早第三纪济阳湖盆的形成和演变

在构造和气候的综合作用下,本区在早第三纪成为一个大型裂谷湖盆,并在沙四、沙三和沙一期因受古太平洋海泛影响而具有"近海"湖盆的特征,其演变经历了初始形成-强烈扩张-晚期扩张-收缩干涸四个阶段,构成一个完整的湖侵-湖退旋回和湖泊早期形成-中期扩张-晚期收缩三个亚旋回。     

汾河流域地貌发育对构造运动和气候变化的响应

自中更新世中晚期以来，由于构造运动及气候变化，在汾河流域系列盆地中无论是地貌还是沉积都出现了相应的变化。根据对系列盆地中普遍发育的三级冲湖积台地的成因分析，发现发生于0.76MaBP,0.55MaBP及0.13MaBP的3次大幅度区域构造抬升是导致古湖盆湖退，三级台地形成的根源，根据对太原盆地东南边缘的一台地-洪山台地湖积层的分析，发现在相邻两次构造抬升之间的构造相对稳定期，气候变化完全控制着湖盆的演化，由第四纪气候的干湿变化对象太原盆地这样大的湖盆，一般只引起不大于4.5m的湖面升降，与构造抬升引起的湖面变动相差甚大，作为影响河湖地貌发育的2个主导因素，构造运动是主要的，气候变化只是在构造稳定期才突出地显示其影响。     

可可西里地区错达日玛陨坑湖成因初探

本文根据可可西里地区综合调查资料和地球资源卫星遥感信息的研究，分析了错达日玛环形构造体系网络及湖泊地貌构型特征的动力条件，从而确定了错达日玛陨坑湖的成因类型，并建立了陨坑湖形成过程的演化模式．     

巴丹吉林沙漠及其高大沙山研究评述

亚洲内陆干旱化是国际古环境研究的热点问题。巴丹吉林沙漠是亚洲内陆第二大流动沙漠,拥有世界最高大的风积地貌——沙山,是亚洲内陆干旱化研究的重要载体。沙山的形成演化与其所在沙漠的环境变迁有关,且真实地记录了区域与全球的气候变化。沙山形成过程研究应从区域地质和环境演化入手。本文从地质演化、环境演化、沙漠沉积、沙漠水文、沙山地貌和沙山形成发育等6个方面阐述了有关巴丹吉林沙漠的高大沙山、沙漠湖泊和沙漠自身的形成演化。认为构造-气候事件是亚洲内陆干旱化的一级控制,地球运行轨道变化是二级控制。自新构造运动始至其趋缓,构造-气候事件始终是巴丹吉林沙漠环境气候的主控因素,地球运行轨道变化也起很大的作用。此时西风环流是中国北方沙漠带环境气候的主要驱动力。新构造运动趋缓后,地球运行轨道变化是中国北方沙漠带环境气候的主控因素,青藏高原对大气环流的影响逐渐显现,东亚季风环流是该地区环境气候的主要驱动力。古水说可以很好地解释沙漠湖泊水的来源问题,沙漠湖泊是通过浅层的地下水路依靠保存在地下的古水来相互补给的。宏观上沙漠湖泊是风蚀湖,高大沙山的维持与沙漠湖泊之间不存在必然的因果关系。风成说可以较好地解释沙山的成因。未来的重要研究方向之一是将沙山、沙漠及其演化一同进行研究,重建沙山和沙漠的演化历史,并探讨它们之间的关系。     

