长白山天池火山——多成因中央式火山

长白山天池火山属新生代多成因中央式火山,也是我国最大的一座具潜在危险的活火山。火山主体由早期玄武岩盾、中期粗面岩锥和晚期伊格尼姆岩席组成。天池火山布里尼喷发柱高度最高达25 km,柱体最大宽度为半径12～13 km。天池破火山口塌陷过程可以分为四期,分别位于造锥喷发阶段和造伊格尼姆岩喷发阶段。本文对天池火山未来可能的火山灾害类型及范围也作了初步预测。     

基于重力剖面的长白山天池火山地壳岩浆囊建模

长白山天池火山是中国最具潜在喷发危险的多成因复式火山,在近2000年来,曾经发生过世界上最大规模的喷发。为了进一步研究长白山天池火山的潜在危险,有必要研究火山的岩浆囊位置和分布。为此,在长白山天池火山开展了一条南北方向的重力剖面测量。结合前人工作,如地震勘探P波速度反演和大地电磁测深（MT）电阻率反演,以及地质信息,采用人机交互的形式,建立了一条长约150km的密度模型。从建模结果图中可以发现：（1）长白山天池下方存在地壳岩浆囊;（2）长白山天池北坡地壳存在一个高阻、低密度体,深度在7~15km,距离天池2~10km,可能是富含气体的岩浆囊;（3）在南坡和北坡大约3km深度处普遍存在一个岩浆岩层;（4）在天池下存在一个已经塌陷堵塞的火山颈。     

Kīlauea,Hawai’i,puts on a ‘once‐in‐a‐century’ show

Kīlauea is the youngest of five basaltic shield volcanoes on the island of Hawai’i. It is located to the south‐east of the much larger Mauna Loa volcano, and rose above sea level about 100 ka ago. Kīlauea is one of the most monitored, and arguably the best understood volcanoes on Earth, providing scientists with a good understanding of its current eruption, in which magma rises from depth and is stored beneath its 4 × 3.2 km summit caldera in an underground reservoir. The reservoir is connected to a lava lake within a crater called Halema’uma’u, which is situated on the floor of the caldera. When magma drains from the summit area it travels in underground conduits and emerges on the flanks of the volcano at a rift zone, where it erupts through fissures. The magma is sometimes stored in other reservoirs along the way. This link between summit magma storage and fissure eruptions on the flanks has occurred thousands of times at many Hawai’ian volcanoes. The current eruptive episode is, however, a ‘once‐in‐a‐century’ show, because it is the first time since 1924 that fissure‐fed lava flow eruptions have been accompanied by significant explosive eruptions within Halema’uma’u Crater. This gives scientists a unique opportunity to use modern methods to understand exactly how such hazardous explosions happen at Kīlauea, a volcano that receives about 2 million visitors a year.     

Evolution of the middle Proterozoic Chandabooka Caldera,Gawler range acid volcano‐plutonic province,South Australia

Volcanism associated with the middle Proterozoic Gawler Range acid volcano‐plutonic province was initiated in the Kokatha area by the construction on Archaean basement of a large stratovolcano composed mainly of tholeiitic basalt and potassic basaltic‐andesite erupted possibly from a mantle‐derived ultramafic diapir.

Crustal melting above the diapir generated acid magma, rich in silica and potassium, which rose by major block‐stoping to form a subvolcanic magma chamber. Leakage from this chamber during the premonitory caldera phase gave rise to small explosive and effusive eruptions around an incipient ring‐fracture zone. In the caldera phase, the eruption of voluminous rhyodacite to dacite ignimbrite from the subvolcanic magma chamber resulted in collapse of the roof partway through the eruption to form the Chandabooka caldera, 15 x 10 km across: the ignimbrite comprises a thick compound cooling unit, the Chandabooka Dacite, of which both the caldera and outflow facies are preserved. Resurgent doming and subsequent uplift of the caldera block by 1 km followed in the post‐caldera phase, accompanied by minor acidic volcanism. Flat‐roofed stocks of the primitive S‐type Hiltaba Granite and a major dyke swarm intruded the volcanic pile to complete the volcano‐plutonic episode.     

