行星际Alfvén脉动的耗散机制

空间飞船Hellos 1和2的观测表明由0.3AU至0.9gAU,Alfven脉动振幅的衰减比Alfven波传播的WKB解预计的振幅变化要大.Alfven脉动能谱密度的变化可以表示为WKB解预计的能量变化乘以一个衰减因子e~(-2(r-r_0))/λ(f),其中r=0.87AU,r_0=0.29AU,λ(f)称为耗散长度.当频率f>10~(-2)Hz时,λ近似为一常数,λ的变化主要发生在低频区.这一现象对有关Alfven脉动耗散的理论提出了一个新的检验标准。本文导出了与Alfven脉动的波能串级模式和粘性衰减模式相应的耗散长度的解析表达式,并将Helios观测得到的太阳风参数代入进行计算.通过计算结果与实际观测的比较发现,波能串级模式给出的耗散长度的数值及其随频率变化的趋势与实际观测结果一致,而粘性模式给出的结果与实际相差很大.     

类星体3C279和双类星体0957 561A、B的红移和质量

本文提供一种新方法、以求某天体的引力红移、速度红移和质量,只要事先知道它的红移观测值和偏转角观测值(指的是它的发射线掠过折射天体如太阳所弯曲的角度或者引力透镜中的有关数据)。 所要用的基本公式如下:(一)光线弯曲与光谱频移关系式式中φ为偏转角,GM/c~2R为折射天体无量纲表面引力势,z_(v1)和z_(v2)分别为射线掠过折射天体之前和之后的引力红移。(二)引力红移相加法则 z_v=z_(v1) z_(v2) z_(v1)·z_(v2)。式中Z_r为总的引力红移。(三)引力红移变换式△c/c=z_λ z_v z_λ·z_v。式中△c/c为光速变化率,只要它为已知,则引力红移的两种表示式z_λ和z_v可以相互交换得到。通过这种变换,式(二)可以变成z_λ=z_(λ1) z_(λ2) z_(λ1)·z_(λ2),而形式完全相同.我们叫它为引力红移相加法则是变换不变的。(四)光速变化率。它是根据广义相对论的公式c=c_0(1-2U)(1 2U)~(-1)推得的。式中c_0为真空中光速,c_A、c_C和U_A、U_C分别为场中A、C两点的光速和无量纲引力势。(五)引力红移和速度红移相加法则。Z_λ=z_(λ0) z_λ z_(λ0)·z_λ 式中z_(λ0)为速度红移,Z_λ为红移观测值。我认为波λ和频率v在描述自然规律方面应有同等作用,即通过类似的红移变换,此红移相加法则的形式仍然不变。     

太阳射电分米波U型暴分析

本文介绍了由捷克Ondˇrejov天文台观测到的 1 992年 8月 2 2日 1 2 :36 :2 6— 1 2 :36 :32UT发生的U型暴 ,U型暴的频率范围为 1 .0— 2 .8GHz,在国际上尚属首例 .从分析得到以下几点结论 :(1 )上下臂的频漂率分别为 1 .2 5和 0 .2 2 5GHz/s,其电子束流的速度分别为 0 .38c和 0 .2 6c ,它是由等离子体二次谐波发射造成的 .(2 )上升臂的爆发衰减时间常数大于下降臂的 .(3)频谱极大频率随时间变化呈现出从高频到低频再到高频的变化 .(4)上升臂的频宽大于下降臂的约一倍左右 ,这与上升臂频漂远大于下降臂的有关 .(5 )从频宽得到上、下臂的速度弥散分别为 (Δvv) a=0 .42和 (Δvv) d=0 .47.     