扎龙湿地的形成背景及其生态环境意义

扎龙湿地位于黑龙江省西部, 为乌裕尔河下游尾闾湖形成的苇草湖沼。作者通过野外调 查、表土样品粒度对比和遥感影像分析, 探讨了湿地形成演化的地质环境背景, 分析了扎龙湿地 与嫩江、沙地的成因联系。研究认为齐齐哈尔- 大庆沙地由北西走向的纵向沙垄和低洼盐碱带组 成, 与科尔沁沙地一起构成了一个NE 向展布的沙带, 可能主要形成于末次冰期时期。其后嫩江 进入沙地, 对沙地进行改造, 在扎龙地区留下众多牛轭湖。后期由于构造抬升嫩江河道西迁, 乌裕 尔河成为内流河, 其尾闾湖最后演化成为现在的扎龙湿地。因此扎龙地区的环境演化过程为: 风 成沙地形成→嫩江改造、破坏沙地→嫩江西迁、乌裕尔河分流→扎龙尾闾湖形成→扎龙尾闾湖退 化、湿地形成。因此扎龙湿地与连环湖是在风成沙丘上形成的沼泽地, 是整个嫩江流域生态环境 最脆弱的一个关键区。一旦湿地消失, 将导致这个地区的盐碱化和沙漠化, 对附近的齐齐哈尔和 大庆两市的生态环境造成严重影响。     

江西永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世沉积体及其演化模式

华东南地区白垩纪地壳伸展作用形成一系列SW-NE向展布的陆相断陷盆地,一般由粒度较粗的红色碎屑岩地层充填。赣杭构造带西段的江西永丰-崇仁盆地晚白垩世龟峰群角度不整合覆盖于早白垩世鹅湖岭组碎斑熔岩之上,自下而上包括河口组、塘边组和莲荷组。根据野外露头剖面沉积组构特征,可以识别出冲积扇、河流和湖泊等三种沉积体系。对各沉积相沉积物组成、沉积构造、垂向相序进行了探查认为,研究区上白垩统具有粗-细-粗的粒度变化旋回特征,反映了自下而上由冲积扇、河流到河流、湖泊再到冲积扇、河流沉积体系的有序变化。结合区域构造演化资料,初步建立的盆地沉积演化模式表明,河口组和塘边组为连续沉积,代表了断陷盆地开始发育和湖盆扩大阶段,反映了控盆构造由强烈活跃期到间歇宁静期的逐渐过渡。莲荷组再次以冲积扇和辫状河相砾岩为主,其中大量来自下伏红层的砾石成分说明莲荷组沉积时期控盆构造运动加剧。江西永丰-崇仁盆地沉积体系时空上明显的变化过程,可能是赣杭构造带晚白垩世陆相断陷盆地演化主要受区域断裂控制的一个典型代表。     

2003-2009 年中亚地区湖泊水位变化的时空特征

利用ICESat/GLAS 卫星测高数据产品获取2003-2009 年间中亚地区24 个典型湖泊的水位信息,分析该地区湖泊水位变化的时间过程和空间特征,并结合流域内气象观测数据和冰川、水坝分布图,分析不同类型湖泊的水位变化对气候变化与人类活动的响应。结果表明,湖泊水位变化与湖泊所在流域的年均降水量的变化呈显著的正相关;冰川融水对高山封闭湖泊的变化具有重要作用,其中在青藏高原北部、帕米尔高原和天山中部有大量冰川分布的流域,湖泊水位变化与湖泊补给系数呈正相关,水位主要表现为升高或稳定的状态;而在天山和阿尔泰山高地区无冰川补给的流域,水位随湖泊补给系数的增大而呈现负变化。水利枢纽或拦水坝为人类活动对湖泊的直接影响因子,其空间分布与近年来外流湖和平原尾闾湖的水位变化有关。拦水建坝的外流湖和尾闾湖的水位下降明显,而未建拦水坝或水利枢纽的外流湖水位相对稳定,进一步印证了近年来中亚水资源过度开发造成湖泊水位下降的事实。     

