三维大地电磁激电效应特征研究

在积分方程法的大地电磁三维正演模拟中引入Cole-Cole模型研究激电效应特征,对均匀半空间中存在极化体时的三维大地电磁测深响应进行了理论计算,分析了极化参数的影响规律.结果表明:激电效应使观测视电阻率值变低;地下高阻极化体比低阻极化体的激电效应强,特别是极化率大的高阻极化体对大地电磁响应影响大,使观测结果出现假异常.     

单斜地形条件对激电对称四极测深拟断面图的影响

激电测深方法是一种典型的地球物理勘探方法.它被广泛应用于金属矿勘探及地下水勘探中.对称四极测深方法是野外激电测深的主要方法之一.理论上,激发极化方法很少受到地形的影响,主要是因为激发极化方法的基础是地下极化体受到激发电流的激发而产生的极化效应,从而产生二次极化电流,极化率与激发电流的大小没有直接的相关性.但在实际的应用中,由于地形条件的变化,可能导致测深装置的装置系数发生变化,人为的因素可能导致测深的拟断面图发生畸变,影响测深结果的解译.作者通过理论模型的推导方法,形象直观的演示了单斜地形条件下,对称四极激电测深拟断面图发生变形的过程.并通过新疆某地钨矿实例,说明了单斜地形条件下,对实测对称四极激电测深拟断面图进行修正的重要性.     

MT激电效应的模拟研究及在油气检测中的应用

本文引入Cole-Cole模型来模拟大地的激发极化效应,对三层水平地层且中间层为极化层的大地电磁测深的视电阻率进行了理论计算,分析了极化参数对视电阻率曲线的影响规律.采用广义逆方法对三层水平地层且中间层为极化层的模型进行了反演研究,结果表明该反演方法能够较好地确定地层电阻率的同时获得地层激电参数,应用于实际资料的反演时,反演结果与已知含油气地层的实际参数十分吻合.     

固定点源测深激电异常研究

电阻率法三维有限元数值模拟方法的实现, 给研究形状复杂的地质体的电性异常提供了有力工具.本文利用该数值模拟程序,通过先模拟计算模型的视电阻率,然后利用视电阻率和视极化率的转换公式转换,从而实现对激电异常的数值模拟.文章计算并分析了固定点源测深法在各种1\|D、2\|D、3\|D模型下的激电异常规律及定量解释结果,力求使人们从空间不同角度了解该方法的IP异常规律,从而指导野外生产实践,提高解释效率和精度.     

激电和电磁效应对三维复电阻率正演结果的影响研究

复电阻率法(CR)又称为频谱激电法(SIP),是一种重要的激电分支方法,在矿产勘查中应用非常广泛.然而,在实际的频谱激电野外观测资料中,总是会受到不同程度的电磁耦合效应的影响.因此,研究同时存在激发极化效应和电磁效应的复电阻率性质,对频谱激电法的实际数据处理具有一定的参考价值.本文首先在均匀半空间条件下,进行了复电阻率法的正演模拟.分析了频率、收发距的改变对视电阻率和视相位的影响.然后在有低阻异常体存在情况下,同时采用三维积分方程法和三维有限差分法,研究了不同条件下视电阻率和视相位的变化.最后,根据对正演模拟结果的分析,总结出不同程度的电磁耦合效应对视电阻率及视相位的影响规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

井中激电三维数值模拟及井眼影响因素分析

本文基于异常电位法,使用变步长有限差分的数值模拟方法,通过matlab编程实现了井中激电的三维数值模拟,由具有解析解的球形异常体模型验证了其正确性.同时,分析了侵入带、井径、不同电极系装置和不同井液电阻率对井中激电的影响,通过分析表明井径越小,井液电阻率与背景电阻率差别越大,其对视电阻率的影响就会越大,反之影响会变小;随着测点与点源距离的增加,电流密度随之减小,无论井径还是井液电阻率的影响等也会相应减小;井液及其侵入带相对于围岩低阻时,含有侵入带的视电阻率曲线较无侵入时突变范围变宽,而视极化率响应曲线突变范围变窄.最后根据不同条件下的视电阻率或视极化率响应,采用"自适应噪声滤波"算法对井液电阻率和侵入带等的影响进行了校正,结果表明,此校正方法具有一定的校正效果.     

