The influences of orography upon the flow within Ekman boundary layer under the approximation of geostrophic momentum

In this paper, the influences of orography on the boundary layer flow with the approximation of geostrophic momentum are studied. The wind velocity at the lower boundary will not always be zero when the orography exists. So the structure of the boundary layer flow, as well as the vertical velocity at the top of the boundary layer, is affected. There are three factors affecting the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer: lifting due to orography; divergence due to Ekman flow, and advection of the geostrophic momentum. These effects and the features of the flow within the boundary layer are discussed in detail.     

山地上空的Ekman抽吸

在本文中,利用文献的理论结果,设计了一个椭圆形的大小地形,研究西风急流通过这些地形时,边界层顶部垂直速度的分布特征。     

EKMAN PUMPING OVER MOUNTAINS

The analytical results of the previous paper(Wu,1989)are used to study the properties of vertical veloc-ity distribution at the top of the boundary layer.The relative position of a jet like geostrophic flow and el-lipse-shaped orography will affect the characteristic feature of vertical motion at the top of the boundary layerwhen the contributions of friction and orography are taken into consideration simultaneously.     

The Ekman boundary layer over orography: An analysis of vertical motion

A model of the planetary boundary layer is used to determine the field of vertical motion over large-scale orography. This model represents Ekman boundary-layer dynamics modified by the inclusion of accelerations of the geostrophic wind under the geostrophic momentum approximation. The orography is represented by a circular mountain. The inviscid solution is provided by the sum of a constant translation and a steady, uniform potential vorticity, anticyclonic vortex. The boundary-layer solution vanishes on the mountain, but is matched to the inviscid solution as the top of the boundary layer is approached. The vertical velocity field at the top of the boundary layer is determined by integration of the continuity equation. The field of motion is largely determined by descent from above into the anticyclonic circulation, as in the classical Ekman model. Contributions that arise from the inclusion of accelerations are associated with boundary-layer advection and ageostrophic divergence that produce vorticity tendencies. Finally, the boundary-layer vertical motion is shown to be comparable in magnitude to the vertical motion forced by inviscid flow over the orography, although the distributions of each are significantly different. Effects of mountain asymmetry and a changing pressure field, that can be treated more fully by numerical model simulations, are not considered in the present study.On leave at the University of Colorado, 1990.     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅱ:暖锋、均匀地转流

利用一个有地形、边界层摩擦作用、简化的二层浅水锋面模型,在理论上研究了地形上空边界层流动中地面暖锋的结构及环流分布特征问题。暖锋的坡度主要取决于其暖域地转流、锋面移速,它随锋面移速增大而减小,这与冷锋特征相反。地形对暖锋坡度的影响作用较小。与无地形作用时相比,静止性暖锋冷域中,位于锋面界面附近的闭合正环流系,当暖锋位于地形上游,其伸展范围增大;当暖锋位于迎风坡时,其伸展范围缩小,中心位置上抬;锋面移至背风坡时,其伸展范围重新增大。对于冷域中远离地面暖锋的另一支正环流系来说,当暖锋位于地形上游或迎风坡时,它可被地形完全阻塞于背风侧,地形高度越高,地形阻塞作用越大。在暖锋锋区附近主要存在三支垂直上升运动带：（a）由于边界层摩擦辐合作用,导致在地面暖锋后缘暖区中形成一支水平尺度较小、强度较大的垂直运动带,它随着暖锋移速增大而减弱。该垂直运动带,当暖锋位于地形迎风侧,强度增加;暖锋位于地形背风侧,其强度减弱。（b）在锋区暖域沿锋面存在均匀的上升运动,（c）在冷域远离地面暖锋处,存在一支水平范围较宽,其中心位于边界层顶部附近的垂直运动带,当暖锋位于迎风坡时,这支垂直运动带可被地形阻塞于地形背风侧。     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究 I：冷锋、均匀地转流

文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型 ,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题。冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关。当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其坡度减小 ,位于背风坡时 ,其坡度增大。在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系 ,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系。静止冷锋位于背风坡 ,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强 ,范围增大 ,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移 ,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大。当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,结果相反。冷锋移动较慢时 ,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡。当静止冷锋移离地形时 ,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽。地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用 ,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现。由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用 ,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带 ,当冷锋位于迎风坡时 ,其强度增强 ,当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,其强度减弱。当冷锋位于背风坡时 ,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大 ,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区     

