河西走廊内陆河上游山区基流分割方法适用性与基流特征分析

基流是河西走廊内陆河流域径流的重要补给来源,对维持径流稳定具有重要作用。基流分割方法众多,其中数字滤波法在实际操作中具有简单易用和可重复性强的特点,因而被广泛应用于基流分割研究。本文以河西走廊三大内陆河流域（黑河、石羊河、疏勒河）山区为研究区域,选取4种数字滤波方法（Lyne-Hollick法、Chapman法、Chapman-Maxwell法和Eckhardt法）对研究区内14条河流的最佳基流分割参数进行评价,并对基流特征进行分析。结果表明：Eckhardt法在四种滤波方法中评价最好,是河西走廊内陆河流域基流分割的一种有效方法。在1965—2018年,河西走廊内陆河流域年基流量与径流量呈现相似的线性趋势特征,但径流变化幅度较基流更大。2000年后,黑河流域山区各支流多年平均基流量较2000年以前增加1.5%～20.7%,疏勒河流域山区各支流基流量增加1.9%～54.0%,石羊河流域山区各支流多年平均值变化幅度为-14.1%～5.9%。各流域枯水年基流指数（BFI）比丰水年略高（0.003～0.027）,年内枯水季基流指数（BFI一般达到0.6以上）是丰水季的2.3～5.7倍。本文采用...     

应用汇流模型分割河川基流

一、前言一般在山丘区确定地下径流量,多采用基流分割的方法。所谓“基流分割”,就是从实测流量过程线中划分出地表径流和地下径流,这至今仍是水文学上在不断深入研究而又有待突破的一个重要课题。在水文计算和水文预报中,研究流域汇流以及河道流量演算时,基流     

黄河源区白河基流分割方法适用性分析

基流是黄河径流的重要补给来源, 对源区水资源规划和生态环境建设具有重要作用。以黄河源区白河流域为研究区, 利用唐克水文站1981 - 2015年的实测日径流资料, 采用常用的5类12种数值模拟法, 进行基流分割并比较分析其适用性。结果表明： 12种方法估算的基流指数（Baseflow index, BFI）差异明显, Lyne-Hollick滤波法计算的BFI值最大, 为0.91; 加里宁法计算的BFI值最小, 为0.39; Eckhardt滤波法的标准差和极值比最小, 稳定性最好; 加里宁法的标准差和极值比最大, 稳定性最差; 对1992年（丰水年）日径流过程进行分割, Chapman滤波法、 Chapman-Maxwell滤波法和加里宁法的基流过程线平滑缓慢, 更符合实际情况; Boughton-Chapman滤波法、 BFI法和HYSEP法基流模拟效果较好, Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数高于0.87, 决定系数接近0.9, 平均相对误差小于10%。综合比较, 认为Boughton-Chapman滤波法、 BFI法是白河流域较为适宜的基流分割手段。     

黄河源区气候对径流的影响分析

根据对降水响应速度的快慢,径流又可分为直接径流和基流。基流一般定义为河川径流中来自于地下蓄水或者其他延迟水源的成分,代表地下水出流;直接径流表示对降水事件的直接响应。从这一思路出发,文中在分析降水到总径流、直接径流和基流的转化率的基础上分析了气候变化对径流的影响。研究发现,黄河源区的径流系数随降水量的增加而增大,随气温升高而降低;径流随着降水的增加而增加。20世纪90年代降水减少和气温的大幅度升高是黄河源区径流减少的重要原因。区间子流域分析表明,不同的子流域气温和降水对径流的影响不同,在吉迈以上区间,年气温比较低,气温是影响径流系数的主要因子,径流随着气温的升高而降低,降水对径流的影响比较小;在吉迈—玛曲区间,直接径流量/降水量主要受降水的影响,总径流量/降水量、基流量/降水量随降水增加而升高,随气温升高而降低。总径流和基流随降水的增加而增大,随气温的升高而减少;在玛曲—唐乃亥区间,径流系数随着降水量的增加而增加,直接径流量/降水量随气温的升高而降低,降水是径流的主要影响因素。     

祁连山疏勒河上游基流变化及其影响因素分析

基流是河川径流的重要组成部分,也是干旱半干旱地区最重要的枯季水文特征之一. 基流在维持河川径流和维护河流湖泊生态等方面具有重要意义. 基于祁连山疏勒河上游出山口控制水文站昌马堡站1954-2009年的日径流资料,采用递归数字滤波法和平滑最小值法对日径流进行基流分割,对比分析基流和基流指数BFI的变化特征,并从气温和降水两方面探讨基流变化的主要影响因素. 结果表明：两种方法的计算结果有差异,但平滑最小值法更适用于研究区. 疏勒河上游多年平均基流量为6.07×10⁸m³,基流变化总体上呈上升趋势,进入21世纪以后基流量增加最为显著. 研究区多年平均基流指数为0.66,基流指数的年际变化相对比较稳定,但年内波动幅度较大. 在长时间尺度上,降水是基流变化的主要影响因素,降水量的增加在一定程度上影响了基流和基流指数的变化. 在全球变暖的背景下,气温升高导致冰雪融水的增加和冻土的退化,间接的影响了基流的变化.     

