海岸海洋碳循环过程与CO2负排放

海岸海洋接受大量来自陆源的碳物质和营养盐,涉及大量以碳为中心的相互作用,是重要的碳循环海域;同时,该区域也常发育具有良好圈闭条件的储-盖系统,具有明显的CO₂储集潜力。该文以海岸海洋及其下发育的沉积盆地为研究对象,综述了碳物质在海岸海洋中的循环过程、CO₂通量的影响因素和海岸海洋沉积盆地的储碳机理。从“双碳”角度,重点论述了海岸海洋在促进CO₂负排放方面的意义、促进海洋负碳排放的潜在途径和在沉积盆地的储碳潜力及面临的问题。海岸海洋是重要的碳汇区域之一,高效率的微生物碳泵和碳酸盐碳泵是增强海岸海洋CO₂负排放的核心过程;同时,海岸海洋沉积盆地中的储-盖系统,不但提供了额外的CO₂封存空间,也保障了CO₂封存的安全性。未来的研究应以抑制海岸海洋中碳物质向CO₂转化的进程和保障沉积储层中CO₂封存的安全性为主要方向,为CO₂负排放提供理论依据与技术保障。     

海?气界面气体交换速率与二氧化碳气体通量的估算

海?气界面CO₂通量的估算采用块体公式,其等于气体交换速率、CO₂溶解度以及海水与大气的CO₂分压差的乘积,其中的气体交换速率通常与风速相联系,不同作者提出了气体交换速率为风速不同幂次多项式的参数化方案。本文对比了气体交换速率为风速函数的主要研究结果,发现与风速多项式的依赖关系相比,观测数据所基于的观测方法对于气体交换速率的影响更大。在此基础上,本文用多种不同的气体交换速率参数化公式计算了1982?2018年全球的CO₂通量,海洋整体上是大气CO₂的汇,赤道海区是源,南北半球40°附近的海域构成沿纬向的强吸收带。37 a间,海洋CO₂通量的年平均值(以碳计)为(?1.53±0.15) Pg/a, 1999年前,海洋吸收量逐年减小,1999年达到最小值,之后海洋吸收量开始增大,海洋吸收量的增大主要发生在南大洋。     

南海北部初级生产力遥感反演及其环境调控机制

选取VGPM模式对南海北部海域初级生产力进行反演,通过SeaWiFS和AVHRR提供的Chl a,K₄₉₀,PAR和SST等遥感数据产品计算得到了模式所需的各项参数,结合现场实测数据对模式进行了修订和误差分析.在此基础上通过反演计算获得了南海北部海域7 a平均(1998～2004年)初级生产力逐月分布图像.研究结果表明,研究海域初级生产力(C)分布趋势为由沿岸带向陆架以及外海逐渐降低,其中沿岸带区高于400 mg/(m2·d),外海区大致在100～300 mg/(m2·d);初级生产力水平冬季最高[平均为608 mg/(m2·d)]、夏季最低[平均为292 mg/(m2·d)],春、秋季基本持平.控制初级生产力时空分布的因子主要有营养盐、温度、光照,其中又以季风和环流驱动下的营养盐变化对初级生产力的调控最为显著.     

夏季珠江口海域海水CO2分压的卫星遥感反演

基于控制因子分析的方法,本研究建立了夏季珠江口海域海水CO₂分压(pCO₂)的遥感反演模型。基于珠江水与黑潮水的两端元混合,建立了水平混合和热力学作用的量化模型,并生成了查找表。同时,建立了基于黄色物质(含碎屑)吸收系数的盐度遥感算法,实现珠江口海域表层盐度的遥感反演。利用走航pCO₂和匹配的遥感叶绿素质量浓度产品,建立了生物作用的量化模型。通过集成水平混合和生物作用,最终实现夏季珠江口海域pCO₂的遥感反演。与走航pCO₂比较表明,仅考虑水平混合和热力学作用的遥感结果会显著高估,考虑生物作用后,遥感结果无论在量值和空间变化趋势上均与实测结果相符。此外,遥感反演结果表明,夏季珠江口近岸水域为CO₂的汇区,而离岸的陆架水域则为CO₂的弱源。     

夏季琼州海峡表层海水二氧化碳分压时空变化

采用船载海?气CO₂连续观测系统于2011年和2014年夏季在琼州海峡开展了现场观测,分析研究了表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)时空变化及其影响因子。2011年和2014年夏季pCO₂分别为(516±29) μatm和(533±15) μatm,海?气CO₂交换通量分别为(8.4±1.7) mmol/(m2·d)和(4.5±0.4) mmol/(m2·d),均是大气CO₂的强源,高于相邻及相似海域,主要受控于东口海域上升流和海峡中部狭管效应。2011年夏季东口上升流增大pCO₂的同时也促进了浮游植物繁殖,光合作用吸收水体CO₂,降低了pCO₂,而且受其影响,西口口门附近叶绿素a和溶解氧含量陡增,pCO₂突降。2014年夏季东口海域上升流较弱,且观测海域垂直混合作用显著,pCO₂和溶解氧分布特征与2001年夏季明显不同。海峡中部狭管效应造成水体输运速率大、混合作用强,浮游植物“来不及”生长,pCO₂较高。     