长白山天池老虎洞期火山活动地质特征及成因意义

长白山天池火山老虎洞期火山活动发生在更新世晚期白头山组碱性粗面岩喷发之后,火山活动的产物主要为玄武岩质火山碎屑岩和少量玄武岩质或粗面岩质熔岩;老虎洞组火山岩的稀土元素地球化学特征介于早期玄武岩和气象站组碱流岩两者之间,将二者有机地联系在一起,使整个天池火山岩的演化趋势更加清晰。老虎洞组火山岩的存在充分证明了天池火山的粗面岩类与该区早期的大量玄武岩具有成因联系。长白山天池火山活动的成因并非简单地用西太平洋板块的俯冲作用所能解释的。     

从神话、传说与文字记录中探索中国活火山喷发的信息

火山喷发文字记录资料的考证可以给出历史上火山喷发的最为准确的时间限定，对喷发过程、灾害效应也都可给出极为详细、准确的措施。长白山天池火山喷发的满语资料是除了汉语、朝语之处另一种极为重要的资料来源，目前已从有关满语神话传说中得到了若干有重要意义的火山与火山学信息。本文列出了3类、14条天池火山喷发的神话与传说，从中可以得知数千年以来天池火山发生过多次猛烈的与温和的周期性的喷发。天池火山喷发与火山泥石流、喷发后洪水泛滥有密切关系，泛滥物波及到距离天池火山460km以过的嫩江流域及珲春一带。在中国近代史上还有若干次火山喷发记录，经考察较为确定的1951年昆仑山西部于田县卡尔达西火山喷发是一次地下岩浆上侵、地表汽爆炸与喷发的火山喷发事件。     

Tephra Discovered in High Resolution Peat Sediment and Its Indication to Climatic Event

Floating tephra was deposited together with ice core,snow layer,abyssal sediment,lake sediments,and other geological records.It is of great significance to interpret the impact on the climate change of volcanic eruptions from these geological records.It is the first time that volcanic glass was discovered from the peat of Jinchuan(金川)Maar,Jilin(吉林)Province,China.And it is in situ sediments from a near-source explosive eruption according to particle size analysis and identification results.The tephra were neither from Tianchi(天池)volcano eruptions,Changbai(长白)Mountain,nor from Jinlongdingzi(金龙顶子)volcano about 1 600 aBP eruption,but maybe from an unknown eruption of Longgang(龙岗)volcano group according to their geochemistry and distribution.Geochemical characters of the tephra are similar to those of Jingiongdingzi,which are poor in s.Jica,deficient in alkali,Na20 content is more than K20 content,and are similar to distribution patterns of REE and incompatible elements,which helps to speculate that they originated from the same mantle magma with rare condemnation,and from basaltic explosive eruption of Longgang volcano group.The tephra,from peat with age proved that the eruption possibly happened in 15 BC-26 AD,is one of Longgang volcano group eruption that was not recorded and is earlier than that of Jinglongdingzi about 1 600 aBP eruption.And the sedimentary time of tephra is during the period of low temperature alteration.which may be the influence of eruption toward the local climate according to the correlativity of eruption to local temperature curve of peat cellulose oxygen isotope.     

长白山天池地区全新世以来火山活动及其特征

新生代以来,强烈而频繁的火山活动铸成了长白山火山的主体——白头山火山锥。近几年来,从火山学和火山灾害学角度在该区进行研究和调查所获得的资料发现,长白山天池地区在全新世至少有六期火山活动在地表留下了记录。除白云峰期和八卦庙期喷发出大量碱流岩质浮岩形成的火山碎屑流造成了严重的火山灾害之外,其他四次喷发的规模均较小、影响面不大。老虎洞期活动发生在浮岩喷发之前,主要产物为玄武质火山渣和熔岩;气象站期喷发可能是该火山近期活动的表现,以碱流岩喷溢为主。这些喷发活动证实,该区近代火山活动不仅从未停止过,相反,活动的频度却逐渐加大。     

四海龙湾玛珥湖沉积物中碱流质火山灰的来源及其意义

四海龙湾玛珥湖位于东北新生代龙岗火山区内,在玛珥湖沉积物距湖底69-70cm处分离出新鲜的火山灰。根据火山灰产出的层位、原生沉积特征、形貌和碱流质化学成分特征,属于长白山天池火山公元1199-1200年大喷发的产物。这一结果不仅表明天池火山历史时期大喷发的规模比原来估计的还要大,并且为建立千年以来四海龙湾沉积物及古气候演化的时间标尺提供了依据。     