峰丛洼地的坡地径流成分划分

峰丛洼地的石质坡地具有独特的包气带结构和产流模式,其表面岩石裸露,土壤薄且呈现斑块状分布,下部发育表层岩溶带.表层岩溶带的存在决定了石质坡地的产流模式.原本不透水的岩石表面成为"筛子",表层岩溶带和下部包气带之间的界面成为重要的产流界面,称之为表层岩溶带产流.石质坡地的径流是表层岩溶带产流、超渗产流、饱和产流的集合.由于岩溶动力系统的差异导致来自不同界面的径流的温度、pH、电导率、方解石溶解饱和指数(SIc)和二氧化碳分压(P_(CO2))也不同.利用径流的物理、化学曲线对石质坡地的径流进行初步的定性划分,将径流分为洪峰和基流.洪峰的上升段由超渗产流和饱和产流构成,退水过程以及基流则主要是由表层岩溶带径流提供.     

基于数字滤波法的甘肃省河川基流特性分析

河川基流分析计算是山丘区地下水资源量评价的重要内容。以甘肃省112个水文站2001-2016年的逐日平均流量数据为基础,采用数字滤波方法进行基流分割,并对甘肃省内陆河、黄河、长江三大流域的基流量、基径比、基流模数分布规律进行分析。结果表明:所选的水文站年径流量和切割出的年基流量相关系数均在0. 9以上,基流量与径流量存在显著的正相关关系。甘肃省2001-2016年多年平均天然河川基流量为91. 33亿m3,其中内陆河流域18. 21亿m3,黄河流域34. 56亿m3,长江流域38. 57亿m3。从甘肃省三大流域河川基流量的计算结果来看,基径比和基流模数总体上是:内陆河流域黄河流域长江流域。基径比和基流模数分布与该流域降水、径流分布趋势一致。基径比和基流模数受植被条件影响巨大,植被条件好的地区大于植被条件差的地区。     

抽水型岩溶地下水库的设想：以广西来宾县小平阳乡为例

抽水型岩溶地下水库的基本原理是在枯水季节抽取超过天然径流量的地下水，形成人工疏干漏斗（即地下水库调节库容）以获得需要的水资源量；雨季通过天然回灌，把调节库容重新充满，岩溶平原区水资源天然调节能力差，地下水丰，枯流量变化大，即使开发利用全啊的枯季径流也难以满足灌溉需要。在平原区浅层岩溶带管道多呈网络状发展，岩溶发育强烈且相对均匀，岩溶渗漏问题严重，通过修建地表水库或堵洞成库调节径流，成功率极低，利用     

基流分割方法在疏勒河上游流域的应用对比分析

基于疏勒河上游昌马堡水文站2007—2016年日径流资料, 运用单参数数字滤波法、 平滑最小值法、 递归数字滤波法和HYSEP法（固定步长法、 滑动步长法、 局部最小值法）对其进行基流分割计算。结果表明： 4种方法均可实现基流的自动分割, 且得到的基流过程线平滑缓慢, 所获得的基流序列稳定, 变异性小。4种方法得到基流指数具有差异性, 最大为0.72, 最小为0.49, 其中递归数字滤波法估算的结果稳定性最高。单参数数字滤波法中, 当滤波参数β取值0.95时为最优参数。平滑最小值法、 HYSEP法中的SI法、 LM法和单参数数字滤波法（β=0.95）具有较高的Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数, 且平均相对误差小于10%, 说明这些方法基流估算结果稳定可靠且精度高, 均适用于疏勒河上游流域。     

南方小型岩溶流域与非岩溶流域的释水过程及径流组分差异

我国南方岩溶流域和非岩溶流域下垫面条件和含水介质结构的差异造成了不同的产汇流过程及机制,进而导致不同释水时段径流组分的开发利用价值不同。为深入理解岩溶流域的产汇流机制并探索岩溶流域的水资源评价方法,文章对鄂西庙沟岩溶流域和高家坪非岩溶流域共31次洪水过程进行了流量衰减分析,对比分析了两个流域的标准衰减方程、典型次降雨的释水过程以及不同洪峰流量下的径流组分差异。结果表明:岩溶流域的释水过程快于非岩溶流域,其衰减系数比非岩溶流域大40％;两个流域的河流基流均来自裂隙介质释水,裂隙介质为流域的主要储水空间,但非岩溶流域的裂隙介质比例比岩溶流域高8.8％;随洪峰流量增加,两个流域的地表径流占比均呈对数形式增大,地下径流占比均呈对数形式减小;岩溶流域径流组分随洪峰流量变化比非岩溶流域更为敏感,其地表径流占比变幅为4％~40％,而非岩溶流域则始终小于10％。文章定量评价了管道和裂隙介质在流域中的导水及储水功能,在进一步刻画岩溶流域产汇流过程及机制方面进行了有益的探索,研究结果可为岩溶山区水资源评价和流域水文模型的改进提供科学依据。     