沉积盆地与造山带耦合机制探析

地球表面最主要的地理、地质构造单元是高耸的山脉与低坳的盆地,盆地和山脉在空间上往往相邻相伴,在演化的形成上存在某种关联性,因此认为盆地山脉在形成演化上存在某种耦合机制。盆山耦合演化动力的统一性是其内在机制,盆山耦合称为"近地表构造过程与岩石圈深部过程的耦合",盆山耦合现已成为重要的地质现象。根据动力学机制,可以识别出引张、挤压、走滑引张、走滑挤压、垂直应力和冲击这6种盆山耦合类型。本文对沉积盆地盆山耦合机制进行探析,对以后的研究具有参考意义。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊对浅层沙含水量的影响

湖泊与高大沙山共存是巴丹吉林沙漠独特的自然景观,对其形成机制尚未形成共识。已有研究发现沙层含水量偏高的现象可能在高大沙山的形成中发挥了重要作用,但对其水分来源的研究尚不充分。本研究通过对沙漠腹地3个湖盆内气象要素和浅层沙含水量时空分布的对比,结合前人对水同位素和水分运移规律的研究,发现湖泊的存在大大增加了湖盆内空气相对湿度和浅层沙含水量的变化幅度,并影响了浅层沙含水量随高度的分布特征;相关分析表明,控制有湖湖盆浅层沙含水量变化的主导过程是气温升降引起的水分损失与补充,而干湖盆浅层沙水分补给主要来自风的平流输送。尽管沙丘分层含水量的长期定量观测仍有待开展,但现有证据表明巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山沙层含水量偏高的现象很可能是湖泊蒸发的水汽以土壤吸附水汽或凝结水等形式逐渐运移至沙层内而形成,是湖泊-沙山体系长期共存、形成局地水汽平衡的结果。这为沙层水分来源研究提供了新的视角,也对沙漠腹地水资源开发利用有一定的参考意义。     

洞庭湖演变趋势探讨

洞庭湖的演变主要受构造沉降、泥沙淤积和人类活动影响三大因素的控制。目前 ,洞庭湖盆的构造沉降速率虽然较低 (3～ 10mm/a) ,但构造沉降量仍抵消了部分泥沙淤积量 ,在一定程度上抑制了洞庭湖日益萎缩的趋势。由于湖盆中泥沙淤积速率大于构造沉降速率 ,洲滩会继续发育和扩展 ,洞庭湖仍保持淤高的趋势。在“4 35 0工程”完成和三峡建坝后 80年内 ,湖盆泥沙淤积速率将降低到 1 79mm/a ,洞庭湖不断淤高的趋势将得到减缓。     

Phytogenic lacustrine sedimentation - oil shales in Neogene from Serbia, Yugoslavia

Lacustrine basins of Neogene age in Serbia were formed either in intramountain valleys-graben and half-graben structures or in the marginal part of the Pannonian sea during Oligocene or at the beginning of Miocene, lasted and ended at the end of Miocene or Pliocene. The formation of the numerous depressions of the Balkan Peninsula, due to tectonic activity, gave lake basins with alluvial, swamp and lacustrine facies. The cycle with these facies was repeated several times. The lakes are mostly meromictic, often permanently stratified (oil-shale). A high rate of sedimentation with thickness up to 2000 m is characteristic for many of these basins. In many lakes phytogenic sedimentation occurs, giving facies with coal and with oil-shales. In this paper only some basins with oil-shales will be discussed, e.g. Valjevo-Mionica, Jadar and Pranjani basin. The characteristics of Vranje and Aleksinac basin will be discussed only in general. The organic rich sequences (oil shales) are characterized by the thin lamination, preservations of fish remains and plant leaves and absence of bioturbation, which needed permanent stratification of water body and anoxic conditions. Paleoclimatic regimes at the time of deposition and diagenesis were warm, subtropic with the changes of humid and dry periods.     