The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano,Eritrea: perspectives on magmatic processes from melt inclusions

The 2011 eruption of Nabro volcano, Eritrea, produced one of the largest volcanic sulphur inputs to the atmosphere since the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, yet has received comparatively little scientific attention. Nabro forms part of an off-axis alignment, broadly perpendicular to the Afar Rift, and has a history of large-magnitude explosive silicic eruptions, as well as smaller more mafic ones. Here, we present and analyse extensive petrological data obtained from samples of trachybasaltic tephra erupted during the 2011 eruption to assess the pre-eruptive magma storage system and explain the large sulphur emission. We show that the eruption involved two texturally distinct batches of magma, one of which was more primitive and richer in sulphur than the other, which was higher in water (up to 2.5 wt%). Modelling of the degassing and crystallisation histories demonstrates that the more primitive magma rose rapidly from depth and experienced degassing crystallisation, while the other experienced isobaric cooling in the crust at around 5 km depth. Interaction between the two batches occurred shortly before the eruption. The eruption itself was likely triggered by recharge-induced destabilisation of vertically extensive mush zone under the volcano. This could potentially account for the large volume of sulphur released. Some of the melt inclusions are volatile undersaturated, and suggest that the original water content of the magma was around 1.3 wt%, which is relatively high for an intraplate setting, but consistent with seismic studies of the Afar plume. This eruption was smaller than some geological eruptions at Nabro, but provides important insights into the plumbing systems and dynamics of off-axis volcanoes in Afar.     

长白山天池火山千年大喷发岩浆含水量研究——熔融包裹体含水量的红外光谱测试

长白山天池火山在公元一千年左右曾发生过大规模喷发，其产物为大面积分布的灰白色碱流质浮岩和碎屑流，在其斑晶矿物橄榄石、钙铁辉石和碱性长石中均可见到熔融包裹体。在最主要的斑晶矿物——碱性长石中含有数量众多且个体也较大的熔融包裹体，多数含有一个以上的气泡，其中部分含有子晶，根据形貌特征的不同可分为截然不同的两组包裹体。这些熔融包裹体带有大量喷发前地下岩浆的信息，成为研究地下深部的岩浆在复杂的溢流-爆炸喷发中所发生变化的最好媒介。也是本文的研究对象，通过其中挥发份尤其是水的含量，可以推知天池火山发生大喷发的原因。经Nicolet Magna-IR 550红外光谱仪测定，这些熔融包裹体的含水量较高，达1．6％-3．6％，为当时天池火山发生了巨大规模爆炸喷发的原因提供了强有力的证据。但目前红外光谱仪的应用范围还比较有限，有待今后拓宽其应用领域。     

长白山天池火山地质学研究的若干进展与灾害分析

通过以减轻火山灾害为目的的天池火山锥体顶部地区地质填图工作，发现了天池火山锥体附近不同期次火山泥石流，部分火山泥石流显示的高温定位特征指示了其与千年大喷发的成因联系。这些火山泥石流构成了严重的火山泥石流灾害，天池火山锥体近顶部大型滑坡体的发现则指示了天池火山另一种重要的灾害类型。滑坡体堆积物结构上可分为3种类型。天池火山千年大喷发时不同成分与物性的岩浆混合作用十分发育，指示了天池火山喷发前不同岩浆批的混合与共喷发机理。本文还论述了天池火山近代历史记录喷发物的分布与鉴别特征。     

中国年轻火山岩铀钍(U-Th)非平衡研究进展

本文简述近些年中国年轻火山岩的铀钍非平衡研究进展.中国东部(五大连池,天池,镜泊湖,龙岗,大兴安岭,海南岛)的年轻火山岩都显示显著的230Th过剩,表明岩浆来源于含石榴子石的深部地幔,并且部分熔融速率低.其中五大连池主要来自深部(≥75km)的岩石圈地幔,天池、镜泊湖、龙岗和大兴安岭岩浆主要来自软流圈地幔,而海南岛火山岩则显示下地慢特征.中国东部年轻火山岩中U-Th非平衡并没有显示俯冲的太平洋板块对年轻火山岩的物质贡献.我们近来发现年轻火山岩中含有锆石.长白山天池火山岩千年喷发的碱流岩中的锆石U-Th等时线年龄为7～10ka.腾冲马鞍山的锆石表面U-Th等时线年龄为55ka,而锆石内部年龄是90ka.锆石年龄可能表明,相对于腾冲马鞍山的小喷发,大喷发的长白山天池火山岩浆滞留年龄短.长白山天池火山的很短的滞留时间表明其存在危险性.     

