海域潮汐模型开边界反演优化方法初探——以K1分潮振幅为例

将数据驱动模型理论和海域潮汐模型有机地结合在一起,建立海域潮汐模型开边界反演新方法,并纳入潮流资料作为反演工作的依据。该方法通过海域潮汐模型设计工况的计算构建内部观测点的解集空间,并归纳建立内部观测点潮汐(或潮流)同开边界潮汐之间的关系,将观测点潮汐和潮流实测资料带入关系之中反演开边界条件。以辽东湾海域潮汐模型K₁分潮振幅开边界条件为例验证反演方法,表明该开边界反演方法是有效的。     

渤海湾曹妃甸港区开发对水动力泥沙环境的影响

针对渤海湾曹妃甸海域波浪、潮流、泥沙及海床演变特点,应用波流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型研究港区开发方案。2006年冬季和夏季大、小潮潮流泥沙验证表明,该海域潮位及15条同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,并进行了矿石码头港池前沿海域在潮流与波浪共同作用下悬沙引起的冲淤验证,计算的冲淤厚度及其分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上,研究了曹妃甸前岛后陆的港区围垦方案对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的曹妃甸甸头以南深槽、老龙沟深槽及各港池的流速变化及底床的冲淤变形等。     

潮汐对过江隧道沉降的影响

为了解和掌握潮汐对过江隧道江中段沉管高程的影响,对江中段沉管组织了连续36小时沉降观测,结果表明高程达最低、最高的时刻分别与潮位达最高、最低的时刻基本一致,沉管江中段高程与潮汐有较强的相关性,经谐波分析,沉管高程与潮位均表现为以12小时为周期的周期运动,振幅分别达2.8mm、1061.5mm,相位差为170°,潮位达波峰22分钟后高程达波谷。由此可以得出结论:隧道沉管竣工后经较长一段时间的稳定期,沉管高程的这种日变化规律主要是由潮汐变化引起。     

郗钦文研究引潮位展开引起国际重视

国家地震局分析预报中心研究员郝钦文将在今年七八月间赫尔辛基举行的第11届国际地潮学术讨论会上宣读他的“关于引潮位展开研究的进一步精确评定”报告,其精度居世界领先水平。 引潮位展开研究是地球潮汐研究工作的基础。地震研究中的重力、倾斜、应变、地下水等项观测都受地球潮汐的影响,其数据处理又无不赖于引潮位展开。郝钦文的引潮     

莱州湾悬沙输运机制研究

基于2012年实测的潮流、含沙量及表层沉积物数据及资料等,分析了潮流、余流、潮流底应力及底质类型对含沙量变化的影响,并运用物质通量分析方法,探讨了莱州湾悬浮泥沙的输运机制.研究结果表明:研究海域受半日潮控制呈往复流特征,涨、落潮期间近底含沙量与流速及潮流底应力显著相关,存在明显的再悬浮现象,含沙量呈现潮周期变化特征;底质类型与含沙量大小密切相关,细颗粒物质更容易发生悬浮;平流输运与潮泵效应是莱州湾海域的悬沙输运的主要动力因素.     

大凌河口水动力数值模拟分析

采用大凌河实测长系列河道径流及水下地形等数据, 通过建立水动力数值模型, 综合考虑潮流和河道径流的影响, 对大凌河口的潮流进行模拟, 探讨大凌河口及辽东湾北部海域水动力过程的主要特征. 结果表明: 大凌河口附近海域的海流以潮流为主, 具有明显的往复性质. 潮流总的运动趋势是, 涨潮主流向为北东, 落潮主流向为南西. 大潮流速大于小潮流速, 涨潮流历时与落潮流历时几乎相当. 最大涨潮流速约为0.52 m/s, 最大落潮流速约为0.4 m/s, 潮流涨落平均潮流强度的分布大体和该海域等深线相适应.     