地形与Ekman边界层中的气流

利用σ坐标讨论地形与边界层气流是有很多方便的地方,因为,在此坐标中,下边界条件较为简单。在本工作中,首先将混合长理论加以推广并将它用于σ坐标,于是导得了用以描述地形上空边界层气流的控制方程,对边界层气流的特征,特别是对于Ekman抽吸作用进行了详细分析。指出有三种因子影响边界层顶部的垂直运动,第一种因子是边界层内涡度分布,这是与边界层中由于摩擦作用所引起的辐合辐散有直接联系;第二种因子是由于边界层顶部的气流爬坡运动所引起的;第三种是由于边界层中跨越等压线的分量爬坡所引起的,它出现于当等压线与地形等高线相平行时,或地转风呈现绕流情况时,这一作用最为明显。     

地形上空边界层流中低层锋面结构的理论研究Ⅰ:冷锋、均匀地转流

文中利用一个包含地形、边界层摩擦作用的二层锋面简化模型,讨论了地形、边界层对冷锋锋面结构、环流的动力学影响作用问题.冷锋的倾斜主要与冷锋暖区的地转流分布、锋面移动速度、锋面与地形的相对位置有关.当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其坡度减小,位于背风坡时,其坡度增大.在静止冷锋存在两类不同的环流系,即位于大气低层、地面锋附近的反时针环流系和远离地面锋的顺时针环流系.静止冷锋位于背风坡,其冷域中的这支闭合环流增强,范围增大,而位于冷锋界面上的环流转向点沿锋面上移,暖域中沿锋面的暖空气运动范围变大.当静止冷锋位于迎风坡时,结果相反.冷锋移动较慢时,其冷域远离地面锋的这支顺时针环流主体可被地形完全阻塞在迎风坡.当静止冷锋移离地形时,由于地形作用可在锋面暖域、地形下游形成一个背风槽.地形对锋区的垂直运动影响主要通过地形与边界层共同作用,改变锋区流场辐合辐散的分布及地形强迫抬升两条途径实现.由于边界层摩擦的辐合作用,在地面冷锋的前缘可形成一支范围较窄、强度较大的上升运动带,当冷锋位于迎风坡时,其强度增强,当冷锋位于背风坡时,其强度减弱.当冷锋位于背风坡时,在暖区沿锋面上升的暖空气运动范围增大,可以出现沿锋面相间隔的多个上升区.     

正压边界层中的风压场相互调整

本文考虑正压边界层顶的垂直质量输送,将边界层与自由大气联系起来,研究这两层之间的风压场的相互作用所得到定常状态下的风压场,并算得了边界层顶的垂直速度。这些结果与经典Ekman边界层是有明显区别的。     

ADJUSTMENT OF WIND AND PRESSURE FIELDS IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER

The vertical transport of mass at the top of the boundary layer is considered as a link between theboundary layer and free atmosphere.The adjustment of the wind and pressure fields in the boundary layeris studied under the consideration of the interaction between the boundary layer and free atmosphere.Thevertical motion at the top of the boundary layer is evaluated.The results show that the distinguished differ-ences of the present results from classical Ekman layer do exist and they are discussed in the paper.     

变化涡动沾性系数的Ekman动量近似模式风场结构

在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。     

复杂山区上空垂直速度场和热力对流活动的理想数值模拟

利用英国气象局高分辨率的边界层数值模式BLASIUS,针对中国西北一个复杂山区进行了一系列的理想数值模拟,分析了在不同天气条件下山区上空的垂直速度场分布和对流特征以及地形对热力对流活动的影响,同时讨论了与地形有关的对流触发机制。模式结果表明,复杂山区的垂直运动在稳定层结和风速较大的情况下较易预测,而在中性层结下,山区上空的垂直运动分布随机性强。在Froude数小于0.5的条件下,气流往往被山峰阻塞而在迎风坡造成地形强迫和辐合性抬升,从而易在迎风坡触发深对流活动;在背风坡则由于迎风坡的绕流重新辐合而造成垂直运动。绕流的辐合是触发深对流活动的另一重要因子。在大风或Froude数较大的条件下,地形重力波容易在山地下游被激发。地形重力波与对流活动的相互影响在模式中清楚可见。在适当的条件下,重力波除了可以与对流活动相耦合从而使气团上升到更高的高度外,重力波的走向很可能会影响到深对流系统的传播路径。研究还发现稳定度对相邻两条对流线之间的距离长短也有影响。稳定度较小时,相邻两条对流线之间的平均宽度趋向变大而单个对流线的强度也相应变大。定量化的结论和理论升华值得进一步的数值模拟研究。     