天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制初步探讨

根据岩浆演化和地球物理深部探测，天池火山之下存在地壳和地幔双层岩浆房。地幔玄武质岩浆向地壳岩浆房的补给，保持了天池火山逾百万年持续不断的喷发活动。本文从天池火山千年大喷发浮岩中的玄武质粗安岩一粗安岩角砾和条带状岩浆的岩相学、矿物学和岩石化学研究，提出地幔的粗面玄武质岩浆向地壳岩浆房的注入，触发千年大喷发，初步探讨了天池火山千年大喷发的岩浆混合作用与喷发机制。     

Modeling the multi-level plumbing system of the Changbaishan caldera from geochemical,mineralogical, Sr-Nd isotopic and integrated geophysical data

Changbaishan, an intraplate volcano, is characterized by an approximately 6 km wide summit caldera and last erupted in 1903. Changbaishan experienced a period of unrest between 2002 and 2006. The activity developed in three main stages, including shield volcano(basalts), cone-construction(trachyandesites to trachytes with minor basalts), and caldera-forming stages(trachytes to comendites). This last stage is associated with one of the more energetic eruptions of the last millennium on Earth, the 946 CE, VEI 7 Millennium Eruption(ME),which emitted over 100 km3 of pyroclastics. Compared to other active calderas, the plumbing system of Changbaishan and its evolution mechanisms remain poorly constrained. Here, we merge new whole-rock,glass, mineral, isotopic, and geobarometry data with geophysical data and present a model of the plumbing system. The results show that the volcano is characterized by at least three main magma reservoirs at different depths: a basaltic reservoir at the Moho/lower crust depth, an intermediate reservoir at 10–15 km depth, and a shallower reservoir at 0.5–3 km depth. The shallower reservoir was involved in the ME eruption, which was triggered by a fresh trachytic melt entering a shallower reservoir where a comenditic magma was stored. The trachytes and comendites originate from fractional crystallization processes and minor assimilation of upper crust material, while the less evolved melts assimilate lower crust material. Syn-eruptive magma mingling occurred during the ME eruption phase. The magma reservoirs of the caldera-forming stage partly reactivate those of the cone-construction stage. The depth of the magma storage zones is controlled by the layering of the crust.The plumbing system of Changbaishan is vertically extensive, with crystal mush reservoirs renewed by the replenishment of new trachytic to trachyandesitic magma from depth. Unlike other volcanoes, evidence of a basaltic recharge is lacking. The interpretation of the signals preceding possible future eruptions should consider the multi-level nature of the Changbaishan plumbing system. A new arrival of magma may destabilize a part of or the entire system, thus triggering eruptions of different sizes and styles. The reference model proposed here for Changbaishan represents a prerequisite to properly understand periods of unrest to potentially anticipate future volcanic eruptions and to identify the mechanisms controlling the evolution of the crust below volcanoes.     

天池火山三期浮岩气孔形态的复杂性及其动力学成因

爆炸式喷发过程中,火山碎屑物气孔记录了挥发分出溶、膨胀和合并等信息,其大小、形态、数量密度、空间分布等局域特征是推断火山喷发动力条件的重要参考。文章基于天池火山三期喷发(50 000年前大喷发的黄色浮岩、千年大喷发的灰白色浮岩和1668年八卦庙期喷发的黑色浮岩)野外地质工作,以非线性火山喷发动力学为指导,开展了火山通道内气泡生长的流体动力学研究,揭示出岩浆流体黏性力和界面张力的共同作用对于岩浆减压和气泡生长过程的约束。在浮岩气孔结构的定量化分析基础上,进一步研究了天池火山三期喷发的浮岩气孔参数,通过气泡生长流体动力学方程得到了千年大喷发灰白色浮岩毛细管数Ca值为253, 明显高于50 000年前大喷发黄色浮岩(Ca值为94)和八卦庙期喷发黑色浮岩(Ca值为111),表明了千年大喷发曾发生过明显的成分变化,推测可能与幔源基性岩浆注入有关;而50 000年前大喷发黄色浮岩气孔不规则形态参数(1-Ω)值为0.098,大于后两期喷发(分别为0.052和0.064),可能意味着天池火山系统动力学平衡的弛豫周期变小或浮岩气泡生长受动力学、流变学改造过程减弱,这可为进一步研究天池火山活动规律提供参考。三期浮岩毛细管数Ca量级为102,气孔不规则形态参数(1-Ω)量级为10-1,从动力学上首次证实了天池火山属于普林尼型或超普林尼型喷发。     

Potential impact on water resources from future volcanic eruptions at Long Valley,Mono County,California, U.S.A.