窄线赛弗特Ⅰ星系Markarian478的远紫外成协吸收线(英文)

Markarian 478是典型的窄线赛弗特I星系之一。本文展示了在 2 0 0 1年 1月利用远紫外光谱探测卫星 (FUSE)观测到的Markarian 478的远紫外光谱。我们的光谱覆盖了 91 5Å ;— 1 1 85Å的波长范围 ,分辨率约为 2 0km/s。我们在连续谱上探测到OⅥλλ1 0 3 2 ,1 0 3 8、NⅢλ989和CⅢλ977强发射线。在高电离双线OⅥ以及Lyβ的蓝端线翼上出现了成协吸收线 ,而在NⅢ和CⅢ发射线上没有出现内禀吸收线。这些吸收线被分解成 5个动力学成分 ,它们相对于系统红移zem=0 .0 774的静止坐标系速度覆盖了从 -2 3 0 0～ 3 70km/s的范围     

广义相对论中静态荷电球体的内解

本文在假设荷电球体内部物质密度为ρ_m=μγ~α,电荷密度为ρ_e=ρ_0γ~(b_e-λ/2)的情况下,严格求解Einstein-Maxwell场方程,求得了静态荷电球体的一个较为普遍的内部解。这个解可以看作是Wyman得到的内部解推广到荷电情况下的结果,并且将Wilson,李鉴增,Santos,Pant和Sah等人给出的许多结果作为自己的特例包括在内。     

广义相对论中静态荷电球体的一组内解

本文在假定物质密度ρ_m=μr~α,电荷密度 ρ_e=ρ_0r~βe~(-λ/2)的情况下,严格求解 Einstein-Maxwell 场方程,得出了静态荷电球体的一组内解,把文[4]、[6]的结果作为自己的特例包括在内。     

恒星自转测量中因标准星速度非零所引入误差的讨论

近年来,谭徽松等人以所选用标准星的观测轮廓与Gray的转致轮廓直接卷积,再与被测星观测轮廓比较,由此来测量了一些恒星的自转。在这种方法中,当所选标准星自转速度不严格为零时,将引入误差。本文在标准星速度(vsini)_s较小的条件下,进行函数展开,先后给出了轮廓修正关系式R_0(λ)=R(λ)-α_2(△λ_L)_s~2R″(λ),及速度修正关系式(vsini)_0~2=(vsini)~2+(vsini)_s~2。并估算说明,当标准星速度(vsini)_s<5km/s,而被测星速度vsini>20km/s时,该误差可不考虑。     

上海天文台等高仪观测中的潮汐效应

本文根据上海天文台丹容等高仪(OPL,No.14)1960—1979年期间的观测资料,分析了垂线方向的月亮潮影响,并从时间和纬度观测结果中,相应地分析得到月亮半日潮(M_2)振幅A、Love数组合数A=1 k-l为:A_1=0~s.00138±0~s.00028、A_1=1.19±0.24和A_2=0~.0163±0~.0043、A_2=0.94±0.23。     

若干恒星形成区的^12CO（J=1—0）与^13CO（J=1—0）观测

首次利用紫金山天文台青海观测站13.7m毫米波射电望远镜对若干分子云与恒星形成区的~(12)CO(J=1—0)和~(13)CO(J=1—0)分子辐射进行了观测,得到了各自中心位置的谱线轮廓。作为一个实例本文将介绍如何通过对分子云~(12)CO(J=1—0)和~(13)CO(J=1—0)谱线的综合分析与计算得到云中的物理参数。     

哈雷彗星1986年光谱的谱线证认

1986年3—4月间,哈雷彗星的日心距为1和1.5 A.U.附近。我们使用云南天文台1米RCC望远镜和卡焦摄谱仪,取得了7张长狭缝光谱。这是我国唯一的一组哈雷彗星长狭缝光谱。光谱色散度为165(?)/mm,分辨率不小于7(?)。本文主要给出6张Kodak 103_a-O底片上3000—5100(?)波段的谱线证认结果。光谱片上主要出现了CN、C_2、C_3、CH、NH、OH等分子发射线,还可能存在NH_2、CH~+、N、H_2CO等发射线。光谱中连续辐射、吸收线较强,离子谱线少而弱,表明哈雷彗星是富尘的。OH(3090)发射线的出现既证实了卫星观测结果,又说明云南天文台的紫外观测条件是优越的。     