三峡工程蓄水前后长江河口段潮汐特征变化分析

三峡工程蓄水后,长江流域的来水来沙特性发生了一定程度的变化,从而可能使长江河口段的潮汐特征发生变化。以分布于长江河口段6个潮位站的各6个代表年的实测潮位资料为基础,利用潮汐调和分析方法,对比分析长江河口段的潮汐特征。结果表明:三峡工程蓄水后,长江河口段的主要分潮的调和常数和潮汐特征参数发生了变化,但幅度比较小。     

基于潮流数值模拟的设计潮位推算方法

针对一些拟建工程位于潮位不易观测地区的情况,提出了一种设计潮位的推算方法。首先,通过潮流数值计算,获得拟建工程地点一个月以上的短期潮位过程;其次,与临近的、具有长期实测资料的港口或验潮站的潮位进行同步相关分析,建立回归方程;最后,采用《海港水文规范》中的方法推算港口或验潮站的设计潮位,并将其由回归方程换算至拟建工程地点。通过算例的计算分析,表明本文方法是合理的、可行的。     

厦门—泉州近岸海域海表温、盐度密集走航观测

根据2007年7月23～28日厦门-泉州近岸海域表层温、盐度31个密集断面走航观测结果,结合同期卫星遥感海表温度(SST)数据和潮汐资料,分析该海域表层温、盐度的分布,并采用非等间隔数据的谱分析方法研究温、盐度的变化特征.结果表明:①九龙江冲淡水的影响可延伸到围头、深沪近岸海域,表现为明显的表层盐度锋存在;但晋江冲淡水对调查海域的影响较弱.②在该调查海域,潮汐对表层温、盐度的分布和变化有一定的影响,靠近厦门湾口一端的围头、深沪附近海域尤为突出.谱分析结果显示,该段的盐度变化与潮汐涨落在周期上比较一致.③调查期间,表层温度变化呈逐渐升高的趋势,而且具有明显的周日变化特征.④围头近岸表层存在一个低温高盐水区域,且位置随潮汐有所变动.     

广西凭祥盆地深水底流沉积类型及其研究意义

内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积是二十余年来在古代深水环境中新发现的一种具牵引流性质的沉积相类型,由于地层沉积记录十分有限,制约了深水底流沉积的沉积学研究。大比例尺实测地质剖面和精细露头测量表明,底流沉积发育于凭祥盆地深水沉积之中,通过对其沉积构造精细剖析和古水流测量,识别出内波、内潮汐沉积和复合流沉积,其中内波、内潮汐沉积以双向交错层理、单向交错层理、透镜状层理为特征,复合流沉积以复合流层理、丘状交错层理和较陡的爬升波纹层理为特征,进一步表明存在浊流和底流的交互作用,为古代地层中的深水底流沉积提供了又一研究实例。     

Sediment dynamics of turbidity maximum in Changjiang River mouth in dry season

High-resolution current velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data were collected by using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) at two anchor stations and a cross-section in the South Channel of the Changjiang River mouth during meso and neap tides on Nov. 16, 2003. In addition, tidal cycle (13-hour) observation at two stations was carried out with traditional methods during the spring tide. Results indicated that resuspension occurred not only at the flood and ebb maximum, but also in the early phase of ebb in the meso and neap tide. When tidal current transited from high to ebb phase, current speed accelerated. Subsequently, fine-grained sediment with low critical threshold was resuspended and increased concentration. The river mouth area remained in siltation in the meso and neap tidal phase during the observation season, with calculated resuspension flux in the order of magnitude of 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁷ kg·m−2/s. Suspended sediment transport in the South Channel was dominated by freshwater discharge, but the Storks drift, vertical circulation and vertical shear effect due to tidal oscillation also played an important role in resuspension and associated sediment transport. In contrast, resuspension sediment flux in the spring tide was larger than that in meso and neap tide, especially at the ebb maximum and flood maximum. The present study revealed that intensive resuspension corresponded well with the larger current velocity during winter. In addition, the ‘tidal pumping’ effect and tidal gravity circulation were also vital for forming the turbidity maximum in the Changjiang River estuary.     

利用GPS提取南极Amery冰架海潮信号

潮汐运动是冰架短期垂直运动的来源, 对冰架影响十分显著. 选取2003/2004年度南极夏季期间中国在Amery冰架上连续5 d的GPS数据, 利用GAMIT/GLOBK进行数据处理, 获取了由海潮引起的冰架垂向运动时间序列;垂直方向精度优于0.18 m, 并且和中国南极中山验潮站的潮汐变化曲线进行了对比, 获得了一致的结论. 利用GPS测量海潮可为精化南极地区的海潮模型提供可靠的现场数据, 对南极冰盖物质平衡研究及冰海交互动力学模型研究有着重要的作用.     

