浅析走航式ADCP在流量测验中的误差来源及精度分析

ADCP为声学多普勒流量测验仪,以其操作方便、简单、性能稳定、精度高、速度快等优点,已在全世界水文测验领域广泛应用。本文依据ADCP的工作原理,并结合实际工作中的操作,着重分析了各项误差的来源及控制措施,为今后实际工作中测验精度提高提供一些参考。     

走航式ADCP流量测验主要误差来源及其控制

阐述了走航式ADCP流量测验误差的主要来源,针对ADCP应用中主要的技术环节,根据近几年国内外ADCP应用的实践经验及研究成果,探讨了减小走航式ADCP流量测验误差的措施。     

流量测验流速仪法流量总不确定度的计算

《河流流量测验规范》（ GB 50179-93）各类精度的水文站应每年按高、中、低水各计算一次总不确定度和已定系统误差。流速仪法的流量测验总不确定度计算时,容易出错。而采用EXCLE表格及其VBA程序结合计算方法简便,计算成果精度高。以塔里木河吾斯满水文站各级水位为例,计算单次流量总不确定度和已定系统误差,计算效果很好。     

走航式ADCP系统在水文测验中的应用分析

水文测验中最重要的一项是对水流速度及流量进行测验,本文以走航式ADCP在水文测验中的运用为题,分别对ADCP的系统原理、计算方法,以及与传统测量仪器相比的优势等进行分析。结果发现:相比于传统的测量仪器,走航式ADCP水文测量系统在数据测量速度、操作的过程、测定数据的全面性上都具有极大的优势,可以满足各种情况下对河道水文数据的测验,极大的提高了水文测验的效率和水文测验结果的准确性。随着科技水平的提升,ADCP测量系统会逐步趋于完善,在水文测验领域发挥更大的作用。     

文丘里法在河流流量推算中的应用

流量测验常见方法有常规水文缆道流速仪法、超声波时差法、声学多普勒流速(ADCP)、雷达波流速等,上述方法各有优缺点,适用于不同场合。文丘里现象被广泛用来测量封闭管道中单相稳定流体的流量,依据伯努利定律可知流速的增大伴随流体压力的降低,即受限流动在通过缩小的过流断面时流体出现流速增大的文丘里效应,根据该效应,可通过河段文氏等效,获得估算的天然河流水体流量。经实例验证,该方法计算精度较高,达到流量测验规范要求,可作为流量估算的一种辅助手段。     

一种高流速小河流人工流量测验装置与应用

在河宽较小的河流或渠道流量测验中,若遇流速较大时,采用人工桥测、走航式ADCP等方式施测流量极为不便。为解决小河流高流速情况下的人工流量测验问题,研制了一套由轨道基座、行车、刹车组、悬杆升降部件、计数器和悬杆固定架等组成的人工流量测验装置。该装置采用悬杆搭载流速仪,通过机械装置实现悬杆(测深杆)的水平移动和垂直移动,将流速仪精准传送到测流断面任意位置,实现小河道高流速监测。经牛栏江-滇池补水工程输水线路末端站两年多的实际应用,在高流速3~5m/s时,运行稳定可靠,使用方便。     

巡航式ADCP系统在巴州河流水文测报中的应用研究

流量自动测验是水文现代化以及实现水文测站"无人值守、有人看管"发展理念的关键环节.本文以新疆开都河上的大山口水文站和孔雀河上的他什店水文站为试验区域,引进巡航式ADCP测流系统进行流量及流速数据测报对比试验,并与流速仪测量数据进行比测分析,综合判别巡航式ADCP测报方式的实用性.研究结果认为:巡航式ADCP测流系统能有...     

丁文昌法计算流量的一点改进

讨论分析了目前国内外常见的几种流速面积法实测流量的计算方法.根据我国的流量测验情况,对精度较高的丁文昌法进行了改进,使之与我国的流量测验情况更加适应.提出了一种与<河流流量测验规范>(GB50179-93)测深、测速垂线布设原则相适应的实测流量计算方法.     