Spectral studies of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)

The paper presents the results of the spectral observations of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) acquired with the Zeiss-600 telescope of the Andrushevka astronomical observatory in May 2004. The spectrum of the comet was obtained in the range of 3600–8200 Å. We identified a number of emission features in the spectrum of comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT). The emission bands of C₂, C₃, CN, CH, NH₂, H₂O⁺ were detected in the spectrum of the comet, and their intensities were determined. The ratios of gas-production rates Q(C₂)/Q(CN) = 0.23, Q(C₃)/Q(CN) = ?0.79, and Q(NH₂)/Q(CN) = ?0.029 were determined with the Haser model.     

Optical Spectroscopy of Comet C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) at the Guillermo Harro Astrophysical Observatory in Mexico

We present a preliminary analysis of medium resolution optical spectra of comet C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) obtained on 22 November 2001. Theemission lines of the molecules C₂, C₃, CN, NH₂,H₂O⁺ and presumably CO (Asundi and triplet bands) and C₂ ^-were identified in these spectra. By analysing the brightnessdistributions of the C₂, C₃, CN emission lines along theslit of the spectrograph we determined some physical parameters of theseneutrals, such as their lifetimes and expansion velocities inthe coma. The Franck–Condon factors for the CO Asundi bands and C₂ ^- bands were calculated using a Morse potential model.     

Photopolarimetric studies of comet Austin

Photopolarimetric observations of comet Austin with the IAU/IHW filter system were obtained on the 2.34 m Vainu Bappu Telescope (VBT) of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, at Kavalur, India, during pre-perihelion phase on February 20,1990 and on the 1.2 m telescope of the Physical Research Laboratory at Gurusikhar, Mount Abu during postperihelion phase on May 2 and 4, 1990. The comet appeared bluer than a solar analog during post-perihelion phase on May 2 and 4. The percent polarization shows a sharp increase towards the red on May 2 and 4. The dominant sizes of the dust particles appear to lie in a narrow range of 0.1 to 0.5 Μm. Regarding the molecular band emission, CN and C₂ bands are quite strong; C₃ emission was also found to be strong though the observations on May 2 and 4 show significant variation as compared to C₂ emission. Molecular band polarization for CN, C₃, C₂ and H₂ O+ have been calculated. It has been found that emission polarization in CN, C₂ and C₃ is between 1–7% (phase angle between 107.4–109 degrees). For CN and C₂ the polarization values are close to the theoretically predicted values, but for C₃ the polarization value falls much below the theoretically predicted value. A similar result was found for comet Halley.     

Measurements in N2-CH4(C2H2) discharges of reaction rates and thermochemical constants for Titan atmosphere study

The kinetic reactions in N2-xCH4(C2H2) gas discharges with x less than 1% have been studied by emission spectroscopy in the afterglow of D.C. discharges and by mass spectroscopy from radiolysis ionization using alpha particles. The pressure range is from several Torr to 100 Torr. At the end of N2 D.C. discharges at room temperature, for a residence time of about 10(-2) s, the dominant active species are the N atoms with density of 10(14)-10(15) cm-3 for N2 density of about 10(17) cm-3 (3 Torr), the N2(X,V) vibrational molecules with for example [N2(X,V = 10)] approximately 10(14) cm-3 and the electronic metastable molecules N2(A 3 sigma u +) with a density of 10(12) cm-3. In such conditions, the following kinetic reactions have been studied: N2(A) + N2(A) --> N2(C,B,V') + N2(X), N2(A) + N2(X,V>5) --> N2(X) + N2(B,V') in pure N2 post-discharges and N2(A) + CH4 --> products, C + N + M2 --> CN(B,V') + M2, N2(X,V>4) + CN --> N2(X) + CN(B,A,V'), in N2-1% CH4 post-discharges. The clustering reactions of N2-(1-5%)CH4(C2H2) gas mixtures after radiolysis ionization have been studied for the H2CN+ nN2 ions and the equilibrium constants have been determined in the temperature range T = 140-300 K.     