Seasonal Variability and Estuary–Shelf Interactions in Circulation Dynamics of a River-dominated Estuary

The long-term response of circulation processes to external forcing has been quantified for the Columbia River estuary using in situ data from an existing coastal observatory. Circulation patterns were determined from four Acoustic Doppler Profilers (ADP) and several conductivity–temperature sensors placed in the two main channels. Because of the very strong river discharge, baroclinic processes play a crucial role in the circulation dynamics, and the interaction of the tidal and subtidal baroclinic pressure gradients plays a major role in structuring the velocity field. The input of river flow and the resulting low-frequency flow dynamics in the two channels are quite distinct. Current and salinity data were analyzed on two time scales—subtidal (or residual) and tidal (both diurnal and semidiurnal components). The residual currents in both channels usually showed a classical two-layer baroclinic circulation system with inflow at the bottom and outflow near the surface. However, this two-layer system is transient and breaks down under strong discharge and tidal conditions because of enhanced vertical mixing. Influence of shelf winds on estuarine processes was also observed via the interactions with upwelling and downwelling processes and coastal plume transport. The transient nature of residual inflow affects the long-term transport characteristics of the estuary. Effects of vertical mixing could also be seen at the tidal time scale. Tidal velocities were separated into their diurnal and semidiurnal components using continuous wavelet transforms to account for the nonstationary nature of velocity amplitudes. The vertical structure of velocity amplitudes were considerably altered by baroclinic gradients. This was particularly true for the diurnal components, where tidal asymmetry led to stronger tidal velocities near the bottom.     

Environmental set-up and tidal propagation in a tropical estuary with dual connection to the sea (SW Coast of India)

The Kochi Backwater (KB) is the second largest wetland system in India. It is connected to the sea at Fort Kochi and Munambam (Pallipuram) (30 km north of Kochi). As the tide is forced through two openings, its propagation in the backwater system is very complicated, particularly in the northern arm of the estuary. Using synchronous water level (WL) and current measurements in the KB from a network of stations during 2007–2008, it was convenient to demarcate the northern KB into two distinct regions according to the tidal forcing from the north (Pallipuram) and south (Vallarpadam). This demarcation is useful for computing the propagation speeds of the dominant tidal constituents in the northern branch of the KB with dual opening for opposing tides. WL variations indicated that M₂ tide (Principal lunar semidiurnal constituent) dominated in the sea level variance, followed by the K₁ constituent (Luni-solar declinational diurnal constituent). The M₂ tidal influence was the strongest near the mouth and decayed in the upstream direction. The propagation speed of the M₂ tide in the southern estuary was ~3.14 m/s. The ratio of the total annual runoff to the estuarine volume is ~42 that indicates the estuary will be flushed 42 times in a year. KB can be classified as a monsoonal estuary where the river discharge exhibits large seasonal variation.     

Temporal and vertical distribution of crab larvae in a tidal pass

We investigated the vertical and temporal distributions of portunid zoea andCallinectes megalopae in a tidal pass of the Texas coast. Zoea were equally abundant on ebb and flood tide but were more abundant during the day than at night. Megalopae were more abundant during flood tide and at night than during ebb tide or during the day. We examined the evidence for selective tidal stream transport in both life-history stages. Depth of the centers of mass of the larval distributions and the dispersions around those centers were unrelated to temperature, salinity, current velocity, and time of day. Scaling arguments suggest that the absence of pattern in the vertical distributions was not due to turbulent mixing. There was little evidence that either larval stage used these environmental characteristics as cues for changes in behaviour. However, the presence of megalopae in the water column primarily during flood tide does support the tidal transport hypothesis. Megalopae may have difficulty sensing and reacting to environmental cues in wellmixed estuaries with semidiurnal tides.     

珠江口磨刀门枯季水文特征及河口动力过程

根据磨刀门2003年12月9~15日的大、中潮同步水文观测资料,分析了磨刀门枯季的潮汐、潮流、余流、悬移质含沙量、盐度等水文特征,并对枯季河口动力过程,如咸淡水混合、河口射流等进行了初步研究。在枯季由于径流较弱,潮流成为主要动力。表层由于受径流和风的影响余流基本上沿河道走向向下游,中层以下有稳定的向上的余流存在。枯季磨刀门含沙量较小(<1 kg/m3),盐度在平面上和垂向上均有一定变化。磨刀门枯季咸淡水混合类型为缓混合型,各站盐度分层参数均在0.01~1.0。从实测流速的分布情况来看,河口下层有反向的水流,存在明显的因密度差而形成的密度环流。根据枯季实测资料计算所得的密度弗劳德数,磨刀门枯季以浮力射流为主。     