黄河源区生态环境恶化的现状及其原因

黄河是中华民族的母亲河 ,黄河流域是世界上著名的四大文明古国的发祥地之一。远古时代黄河流域气候湿润、水源丰富、土地肥沃。轩猿黄帝和他的沿黄部落就在这里开始创造中华文明。而今黄河下游常年发生断流 ,中游水土流失严重 ,河源区生态环境恶化 ,已引起我国政府和民众的关注。目前 ,防治黄河源区生态环境进一步恶化的研究工作必须加大力度 ,在财力、人力方面应给予更大的支持 ,及早编制该区治理生态环境的规划 ,加强环境保护措施     

The glacilacustrine sedimentary environment of Bowser Lake in the northern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada

Bowser Lake, a fiord lake in the northern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, contains a thick Holocene fill consisting mainly of silt and clay varves. These sediments were carried into the lake by proglacial Bowser River which drains a high-energy, heavily glacierized basin. Sedimentation in the lake is controlled by seasonal snow and ice melt, by autumn rainstorms, and by rare, but very large jökulhlaups from glacier-dammed lakes in the upper Bowser River basin which complicate environmental inferences from the sedimentary record. Sediment is dispersed through the deep western part of the lake by energetic turbidity currents. The turbidity currents apparently do not overtop a sill that separates the western basin from much shallower areas to the east. Large amounts of silt and clay are deposited from suspension in the eastern part of the lake, but sediment accumulation rates there are much lower than to the west. Several strong acoustic reflectors punctuate the varved fill in the western basin; these may be thick or relatively coarse beds deposited during jökulhlaups or exceptionally large storms. The contemporary sediment yield to Bowser Lake, estimated from sediments in the lake, is about 360 t km^-2a^-1. This is a relatively high value, but it is less than yields insome other, similar montane basins with extensive snow and ice cover.The most likely explanation for the difference is that large amounts of sediment have been, and continue to be, stored on the Bowser delta andin small proglacial lakes.     

新疆玛纳斯湖变迁的气候和构造分析

在卫星影像分析、野外调查的基础上,结合前人研究的资料研究,玛纳斯湖的气候演化背景和区域构造活动背景。然后从玛纳斯湖水面高低和空间位置两个方面讨论玛纳斯湖的演化历史。指出第四纪以来玛纳斯湖出现6次高湖面,经历古玛纳斯湖向北迁移-古玛纳斯湖盆形成-退缩-解体-衰竭的演化过程。     

Quaternary features beneath Lake Simcoe,Ontario, Canada: drumlins,tunnel channels,and records of proglacial to postglacial closed and overflowing lakes

Lake Simcoe is a large lake 45 km across and in places over 30 m deep, located between Lake Huron and Lake Ontario, in the glaciated terrain of southern Ontario, Canada. Seismostratigraphic analysis of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, together with lakebed sediment sampling and pollen study, revealed distinctive sequences in the sediments beneath Lake Simcoe, Ontario. A surface unit (Blue Sequence) of soft Holocene mud (low-amplitude surface reflection, discontinuous parallel internal reflections) lies in the deeper basins of the lake. The underlying unit (Green Sequence) is characterized by high-amplitude parallel internal reflections; basal sediments of this sequence consist of clay rhythmites with dropstones. The Green Sequence was deposited by lacustrine sedimentation in proglacial Lake Algonquin; sedimentation persisted until the basin was isolated from other glacial lakes at about 10 ¹⁴C ka at the Penetang post-Algonquin phase. Subsequent erosion of the uppermost portion of the Green Sequence is attributed to wave action in a low-level early Holocene lake, possibly closed hydrologically and coeval with closed lowstands in the Huron and Georgian Bay basins. Two sequences with high-amplitude surface reflections and chaotic internal reflections (Purple and Red Sequences) lie below the Green Sequence. Northeast-southwest trending ridges, tens of metres in height, on the Red Sequence (the lowermost of these two units) are interpreted to be drumlins. An erosion surface descends into narrow valleys 50–80 m deep beneath the lake in bays to the west and south of the main lake basin. These depressions are interpreted as subglacial tunnel channels cut by rapid flows of meltwater. The sediments of Purple Sequence are interpreted as channel-fill sediments rapidly deposited during waning stages of the meltwater drainage. The Red Sequence is correlated with the Newmarket Till of the last glacial maximum identified beneath the Oak Ridges Moraine to the south.     