辽河大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染入库模拟

利用输出系数法和SWAT模型,对大伙房水库汇水区农业非点源污染(ANSP)进行了入库模拟研究,并用2006—2009年的水文和水质监测数据对模型进行了校准和验证。研究结果表明:汇水区年均输入到水库的泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷分别为82.65×103 t、1 873.49t和81.97t;月入库泥沙量、总氮和总磷负荷与径流量有着较强的相关性,ANSP的产生和迁移受降水、径流过程影响很大,每年7、8月份的氮、磷和泥沙流失量达到年内最大值,分别占全年流失总量的42.64%、44.42%和67.91%。水库汇水区各流域对水库氮、磷污染的贡献率由大到小依次为:浑河流域(清原段)、苏子河流域、社河流域和水库周边小流域。     

Runoff and sediment yield modeling by means of WEPP in the Bautzen dam catchment,Germany

Soil erosion by water is one of the most widespread forms of soil degradation in Europe. There are many undesirable consequences of soil erosion due to water such as loss of water storage capacity in reservoirs and transfer of pollutants from farmland to water bodies. The objectives of this study were to calibrate and validate the Water Erosion Prediction Project watershed model (WEPP 2012.8) in the Bautzen dam catchment area with monthly and daily single events for runoff and sediment yield. This is to our knowledge the first study using WEPP in Germany. The catchment (310 km²) was subdivided into small sub-catchments with an area of <260 ha as recommended in WEPP. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the runoff is highly sensitive to the effective hydraulic conductivity in Bautzen, whereas the sediment yield is highly sensitive to rill erodibility, critical shear stress, and to the effective hydraulic conductivity as well. All these parameters were initially calculated using WEPP’s built-in equations and parameters, which, however, produced very poor results for both runoff and sediment yield. Therefore, the model was calibrated for 2 years (2005–2007) and validated for another 2 years (2008–2009) against monthly measurements, in addition to 14 daily single events from the calibration period and 2010. The monthly results were compared with the monthly measurements on the basis of a continuous simulation. Results of calibration and validation periods show a satisfactory performance of WEPP with a determination coefficient R ² above 0.6 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients above 0.50 for runoff and sediment yield. Thus, the model could be used to simulate runoff and sediment yield, and used in scenario studies in the Bautzen dam catchment area.     

Relationship between electrical conductivity, <Superscript>18</Superscript>O of water and NO<Subscript>3</Subscript> content in different streamflow stages

The Ballenera Creek has 160 km² being a small catchment in the Pampa Plain in Argentina. This area has been deeply modified by human action through agricultural activities. From 2013 to 2017, electrical conductivity, stable isotopes of water and nitrate concentration monitoring program were conducted. The sampling included weekly and bimonthly samples in two sites along the stream, several groundwater wells and monthly precipitation. Chemical and isotopic tracers are used to discriminate the streamflow components and to evaluate their incidence in the nitrate concentration. The easiest conceptual model for gaining streams contemplates two main elements: direct runoff and groundwater (baseflow and pre-event water). The direct runoff has the lowest electrical conductivity and ¹⁸O_w variable content. The baseflow component is characterized by the highest electrical conductivity and isotope composition quite constant. Finally, pre-event water has an intermediate electrical conductivity and isotopic content close to the rainfall-weighted average composition. The nitrate concentration obtained was in general related to the different stream stages and was a useful indicator to evaluate the fertilization in agricultural zones.     

数字滤波法在三峡库区香溪河流域基流分割中的应用

三峡水库蓄水后,库区来流水质水量变化备受关注。基流分割在降雨-产流模型,水资源配置,点源和非点源污染解析中有重要意义。本文探讨了数字滤波原理,并以三峡库区香溪河流域为研究对象,利用数字滤波法对流域径流总量进行基流分割,分析滤波方程的参数和次数对基流分割结果的影响。结果表明滤波参数β越大,次数越多,分割得到的基流越小。同时将数字滤波法与平滑最小值法基流分割结果进行对比研究,以最小平滑值法为基准,结合香溪河流域特征,数字滤波法中滤波参数β取值0.925时,采用正-反-正三次滤波的基流分割结果最为恰当。     

基于霍顿下渗能力曲线的流量过程线连续分割方法研究

在用前期影响雨量代替流域蓄水量的基础上,提出了基于霍顿下渗能力曲线的流量过程线的连续分割方法.选择西峡、猴子岩和东湾三个流域的降雨径流资料,采用该方法对流量过程线进行分割,并与现行的数字滤波法、非线性水库法和Boussinesq方程法相比较.结果表明,该方法具有一定的物理基础、符合产汇流基本规律,而且能够减少涨洪段流量过程线分割的主观性,对于流域时段单位线和降雨径流关系的推求均有重要的意义.     