厦门台数字化潮汐资料的背景变化及其主要干扰因素

利用快速Fourier变换分析方法,对厦门台数字化潮汐资料的背景变化及其主要干扰因素进行了初步探讨,并对其存在的原因给出了可能的解释;和内陆台站的相应资料对比后表明,并非所有的台站测项所观测到的固体潮资料中,M2波都会占绝对优势;临海台站在作资料分析时,对M2波的分析应该是主要的,而内陆型台站应该综合考虑其它波群的影响;同一台站的不同测项受到主要干扰的机制是不同的,厦门台受海潮的干扰机制是,厦门台处于相干海潮波的波峰或波谷处,且该海潮波的周期又和M2波的非常接近,气压的干扰机制是,气压扰动形成的压力差以波动形式直接作用在洞体应变仪的含铌特种因瓦棒或传感器探头上,使得其记录曲线中叠加了多种波的成份。     

长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数值模拟

建立了σ坐标系下长江口斜压诊断模式三维流场数学模型,采用k-kl二方程紊流闭合模型求解垂向涡粘系数,计算域内恒定、非均匀盐度场反映了计算域密度斜压效应。验证结果表明,斜压诊断模式的模拟成果较切合实际。模型成功复演了长江口水域由往复流向旋转流过渡的流场特性;潮波从四条汊道传入后在分汊口附近相遇形成多个会潮点,其位置随着径流的大小、潮汐的强弱、汊道的形态等因素而变化。     

Hydrodynamics of suspended particulate matter in the tidal freshwater zone of a macrotidal estuary (the Seine Estuary, France)

The effects of fortnightly, semidiurnal, and quaterdiurnal lunar tidal cycles on suspended particle concentrations in the tidal freshwater zone of the Seine macrotidal estuary were studied during periods of medium to low freshwater flow. Long-term records of turbidity show semidiurnal and spring-neap erosion-sedimentation cycles. During spring tide, the rise in low tide levels in the upper estuary leads to storage of water in the upper estuary. This increases residence time of water and suspended particulate matter (SPM). During spring tide periods, significant tidal pumping, measured by flux calculations, prevents SPM transit to the middle estuary which is characterized by the turbidity maximum zone. On a long-term basis, this tidal pumping allows marine particles to move upstream for several tens of kilometers into the upper estuary. At the end of the spring tide period, when the concentrations of suspended particulate matter are at their peak values and the low-tide level drops, the transport of suspended particulate matter to the middle estuary reaches its highest point. This period of maximum turbidity is of short duration because a significant amount of the SPM settles during neap tide. The particles, which settle under these conditions, are trapped in the upper estuary and cannot be moved to the zone of maximum turbidity until the next spring tide. From the upper estuary to the zone of maximum turbidity, particulate transport is generated by pulses at the start of the spring-neap tide transition period.     

On the hydrographic distribution in the source region of the Delaware coastal current

The buoyant discharge from Delaware Bay forms two separate branches of residual outflow near the bay mouth, one along each shore. Upon exiting the bay, the branch along the Delaware shore turns right to form the southward flowing Delaware coastal current along the inner continental shelf off the Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia coasts. CTD and thermosalinograph, data collected at the mouth of Delaware Bay over two semidiurnal tidal cycles are used to examine the hydrographic distribution at the source region of the Delaware coastal current. In this region the buoyant source water of the coastal current, is largely detached from the shoreline and confined to the top 15 m of the water column over much of the tidal cycles. The core of the coastal current's source water, as defined by the point of salinity minimum, is located over the deep channel well offshore of the Delaware coast. The separation between this buoyant water and the more saline waters right along the Delaware coast and that in the central part of the bay mouth are marked by regions of high horizontal salinity gradients. The horizontal salinity gradients around the inshore and offshore boundaries of the source water of the coastal current are intensified during the flood tide, and clearly defined fronts (with a change of 3‰ over a distance of 150 m) are present at the offshore boundary near the end of the flood tide. The structure of the mean flow and the distribution of the brackish coastal current on the inner continental shelf contribute to the persistence of stratification in the source region off the Delaware shore throughout the ebb and flood tides. In contrast, the ebb-induced stratification in the region off the New Jersey shore is quickly destroyed with the onset of the flood current.