含激电效应的CSAMT一维正演研究

地电体对频率域电磁波激发源的响应为电磁感应和激电效应的综合响应.传统CSAMT法进行数据正反演时认为大地介质电阻率是与频率无关的实数,而实际上因为激电效应,地下可极化体的电阻率是一个与频率相关的复数.为推进二者总体响应研究,并扩展激电法的应用范围,同时提高电磁法勘探的精度,本文基于Dias模型,以复电阻率代替不考虑地电体极化效应的直流电阻率,对CSAMT场源一维层状模型进行了正演模拟,为提取CSAMT信号中所含激电信息提供理论基础.结果表明,考虑激电参数后,视电阻率及相位响应曲线出现明显异常（包括远场、过渡场、近场）;极化前后振幅比值异常峰值、相位差值异常峰值可直观体现激电异常;异常峰值与极化层层厚、埋深以及电阻率变化有连续的对应关系.认为从频率域电磁法信号中提取激电信息有乐观的前景.     

走航式电法快速探测技术

以传导类电法勘探原理形成的走航式电法快速探测技术,采用迫近目标体的水下单极供电、多个测量电极线性排列测量电位的方式对水底隐患或掩埋良导目标体进行探测.利用ANSYS软件进行有限元数值模拟的结果表明:探测顶部离水面14m、半径5m的良导球体,当与水平电极系所在直线重合的测线过球顶正上方且距球心9m时,电位相对异常极大值超过8%;水槽物理模拟结果与数值模拟结果很好地吻合,综合验证了走航式电法快速探测技术的有效性.所测数据无需视电阻率转换,同时整套测量系统具有装置灵活与测量快速的特点,适合对江河堤坝和库区渗漏隐患以及水底金属结构物进行快速探测.     

激发极化法在凤阳某多金属矿详查的应用

选择激发极化法对凤阳某多金属矿详查进行了激电中梯、激电测深物探工作,证明了激发极化法在该区能够有效地发现异常。通过激发极化法圈定的异常,经钻探工程验证,发现了浅部激电异常由含石墨地层引起,深部激电异常还有待于进一步研究和验证。为下一步找矿工作指明了方向。     

电阻率层析成像和激电测深对栾川铅锌矿的联合勘探

在栾川铅锌矿的物探工作中，采用了电阻率层析成像和激电测深两种方法，电阻率层析成像法采用温纳装置或偶极装置，电极数量和极距视情况而定，主要调查工作区内隐伏构造情况，激电测深采用对称四极测深法，最小AB／2距为3M，最大AB／2距为500M，主要研究激电测深参数的变化规律，对于含矿构造而言，激电参数呈异常高值反映，视极化率在15－40％，两种方法的联合应用，具有快速而准确的特点，在探矿工作中取得了良好的效果。     

坑道直流电阻率测深异常研究

电阻率测深数据可利用抗道的四个面和四个角得到。但由于受到坑道本身和体积效应影响,坑道内电阻率测深资料解释的困难很大。本文用有限单元法对坑道内的直流电阻率测深进行数值模拟计算。首先给出坑道中正常电位的取值,并利用有限单元异常电位计算法对坑道内电阻率测深进行正演计算。结果表明,在异常体断面尺寸、埋深及所用电极距与坑道截面尺寸相差不大时,坑道面上的测深断面反映的基本是本坑道面外侧地质体的信息,对其他位置的地质体没有明显反映,坑道角断面则反映的是相邻两个坑道面外侧地质体的综合信息。     

坑道全空间直流聚焦超前探测模拟研究

常规坑道直流电阻率超前探测方法在掌子面后方观测,受到坑道腔体和工作环境的影响较大,增加了资料解释的难度.利用同性电流相斥原理,并参考地面电阻率垂向测深和直流侧向测井技术设计出适合坑道空间掌子面和侧壁测量的垂直聚焦电位和梯度电位超前探测方案.应用有限元数值模拟技术,对三维坑道空间中掌子面和侧壁探测方案的聚焦超前探测效果进...     