基于VGPM模型的广西北部湾近岸海洋初级生产力估算

以北部湾近岸海域为研究对象,基于海洋水质监测数据与海洋初级生产力实测数据,对VGPM模型各参数分别进行校正,评估校正后的模型估算精度。结果表明:通过参数校正能够有效减小初级生产力计算误差。根据校正模型计算可得,2018年北部湾近岸海洋初级生产力变化范围为101.27～2 161.75 mg C/(m~2·d),北部湾近岸海域浮游植物在夏季和秋季对营养盐需求较为明显,在春季和冬季则无明显需求。     

长心卡帕藻应对海洋酸化和升温的环境适应性研究

长心卡帕藻(Kappaphycusalvarezii)是主要生长于热带海域的大型经济红藻,在营养物生物提取方面具有重要的经济和生态价值,作为提取κ-卡拉胶的重要原料,广泛应用于食品和医学等多种行业。由于人类活动导致大气中CO₂浓度持续升高,引发海洋表层海水逐渐酸化和升温,对大型海藻产生耦合效应。因此,本文设置了两种CO₂浓度梯度(450×10^–6和1 200×10^–6)和三种温度梯度(26℃、29℃和32℃),从光合作用、细胞代谢产物、碳氮积累和酶活性方面探讨长心卡帕藻响应海洋酸化和海水升温的环境适应性变化。结果表明, CO₂浓度与温度变化对长心卡帕藻的F_v/F_m影响显著(P<0.05),在两种CO₂浓度条件下,Fv/Fm均随温度升高而增加;酸化条件与非酸化条件下可溶性糖浓度变化趋势相反,海水升温对游离氨基酸浓度影响极显著(P<0.01),在两种CO₂水平下,升温均会降低藻体游离...     

大风事件对长江口及邻近海域海-气CO2通量的影响

依托2017年8月23日至2017年9月6日在长江口及邻近海域连续走航测得的二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)值,结合温度、盐度、溶解氧等数据,阐述该海域pCO₂的分布特征,并利用一次大风事件前后一个断面的重复观测数据,讨论天气事件对长江口海-气CO₂通量的影响。夏季长江口及邻近海域表层海水pCO₂范围为145~929 μatm,总体呈近岸高远岸低的分布特征,在受长江冲淡水影响的区域,海表pCO₂较低,整体表现为大气CO₂的汇。大风事件(最大风速达9.7 m·s^-1)加强了水体的垂直混合,导致近岸区域从大气CO₂的弱源变为强源(CO₂通量从0.2±1.9上升到 55.0±12.4 mmol·m^-2·d^-1),而远岸区域的碳汇略有加强(CO₂通量从-12.7±2.3变为-16.8±2.5 mmol·m^-2·d^-1)。因此,在估算东海海-气CO₂通量时,台风、冷空气等短时间尺度天气事件的影响也不容忽视。     

北冰洋西部沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其环境指示意义

通过对楚科奇海及邻近的北冰洋深水区表层沉积物中有机碳同位素含量(δ13C)、氮同位素含量(δ15N)及生物成因SiO₂(BSiO₂)含量分析,结果表明海源和陆源有机质的分布受海区环流结构和营养盐结构所制约.楚科奇海中西部和楚科奇海台受太平洋富营养盐海水的影响,海洋生产力高,沉积物中海源有机质和BSiO₂含量高;靠阿拉斯加一侧海域海水的营养盐含量和生产力都偏低,沉积物中陆源有机质比重增加;在研究区北部和东北部的楚科奇高地和加拿大海盆,冰封时间较长,营养盐供应少,海洋生产力低,但来自马更些河和阿拉斯加北部的陆源有机质增多,沉积物中BSiO₂含量小于5%,海源有机质百分含量小于40%.由于亚北极太平洋水通过楚科奇海向北冰洋海盆输送,研究区营养盐池表现为开放系统,营养盐的利用率与它的供应成反比,与海洋生产力成反比.     

基于浮标观测的春季青岛近岸海水pCO2变化及海-气CO2通量研究

利用海-气界面浮标观测得到的高频数据,分析了春季青岛近岸海域海表二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的变化规律及驱动因素,并对海-气CO₂通量进行了估算。观测期间该海域由大气的碳汇转变为碳源,主要是由海表pCO₂的不断增长所致。对海表pCO₂控制因素进行分析,发现温度升高是pCO₂增长的主要驱动因素,生物过程起到一定的抑制作用。海表pCO₂呈现出日变化特征,温度和生物因素对海表pCO₂日变化的作用均与太阳辐射相关,但两者的作用相反。此外,分析发现浮标的不同采样频率会对海-气CO₂通量估算产生影响,缩短采样间隔能有效降低海-气CO₂通量估算的偏差,提高估算的准确性。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.