1956—2008年鄱阳湖流域水沙输移趋势及成因分析

利用鄱阳湖流域代表性水文站1956—2008年实测年径流量及年输沙量资料序列,采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法,研究鄱阳湖流域水沙量年际变化趋势和可能发生突变的时间,并从流域降雨、用水、水库拦沙、水土流失及其治理等方面分析了鄱阳湖流域水沙变化的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖地区来水量和出湖水量有小幅增大趋势;鄱阳湖流域来沙量呈异常显著减小趋势,发生突变的年份为1998—1999年;实测出湖沙量从2002年开始呈明显的减少趋势。通过对有关影响因素的研究,发现鄱阳湖流域气候变化降雨量减少对近10年鄱阳湖出入湖径流量的减少影响显著;水库滞沙是鄱阳湖入湖沙量减少的主要原因;出湖沙量变化主要受上游水库群的影响,还有近年湖区采砂的影响。     

Estimation of mean water residence times and runoff generation by0 measurements in a Pre-Alpine catchment (Rietholzbach, Eastern Switzerland)

Stable isotopes (¹⁸0) are used to investigate hydrological processes in the small Pre-Alpine research catchment Rietholzbach in NE Switzerland. The catchment covers an area of 3.18 km² and ranges from 680 to 960 m a.s.l. The¹⁸0 concentration in rainfall and in runoff at various sites, including a lysimeter installed within the catchment, over a 2-a period are investigated. First, conceptual flow models are applied to determine the mean water residence times of different systems of the basin and their storage properties. As a second approach, the separation of runoff components using¹⁸O and Mg ions as tracer during some storm flow events was carried out. The following flow mechanisms can be identified from the modelling results: (i) lateral hillslope fluxes, which are faster in the part of the Tertiary Molasse sediments and slower in the part of the Quaternary deposits, and (ii) relatively slow vertical infiltration processes through the soil layer within the lysimeter. Mean residence times of 12.5 months result for the total catchment baseflow component and 24.5 months for the baseflow from the upper part of the catchment, respectively. For the lysimeter seepage water, a mean residence time of about 200 days was obtained. During the intensive storm events, a fast reaction of the stored subsurface water due to heavy precipitation and an expulsion of this storage water amounting to a considerable portion of the total basin runoff can be detected.     

Utilizing the MODIS-derived leaf area index to investigate the impact of vegetation processes on hydrological simulation of macroscale catchment

Integration of vegetation processes in rain–runoff (RR) models significantly affects runoff response by influencing evapotranspiration in mesoscale catchments. However, it is impossible to interpret the impacts of vegetation processes on runoff simulations in macroscale catchments using results from mesoscale catchments. Few studies involved vegetation process impacts on hydrological simulations by integrating daily vegetation information into conceptual RR models of macroscale catchments. In this study, we integrated the remotely sensed leaf area index (LAI) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) into a daily Distributed Time-Variant Gain Model (DTVGM). Then, this study assessed the performances of two DTVGM versions, with and without vegetation processes, in the Wei River catchment, China. The results showed that: (1) Integration of MODIS-LAI into the DTVGM model improved the calibration and runoff simulation results of the initial DTVGM model. (2) Inclusion of vegetation processes in the DTVGM changed the simulated proportions of water balance components in the hydrological model and made the simulation of water balance components more accurate. (3) The fact that inclusion of vegetation processes could improve the hydrological simulation performance of the daily conceptual RR model in the macroscale catchment was consistent with studies in mesoscale catchment.     

黄河上游龙羊峡水库春季入库流量预报模型研究

The catchment above Longyangxia Gorge in the upper Yellow River basin is situated in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau. Meltwater from snow is the main water supply to the rivers in this region during spring (late March to early June). In this paper, the study target is the inflow to the Longyangxia Reservoir, the largest reservoir in the upper Yellow River basin, during late March to early June. Then a mid-term operational runoff prediction model based on snow cover data from AVHRR images of NORR meteorological satellite and ground surface hydro-meteorological data, called double sifting and stepwise regression model, is presented to forecast the inflow during this period. Examining at the reservoir shows that the forecast accuracy is satisfying.