Three-dimensional tomography using high-power induced polarization with the similar central gradient array

Induced polarization (IP) 3D tomography with the similar central gradient array combines IP sounding and IP profiling to retrieve 3D resistivity and polarization data rapidly. The method is characterized by high spatial resolution and large probing depth. We discuss data acquisition and 3D IP imaging procedures using the central gradient array with variable electrode distances. A 3D geoelectric model was constructed and then numerically modeled. The data modeling results suggest that this method can capture the features of real geoelectric models. The method was applied to a polymetallic mine in Gansu Province. The results suggest that IP 3D tomography captures the distribution of resistivity and polarization of subsurface media, delineating the extension of abrupt interfaces, and identifies mineralization.     

Combined straightforward inversion of resistivity and induced polarization (time-domain) sounding data

It is proposed that the Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS) developed by the authors for 1D inversion of resistivity sounding and magneto-telluric sounding data can also be used in similar fashion for time-domain induced polarization sounding data. The necessary formulations based on dynamic dipole theory are presented. It is shown that by using induced polarization potential, measured at the instant when steady state current is switched off, an equation can be developed for apparent ‘chargeability–resistivity’ which is similar to the one for apparent resistivity. The two data sets of apparent resistivity and apparent chargeability–resistivity can be inverted in a combined manner, using SIS for a common uniform thickness layer earth model to estimate the respective subsurface distributions of resistivity and chargeability–resistivity. The quotient of the two profiles will give the sought after chargeability profile. A brief outline of SIS is provided for completeness. Three theoretical models are included to confirm the efficacy of SIS software by inverting only the synthetic resistivity sounding data. Then one synthetic data set based on a geological model and three field data sets (combination of resistivity and IP soundings) from diverse geological and geographical regions are included as validation of the proposal. It is hoped that the proposed scheme would complement the resistivity interpretation with special reference to shaly sand formations.     

An efficient non-linear least-squares 1D inversion scheme for resistivity and IP sounding data

Non-linear least-squares inversion operates iteratively by updating the model parameters in each step by a correction vector which is the solution of a set of normal equations. Inversion of geoelectrical data is an ill-posed problem. This and the ensuing suboptimality restrict the initial model to being in the near vicinity of the true model. The problem may be reduced by introducing damping into the system of equations. It is shown that an appropriate choice of the damping parameter obtained adaptively and the use of a conjugate-gradient algorithm to solve the normal equations make the 1D inversion scheme efficient and robust. The scheme uses an optimal damping parameter that is dependent on the noise in the data, in each iterative step. The changes in the damping and relative residual error with iteration number are illustrated. A comparison of its efficacy over the conventional Marquardt and simulated annealing methods, tested on Inman's model, is made. Inversion of induced polarization (IP) sounding is obtained by inverting twice (true and modified) DC apparent resistivity data. The inversion of IP data presented here is generic and can be applied to any of the IP observables, such as chargeability, frequency effect, phase, etc., as long as these observables are explicitly related to the DC apparent resistivity. The scheme is used successfully in inverting noise-free and noisy synthetic data and field data taken from the published literature.     