流量Ⅲ型误差的分析

以表达流量精确度的综合标准差公式为依据,用置信水平85%与综合计算提高了误差指标值的安全程度和准确程度,应用15个测站296次流量Ⅲ型误差试验资料分析确定了单站计算法与综合计算法两套流量Ⅲ型误差实用方案,有效地控制了流量误差并提高了流量精度,且综合计算法优于单站计算法。分析研究成果明显改进了河流流量测验规范的相关规定,为其修订提供了重要依据。     

水文监测中ADCP技术的运用及优越性浅析

ADCP是声学多普勒流速剖面仪的简称,从多角度多方面分析影响ADCP测验情况的因素,指出其测流优越性以及需要注意的事项。近年来,在水文系统中,ADCP得到了广泛地应用,而且流量测验工作的形式有随之发生了极大的变化。仪器本身是移动形式的,在载运和携带方面十分便利,具有明显的机动性特征,并且有效地增强了测流的效率,在水资源的论证以及用水总量监测方面提供了一定的保证。     

基于微纳气泡示踪的拖曳法ADCP流速测试

声学多普勒剖面流速仪(ADCP)设备在水文领域保有量大、应用广,但如何对其进行量值溯源,确保现场测量数据准确可靠是用户非常关注的问题。分析ADCP的测试现状,阐述ADCP的6个测试参数,分析出流速测试是核心;利用微纳气泡作为示踪粒子,尝试解决静止水体无反射粒子的问题,为ADCP流速测试提供支撑;以TRDI的WHR600-1型ADCP为例,说明ADCP流速测试过程和试验数据处理方法。得出微纳米气泡是ADCP拖曳水槽水跟踪测试较好的示踪物质,进而实现ADCP水跟踪流速测试。为拖曳水槽ADCP测试改造建设提供技术思路,并给出实验室测试建议。     

A re‐investigation of the low Reynolds number uniform flow past a porous spherical shell

This work reinvestigates the flow field of a uniform flow past a porous spherical shell based on Song and Huang's (2000) theory of laminar poroelastic media flow with proper boundary conditions. The analytical solution of this study not only indicates viscous effects inside the porous spherical shell, but it also preserves the continuities of tangential velocity and shear stress at the interfaces. The result reveals that as the porosity approaches unity, the flow is entirely comprised of the incident stream; as the porosity approaches zero, the well‐known Stokes' solution of a uniform flow past a sphere with low Reynolds number is obtained. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence for deep groundwater flow and convective heat transport in mountainous terrain, Delta County, Colorado, USA

The Tongue Creek watershed lies on the south flank of Grand Mesa in western Colorado, USA and is a site with 1.5 km of topographic relief, heat flow of 100 mW/m², thermal conductivity of 3.3 W m^–1 °C^–1, hydraulic conductivity of 10^-8 m/s, a water table that closely follows surface topography, and groundwater temperatures 3–15°C above mean surface temperatures. These data suggest that convective heat transport by groundwater flow has modified the thermal regime of the site. Steady state three-dimensional numerical simulations of heat flow, groundwater flow, and convective transport were used to model these thermal and hydrological data. The simulations provided estimates for the scale of hydraulic conductivity and bedrock base flow discharge within the watershed. The numerical models show that (1) complex three-dimensional flow systems develop with a range of scales from tens of meters to tens of kilometers; (2) mapped springs are frequently found at locations where contours of hydraulic head indicate strong vertical flow at the water table, and; (3) the distribution of groundwater temperatures in water wells as a function of surface elevation is predicted by the model.     