Atmosphere-ocean interaction in mid-latitude storms

Summary Surface fluxes of heat, latent heat, and momentum, and entrainment fluxes and vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer have been calculated for limited regions of several mid-latitude ocean storms. Results have been combined to describe distributions of boundary layer processes which are characteristic of such storms. Surface heat fluxes have important effects in the region west of cold or occluded fronts and are relatively unimportant within a band of about 200 km width east of fronts. Entrainment in pre-frontal regions is driven largely by vertical shear at the top of the boundary layer, while in post-frontal regions it is driven largely by surface heat flux. Boundary layers are well defined in regions more than roughly 200 km east or west of fronts; but closer to fronts boundary layers are not well defined due to the combined effects of entrainment, condensation, and vertical motion associated with the distribution of surface stress.With 12 Figures     

The effects of orography on convection in the Stavropol Territory

The influence of orography in the Stavropol Territory on convection development is studied. The ascending motions induced by orography, under certain directions of the airflow in the surface layer, are calculated using the technique proposed by Chogovadze. The resulting field of vertical motions is used to determine the distribution of the cloud condensation level over the Stavropol Territory and tendencies of convective cloud development.     

The wind in the baroclinic boundary layer with three sublayers incorporating the weak non-linear effect

In considering the weak non-linear effect, and using the small parameter expansion method, the analyt-ical expressions of the wind distribution within PBL (planetary boundary layer) and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL are obtained when the PBL is divided into three layers and different eddy transfer coefficients K are adopted for the three layers. The conditions of barotropy and neutrality for the PBL are extended to that of baroclinity and non-neutral stratification. An example of a steady circular vortex is used to display the characteristics of the horizontal wind within the PBL and the vertical velocity at the top of the PBL. Some new results have been obtained, indicating that the magnitude of the speed in the lower height calculated by the present model is larger than that by the model in which k is a constant within the whole boundary layer, for example, in the classical Ekman boundary layer model and the model by Wu (1984). The angle between the wind at the top of the PBL and the wind near the surface calculated by the present model is less than that calculated by the single K model. These results are in agreement with the observations.     

EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION AND TOPOGRAPHY ON THE INSTABILITY OF BAROCLINIC WAVES

In this paper,the simultaneous effects of boundary layer and topography on the instability of Eady waveare investigated by using a new parameterization of the vertical velocity at the top of PBL and the influencesof the stratification of the PBL,roughness and the slope of terrain are shown.Furthermore,the effects of theboundary layer friction and topography on generalized Eady wave are also investigated.     

边界层摩擦和地形对斜压波不稳定性的影响

本文用新的边界层顶垂直速度参数化方案研究了当地形和边界层摩擦同时存在时二者对Eady波不稳定性的影响,得到了边界层层结、地面粗糙度、地形坡度的影响,还研究了摩擦和地形对一般化Eady波不稳定性的影响。     

The vertical distribution of macro-insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer: A radar study

A special-purpose radar has been used to observe the vertical distribution of large, strong-flying insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer over the central-western plains region of New South Wales. During the period of take-off flight at dusk, the density of insects decreased monotonically with height, and a distribution of this type persisted for much of the night in the zone of steady temperature lapse extending from the top of the inversion layer to the flight ceiling at about 1 km. Later in the night, the insects often became concentrated in the warm air at the top of the inversion layer. The lower boundary of this concentration sometimes became sharply defined, but above the zone of maximum insect density there was usually a smooth decrease of insect numbers with altitude. When the boundary layer was disturbed by an atmospheric density current, the direction and vertical distribution of the migration was permanently changed; solitary wave disturbances, however, had only a transient effect.     

大气对流边界层中热力湍流过程的研究

本文利用实测资料讨论了对流边界层内的湍流结构,重点分析复盖递温层附近风速和温度的方差以及垂直速度三阶矩的垂直分布。此外,还讨论了对流边界层顶部附近温度的垂直分布,得出温度梯度随高度分布呈—2次幂关系。     

Prairie agroclimate boundary‐layer model: A simulation of the atmosphere/crop‐soil interface

Abstract

This paper describes a 1‐D agroclimatic model of the atmosphere/crop‐soil interface. Vertical profiles of wind, potential temperature and water vapour are constructed twice daily for the overnight‐low and maximum temperature times by combining 1200 and 0000 UTC upper‐air standard‐level grid‐point data with climatological observations. The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer has a surface constant‐flux layer that is usually topped by a mixed layer by day but not at night. The crop‐soil boundary layer consists of a shallow top‐zone and a growing root‐zone. Vegetation cover and root depth depend upon crop type and phenological stage. Water‐balance accounting tracks the moisture contents of both the top‐ and root‐zones. Evapotranspiration or the vertical flux of water vapour in the atmospheric boundary layer is tied to the evolution of the crop‐soil boundary layer.

The model was calibrated using field data from the Regional Evaporation Study's primary site in an agricultural area of central Saskatchewan. The evolution of 1991's wheat‐soil boundary layer from the crop's heading to ripe stages was then successfully simulated at two additional sites in the same geographical area.