Evaluation of DC, FDEM and IP resistivity methods for imaging perched saltwater and a shallow channel within coastal tidal flat sediments

Presently, electrical resistivity methods are applied in a wide variety of geological and environmental site investigations. Geologically, the coastal tidal flat sediments formed shallow channel-like features at the northern part of Germany. Three geoelectrical methods are applied to image the near surface sediments including a shallow conductive zone within the tidal deposits at the North Sea coast. These methods, direct current (DC) resistivity, frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) and spectral induced polarization (SIP), are evaluated to show which one can provide the required spatial resolution under study area conditions. This evaluation also includes a synthetic modeling to assess the DC resistivity imaging technique.The results constitute an encouraging example using these geophysical methods in characterizing the coastal aquifers. The inversion results show that the subsurface resistivity distribution of tidal sediments can change rapidly within a short distance. A thin high conductive layer is observed above the peat and clay layers reflecting a perched saltwater. The 2D IP section shows that the perched saltwater is restricted to patched forms above an impermeable layer of clay. According to the IP images the boundaries of the clay layer are recognized with a good resolution due to the high membrane polarization of the clays. The EM and DC profiles show a shallow channel-like feature within tidal deposits. In this paper, the best FDEM field parameters and the role of EM in lithologic studies are emphasized. Two main limitations can be observed from DC synthetic modeling: (a) A smearing in the lower boundary of the perched saltwater; (b) an amplification of the lateral effect of the highly conductive layer. These limitations decrease the resolution of DC imaging for accurate defining our targets. Because the IP response depends on microgeometry, fluid chemistry and saturation, the 2D IP results demonstrate the suitability of this method to characterize the tidal deposits in the coastal area with a good resolution. In this study, the success of SIP method supports further investigations into studying the hydraulic parameters of tidal deposits in this area. The obtained results during this investigation provide an overview of the coastal aquifer and they can serve as a basis for refining the conceptual model of morphological elements and sedimentary sequences of the coastal tidal flat.     

时频电磁技术及其在中国西部地区的应用

The time-frequency electromagnetic （TFEM） method combines frequency-domain sounding with time-domain sounding to form a comprehensive system so that it is possible to select different frequencies and induce waves according to the objective depth to be explored. During processing not only resistivity but also polarization information can be provided so we can study resistivity as well as predict oil-bearing characteristics simultaneously. Timedomain resistivity information is obtained by pseudo-2D resistivity inversion and frequencydomain IP information is obtained using the Cole-Cole model. Some successful applications in western China show that it provides unique results in an overthrust zone, deep igneous rock investigation, and hydrocarbon prediction.     

A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE INDUCED POLARIZATION OF THE TRIASSIC SHERWOOD SANDSTONE OF LANCASHIRE AND ITS HYDROGEOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS*

The time-domain induced polarization (IP) of saturated Sherwood Sandstone correlates significantly with the intergranular permeability and the matrix conductivity but only at low electrolyte concentrations (< 500 p.p.m. NaCl). An increase in the magnitude of sandstone IP with increase in the valence of the electrolyte cation is pronounced but occurs only at intermediate concentrations, i.e., between 100 and 2500 p.p.m. Surface IP and resistivity depth sounding measurements, supplemented by data from laboratory measurements, can be used to estimate the groundwater conductivity and hence the salinity in a moderate to strongly saline sandstone aquifer.     

激发极化法的“饱和效应”问题

西格尔（H.O.Seigel）从理论计算得到导电颗粒含量为25％的极化球体有最大异常,因此认为:激发极化法只宜于寻找中等浸染程度的矿体,对于含量很高的矿体或良导致密型矿体,激发极化法是不行的。据称这种“饱和效应”的理论得到野外结果的证实。 本文根据我国激发极化法在良导致密型矿体上大都能获得明显视极化率异常的事实,说明西格尔的“饱和效应”理论与事实不符。本文认为良导致密型极化体不存在“饱和效应”问题,激发极化法对它们的勘探也是有效的。可能由于西格尔把低含量理论公式,不计条件地推导到高含量、甚至良导矿体,因此他的结论是错误的。本文最后讨论了电阻率因素对浸染型球体视极化率强度的影响。