Earthquakes, ground deformation, and increased geothermal activity at Long Valley caldera after mid-1980 suggest the possibility of a volcanic eruption in the near future. An eruption there could have serious consequences for the City of Los Angeles, depending on the magnitude and volume of material ejected because surface water in Mono Basin plus surface and groundwater in Owens Valley accounts for about 80 percent of its water supply. Eruptions of moderate to very large magnitude could impede the supply of water from this area for several days, weeks, or even years by discharging small to large volumes of volcanic ash and causing lahars. Soon after an eruption, water quality would likely be affected by the accumulation of organic debris and microorganisms in surface waters.     

Unusual eruption of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic (Mud) volcano in Sakhalin during the Winter of 2005

The examination of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic volcano during the summer of 2005 and GPS-controlled large-scale (1: 1000) mapping revealed its regular but rather peculiar eruption. It was the largest among the eruptions investigated since 1911 and produced a very unusual lithoclastic field with an area of about 100 000 m² and a volume of about 100 000 m³. The eruption occurred from three distinct active centers and began with a vigorous explosion-like gas burst from one center followed by the noncontemporaneous discharge of a gas-and water-saturated liquid lithoclastic mass from the three centers, which produced a number of flows of different directions and sizes. The flows almost completely covered the smoothed flat open area of the volcano and even invaded the larch forest surrounding the volcano, where they bent, overturned, broke, and occasionally uprooted and dragged over some distance some large trees. The analysis and comparison with all the previously documented eruptions of the Main Pugachevo gas-water-lithoclastic volcano revealed their fairly diverse, sometimes strongly variable character with respect to many parameters: the amount of ejected lithoclastic material; the number of eruption centers; and the proportions of the erupted gaseous, liquid, and solid components. In general, the eruptions show a distinctly multirank periodic character: relatively minor or small low-rank eruptions take place once every 1–2 yr, and large eruptions of a higher rank are much less frequent (supposedly, once in 70 years).     

长白山天池火山区深部流体成分及其稳定同位素组成

天池火山区深部流体成分和稳定同位素组成特征指示,该区地下有相对独立的四个含水层。2.2km以上为冷水层,2.2-3.4km、3.5-3.9km、4km以下分别为上部、中部和深部热水层。现代水热活动均伴随强烈的深源气体释放,碳和氦同位素比值揭示,这些气体属幔源气体,其中仅混入少量大气,壳源物质混染不明显。大规模幔源气体释放主要集中在天池火山湖周围,这表明该区地壳浅部可能存在一定规模的热的幔源岩浆体。据碳同位素地质测温估算,该岩浆体的热变质带顶部距地面约5km.气体动态变化显示该岩浆体目前处在不稳定期,值得引起重视。     

基于简化Newmark模型的长白山天池火山诱发崩塌滑坡危险性评价

火山喷发过程所伴生的地震活动会诱发大量的崩塌滑坡次生灾害,其所造成的人员财产损失甚至超过火山活动本身。2002年以来长白山天池火山区地震活动的异常,表明火山深部的岩浆正在发生变化,天池火山存在喷发的危险。地震崩塌滑坡的危险性区划是降低生命财产损失的有效手段。将火山伴生地震作为崩塌滑坡灾害的诱发因素并据此设置地震参数,利用简化的Newmark累积位移模型,考虑地形因素对地震的放大效应,对长白山地区天池火山喷发下次生崩塌、滑坡灾害的危险性进行评价。通过探讨不同地震震级下的危险性分区结果,认为不同地震参数的设置对危险性分区结果没有影响。将研究区划分为极高、高、中等、低、极低等5个危险等级,其中,极高危险区主要分布在3个区域:以天池口为中心,40km为半径的范围内;沿江乡—两江镇—松江镇条带区域;长白县境内鸭绿江沿岸区域。