A non‐coaxial and unbalanced plastic flow rule for geomaterials and its application to the shear band orientation prediction

In this paper, the non‐coaxial relation between the principal plastic strain increments and the principal stresses, which results from the internal friction in geomaterials, is analyzed, and the phenomenon of the unbalanced development of plastic flow in two conjugate directions is discussed. A non‐coaxial, unbalanced plastic flow model for Coulomb frictional materials is developed and used to determine the orientation of shear band in geomaterials. It is shown that the unbalanced index r of plastic flow has important effect on the orientation of the shear band, and the orientation determined by the conventional plastic flow theory is only a special case of the proposed model when r=0. This result soundly explains the reason that the geomaterials with the same internal friction angle and dilatancy angle can have very different shear band orientations. In addition, the difference between the intrinsic and apparent dilatancy angles is analyzed, and it is emphasized that the dilatancy angle commonly used in practice is indeed the apparent dilatancy angle. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling of concrete flow: homogeneous approach

The aim of this paper is to model numerically concrete flow inside formworks like the Lbox. For this purpose, we use a finite element method with Lagrangian integration points (FEMLIP). We are able to follow in time and space material motion with any type of material behaviour, including non‐linear and time‐dependent ones. We also can deal with free surfaces or material interfaces. Bingham's rheology is used for fresh concrete behaviour. In order to compare with experiments, we have considered three concretes (OC, HPC and SCC) with contrasted rheologies. Their yield stress is identified by experimental slump tests and also compared with the value given by a formulation concrete software. Experimental data are found to be quite close to numerical predictions. We have also made some experimental flow tests in a LBOX. We measured the flow speed and the flow shape in the final stage. The numerical modelling of these experiments is very encouraging and shows the capability of the FEMLIP using the Bingham's law to model concrete flow and filling properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

组合式流量在线监测系统在变动回水断面的应用

为解决低流速、受变动回水影响等较复杂监测环境下的流量在线监测问题,依据声学多普勒频移及雷达波测速的方法原理,结合新运粮河入滇池口监测断面复杂的水文监测条件实际,采用非接触式雷达波传感器与接触式水平ADCP传感器组合成一套完整的在线流量监测系统,实现河流水表面流速和水下指标流速的同步实时数据采集,再将同步采集的水表面流速和水下指标流速同时输入模型模拟监测断面流场、流速分布,再计算实时流量后,通过GPRS信道传送到中心站服务器,对数据进行分析处理、存储、转录、发布,实现WEB、手机APP远程实时流量、工作状态等查询功能。经近一年的运行,系统正常稳定。     

Degradation of rock fracture asperities in unloading,reloading, and reversal

Among the constitutive models for rock fractures developed over the years, Barton's empirical model has been widely used. Although Barton's failure criterion predicts peak shear strength of rock fractures with acceptable precision, it has some limitations in estimating the peak shear displacement, post‐peak shear strength, dilation, and surface degradation. The first author modified Barton's original model in order to address these limitations. Barton proposed his model for degradation of fracture asperities in unloading, reloading, and shear displacement reversal based on just one cyclic direct shear test. In this study, a database of results of 18 cyclic direct shear tests available in the literature was collected and analyzed. Modifications were made to Barton's original model (in terms of fracture cyclic shearing) to make it consistent with the modified model proposed by the first author. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling of steady‐state fluid flow in 3D fractured isotropic porous media: application to effective permeability calculation

In this paper, 3D steady‐state fluid flow in a porous medium with a large number of intersecting fractures is derived numerically by using collocation method. Fluid flow in the matrix and fractures is described by Darcy's law and Poiseuille's law, respectively. The recent theoretical development presented a general potential solution to model the steady‐state flow in fractured porous media under a far‐field condition. This solution is a hypersingular integral equation with pressure field in the fracture surfaces as the main unknown. The numerical procedure can resolve the problem for any form of fractures and also takes into account the interactions and the intersection between fractures. Once the pressure field and then the flux field in fractures have been determined, the pressure field in the porous matrix is computed completely. The basic problem of a single fracture is investigated, and a semi‐analytical solution is presented. Using the solution obtained for a single fracture, Mori‐Tanaka and self‐consistent schemes are employed for upscaling the effective permeability of 3D fractured porous media. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.