Paleochemistry and paleohydrology of Ceylon Lake,a salt-dominated playa basin in the northern Great Plains,Canada

In the western part of the Canadian Prairies, there are thousands of small, closed-basin saline lakes. Most of these lakes are ephemeral, filling with water during the spring and drying completely by late summer. Ceylon Lake, located in southern Saskatchewan, is typical of many of these shallow ephemeral lacustrine basins. The stratigraphic sequence recovered from this salt playa can be subdivided into six distinct facies types: (a) icelaid gravelly clay loam diamicton; (b) fluvial massive bedded to laminated sand; (c) lacustrine laminated calcareous clay and silt; (d) lacustrine laminated gypsiferous clay and silt; (e) lacustrine black, anoxic, nonlaminated, organic-rich mud; and (f) lacustrine salt. The crystalline salt facies, which can be up to 9 meters thick, is comprised mainly of sodium and sodium + magnesium sulfates, with smaller and more variable proportions of other sulfates, halides, carbonates, and insoluble clastic detritus.Although a variety of postdepositional processes have significantly altered the nature and stratigraphic relationships in the basin, the sediment fill does record, in a general way, the fluctuating depositional, hydrological, and geochemical conditions that existed in the basin since deglaciation. The Ceylon Lake basin originated about 15 000 years ago as meltwater from the retreating glacial ice cut a major spillway system in the drift and bedrock. The initial (early Holocene) phases of lacustrine sedimentation in Ceylon Lake occurred in a relatively deep freshwater lake. By about 6000 years B.P., the lake had become much shallower with numerous episodes of complete drying and subaerial exposure. The most recent 5000 years of deposition in the basin have been dominated by evaporite sedimentation. The composition of the soluble salts deposited during this time indicates some degree of cyclic sedimentation superimposed on an overall gradual shift from a sodium dominated brine to one of mixed sodium and magnesium.     

New seismic stratigraphy and Late Tertiary history of the North Tanganyika Basin, East African Rift system, deduced from multichannel and high-resolution reflection seismic data and piston core evidence

Abstract We present here the initial results of a high-resolution (sparker) reflection seismic survey in Northern Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system. We have combined these results with data from earlier multichannel reflection seismic and 5-kHz echosounding surveys. The combination of the three complementary seismic investigation methods has allowed us to propose a new scenario for the late Aliocene to Recent sedimentary evolution of the North Tanganyika Basin. Seismic sequences and regional tectonic information permit us to deduce the palaeotopography at the end of each stratigraphic sequence. The basin history comprises six phases interpreted to be responses to variations in regional tectonism and/or climate. Using the reflection seismic-radiocarbon method (RSRM), the minimum ages for the start of each phase (above each sequence boundary) are estimated to be: ?7.4 Ma, ? 1.1 Ma, ?393–363 ka, ?295–262 ka, ? 193–169 ka, ?40–35 ka. Corresponding lowstand lake elevations below present lake level for the last five phases are estimated to have been: ?650–700 m, ?350 m, ?350 m, ?250 m and ? 160 m, respectively. The latest phase from ?40–35 ka until the present can be subdivided into three subphases separated by two lowstand periods, dated at ?23 ka and ? 18 ka. From the late Miocene until the mid Pleistocene, large-scale patterns of sedimentation within the basin were primarily controlled by tectonism. In contrast, from the mid Pleistocene to the present, sedimentation in Lake Tanganyika seems to have responded dramatically to climatic changes as suggested by repeated patterns of lake level fluctuations. During this period, the basin infill history is characterized by the recurrent association of three types of deposits: ‘basin fill’ accumulations; lens-shaped ‘deep lacustrine fans’; and ‘sheet drape’ deposits. The successive low-lake-level fluctuations decreased in intensity with time as a consequence of rapid sedimentary filling under conditions of declining tectonic subsidence. The climate signal has thus been more pronounced in recent sedimentary phases as tectonic effects have waned.     

