bulk chemical analysis confirm the limited alteration undergone by ilmenite grains. Ilmenite alteration has been found to be a process of continuous leaching of iron from the mineral lattice and hydroxylisation. The enrichment of trace elements with progressive alteration is discussed. Si and Al are enriched by more than 100 fold. The prevalence of reducing environment at present in the deposit indicates that the oxidation of ferrous iron leading to pseudorutile formation would have occurred during transportation of sediments.     

山东沂水县常庄钛铁矿地质特征及成因探讨

沂水县常庄钛铁矿床产于中细粒含钛磁铁矿辉石角闪石岩中,该岩体既是成矿母岩又是赋矿围岩。矿体长1 800 m,平均宽75 m,控制斜深344 m,平均品位TiO28.85%,品位变化系数为104%,TFe＋TiO2平均品位28.24%,品位变化系数为102%。属品位变化较不均匀的矿体。该矿床具有矿体规模大,形态简单,易于开采之特点。通过对矿床地质特征的研究,认为该矿床属基性岩浆分异型钛铁矿床,其成矿时代为古元古代。     

Geology and Geochemistry of the Yangtizishan‐Moshishan Metamorphosed Sedimentary Anatase Deposit in Zhenglan Qi,Inner Mongolia: Discovery of a New Genetic Type of Titanium Deposit

Anatase and its allomorphic mineral rutile have the most prominent economic significance among titanium mineral resources and constitute one of the badly needed mineral resources currently in China. The Yantizishan-Moshishan anatase deposit was formerly referred to as an iron deposit. Based on recent investigation and exploration the authors believe that it is actually a large metamorphosed sedimentary anatase-dominated deposit belonging to a new genetic type. Ore bodies occur in stratoid and lenticular forms in Mesoproterozoic (1751 Ma) schist, metasandstone (metasiltstone), and amphibolite. Rich ores have perthitic structure comprising chiefly interbedded quartz perthite (with disseminated anatase and rutile) and anatase perthite. Ore minerals are mainly anatase and subordinately rutile and ilmenite (±hematite), while nonmetallic minerals are chiefly quartz with a certain amount of anthophyllite and biotite (±garnet). The grain sizes of anatase, rutile and ilmenite are 0.01–0.1 mm. Rich ores contain 3.14% to 15.46% TiO2, averaging 6.91%, while the low-grade ores have TiO2 content about 1.2%to 2.97%, averaging 1.76%. The ores have relatively high TFe and V contents. Trace elements in anatase and rutile such as Nb and Cr were analyzed by the electron microprobe. According to their relatively low Nb and Cr contents, source anatase and rutile must have come from meta-mafic rocks. Trace elements of the associated ilmenite show relatively high MnO and low MgO contents, just in contrast to those of ilmenite in V-Ti-magnetite ores of magmatic origin. The protoliths of amphibolite wall rocks should be basalt and picrite-basalt. Pertochemical data suggest that the tectonic setting of these rocks belongs to an island arc or a transitional belt between the island arc and oceanic ridge. Silicon isotope study shows that δ30Si values of different anatase ores, quartzite, and schist in this deposit are 0.1‰ to –0.9‰, similar to those of marine hydrothermal exhalative sedimentary deposits. All of these geological and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposit suggest that the anatase ores and amphibolite are products of submarine basic volcanism. The ores had chemical precipitation features, but were later subjected to regional intermediate (or somewhat lower) grade metamorphism (1158 Ma). Rutile was formed mainly in the process of this metamorphism. The ore belt locally underwent hydrothermal modification during the emplacement of Late Yanshanian granite (118?Ma).     

小秦岭地区（陕西部分）钛矿找矿方向及工作方法

小秦岭地区具有寻找变质岩型等钛矿的地质条件,并已发现有多处金红石、钛铁矿线索。研究认为,小秦岭地区中元古界熊耳群及高山河组地层为寻找变质岩型钛矿有利层位,洛南西沟是碱性岩型钛矿成矿有利区;洛南石门-瓦子坪地区、兰田坝塬-洛南洛源地区和洛南白楼-西沟地区等3个钛矿找矿远景区;石门盆地深部存在一个变质喷发岩型钛铁矿床。应运用重砂测量、高精度重力测量、高精度磁法和电法测量等工作方法开展普查,强化深部钻探找矿,将获得可喜的找矿成果。     

内蒙古羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿床锐钛矿、金红石和钛铁矿的矿物学特征

羊蹄子山-磨石山钛矿床的钛矿物主要为锐钛矿、金红石和钛铁矿。锐钛矿化学成分的特点是FeO含量明显比金红石要低;主要X光粉晶谱线为3.518(100)、2.377(14)和1.667(11);晶胞参数a()=3.786,c()=9.513;拉曼光谱谱线(cm-1)为516、395、195和143。金红石的主要X光粉晶谱线为3.250(100)、1.688(40)和2.488(29);晶胞参数为a()=4.595,c()=2.962;拉曼光谱谱线(cm-1)为610和446。钛铁矿的成分特点是富锰贫镁,与攀西地区岩浆型钒钛磁铁矿矿床中的钛铁矿正好相反。所有上述钛(铁)氧化物矿物学特征,进一步说明该矿床是在中元古代在海底与基性火山活动有关的热水沉积后经区域变质和局部又遭受后期热液改造而成。     

Weathering of ilmenite from Chavara deposit and its comparison with Manavalakurichi placer ilmenite,southwestern India

The magnetic fractions of ilmenite from the beach placer deposit of Chavara, southwest India have been studied for mineralogical and chemical composition to assess the range of their physical and chemical variations with weathering. Chavara deposit represents a highly weathered and relatively homogenous concentration. Significant variation in composition has been documented with alteration. The most magnetic of the fractions of ilmenite, separated at 0.15 Å, and with a susceptibility of 3.2 × 10^?6 m³ kg^?1, indicates the presence of haematite–ilmenite intergrowth. An iron-poor, titanium-rich component of the ilmenite ore has been identified from among the magnetic fractions of the Chavara ilmenite albeit with an undesirably high Nb₂O₅ (0.28%), Cr₂O₃ (0.23%) and Th (149 ppm) contents. The ilmenite from Chavara is compared with that from the nearby Manavalakurichi deposit of similar geological setting and provenance. The lower ferrous iron oxide (2.32–14.22%) and higher TiO₂ (56.31–66.45%) contents highlight the advanced state of alteration of Chavara. This is also evidenced by the relatively higher Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio compared to Manavalakurichi ilmenite. In fact, the ilmenite has significantly been converted to pseudorutile/leucoxene.