近年来新疆盆地平原区域湖泊变化原因分析

由绿洲及其所在荒漠盆地平原与周边山地系统共同组成的新疆地域系统，是我国西北干旱区的主要部分之一。由于荒漠盆地平原系统不产生径流，因此，地表水、浅层地下水和泉水、湖泊都必然地以相邻的山地系统为供给水源地。从山地进入荒漠盆地平原的河流就成为主要供给渠道。博斯腾湖、艾丁湖、艾比湖1995年以来，湖水水位明显升高，湖水面积的不断扩大，从湖泊水面面积的演变过程，主要水源变化，气温略微上升，降水显著增多诸因素综合系统分析，说明在全球气候背景下，区域气候和水文变化周期与人类活动是影响其变化的主要原因。     

民勤盆地东北部晚第四纪深湖亚相地层空间分布及其环境意义

民勤盆地位于石羊河下游,现今大面积地区已被风沙覆盖.前人的研究报道了在民勤盆地的东部曾经发育过一个面积巨大的"腾格里古大湖",然而尚不明确民勤盆地是否也曾被湖水覆盖.为此,本文收集整理了民勤盆地中8个水文地质钻孔的地层资料,利用GIS技术重现了研究区地表以下50 m深度内的湖相地层的空间分布特征.分析发现,在盆地的不同地区普遍发育了2~3层深湖亚相地层,部分地区甚至多达4层,各湖相层厚度介于0.5~32 m.区域地层对比结果显示,在某个时段研究区大范围地区普遍发育了深水湖泊,而其他时段则在不同地区零星发育了小湖泊.结合研究区已有的测年资料,本文认为在晚第四纪某个时段(倒数第二层深湖亚相发育阶段),整个研究区内曾经存在一个规模较大的连通湖泊;但民勤盆地晚第四纪不同阶段深湖亚相地层差异明显的空间分布特征,可能反映了湖盆沉积中心自东向西、再向北东的迁移过程.     

Pliocene to Holocene geomorphic evolution and paleogeography of the El’gygytgyn Lake region,NE Russia

Geomorphic, lithologhic, and stratigraphic field studies as well as pollen data and mineralogical study have been used to propose Pliocene and Pleistocene paleogeographic reconstructions of the El’gygytgyn meteorite crater area. The moment of impact is recorded above the early Pliocene hill denudation plain as a “chaotic horizon” consisting of fragments of impactite rocks. This chaotic horizon lies between layers of late Pliocene alluvial sediments. During the second half of the late Pliocene, the region was tectonically active, when the Anadyr lowland was uplifted causing alluvial sediments to accumulate in the basins to the south of the crater. Regional climatic cooling, which supported the spread of tundra and the formation of permafrost is characteristically to late Pliocene. The 35–40 m high terrace that roughly follows the 530 m contour interval along the Enmyvaam River formed during the middle Pleistocene. This terrace represents the maximum lake level. Erosion and incision of the upper Enmyvaam River increased due to another wave of uplift. Additionally, El’gygytgyn Lake discharge increased causing lake level to begin to drop in the Middle Pleistocene. Cooling continued, which led to the development of herb-dominated arctic tundra. middle and late Pleistocene glaciations did not reach the El’gygytgyn lake region. The 9–11 m high lacustrine terrace was formed around the lake during the late Pleistocene and the 2–3 m high lacustrine terrace formed later during the Holocene. During the last 5000 years, the lake level has continued to drop as the modern coastline developed. This is the third in a series of eleven papers published in this special issue dedicated to initial studies of El’gygytgyn Crater Lake and its catchment in NE Russia. Julie Brigham-Grette, Martin Melles, Pavel Minyuk were guest editors of this special issue.