Cyanide Chemistry in Comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1)

Observations of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) have been carried out near perihelion (1997 March) at millimeter wavelengths using the NRAO 12 m telescope. The J=1-->0, 2-->1, and 3-->2 lines of HCN at 88, 177, and 265 GHz were measured in the comet as well as the J=3-->2 lines of H13CN, HC15N, and HNC. The N=2-->1 transition of CN near 226 GHz was also detected, and an upper limit was obtained for the J=2-->1 line of HCNH+. From the measurements, column densities and production rates have been estimated. A column density ratio of [HCN]/[HNC] = 7+/-1 was observed near perihelion, while it was found that [HCN]/[HCNH+] greater, similar 1. The production rates at perihelion for HCN and CN were estimated to be Q(HCN) approximately 1x1028 s-1 and Q(CN) approximately 2.6x1027 s-1, respectively, resulting in a ratio of [HCN]/[CN] approximately 3. Consequently, HCN is sufficiently abundant to be the parent molecule of CN in Hale-Bopp, and HCNH+ could be a source of HNC. Finally, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of 12C/13C = 109+/-22 and 14N/15N = 330+/-98 were obtained from HCN measurements, in agreement with previous values obtained from J=4-->3 data. Such ratios suggest that comet Hale-Bopp formed coevally with the solar system.     

Charge coupled device (CCD) spectroscopy of comets: Tuttle,Stephan-Oterma,Brooks 2, and Bowell

Spectra of the four comets, Tuttle, Stephan-Oterma, Brooks 2, and Bowell, were taken with a prototype space telescope charge coupled device (CCD) camera using a 500 × 500 Texas Instruments chip. The spectra extended from 5600 to 10,400 Å at a resolution of $\text{～25}\text{A}\text{?}$. The spatial coverage along the slit was 180^?; its resolution was defined by the seeing ($\text{2–3}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$). Both absolute flux scales and spectral albedos were determined with the data reduction procedure which included flat fielding and sky subtraction. Comet Tuttle displayed extensive emissions by NH₂, the red system of CN, and the C₂ Swan bands as well as emissions by the forbidden oxygen lines [OI] ¹D at 6300 and 6364 Å, and the ionic species H₂O⁺. A feature at 6851 Å has been tentatively identified as the 3-0 band of CS⁺. Notable is the absence of the C₂ Phillips bands whose transitions are optimally placed in our spectrum. The much dustier comet, Stephan-Oterma showed emissions by CN, NH₂, and [OI] while only [OI] could be discerned in the noisier Brooks 2 spectrum. The fresh comet Bowell exhibited an unusually extended coma with an albedo times cross section two orders of magnitude larger than the other comets, a very flat albedo spectrum, and no emission features. For Tuttle and Stephan-Oterma, CN and NH₂ column densities using a number of bands were calculated. The CN band intensity ratios show good agreement with theoretical fluorescence models. The spatial profiles for CN and NH₂ were compared to two step Haser model decay calculations. The scale lengths most consistent with the data were compared with values previously reported and with values expected for various photodissociation reactions. Production rates were calculated for CN and NH₂. These should be less model dependent because of the simultaneous collection of spectral and spatial information. The production rate ratios of the parents of CN and NH₂ to the parent of OH are several orders of magnitude smaller than the solar abundance ratios of C/O and N/O.     

Cyanide and isocyanide abundances in the cold, dark cloud TMC-1

We have observed emission from HCN, H13CN, HC15N, HN13C, H15NC, HC3N, CH3CN, and possibly CH3NC, and determined an upper limit for NH2CN, toward the cold, dark cloud TMC-1. The abundance ratio [HNC]/[HCN] = 1.55 +/- 0.16 is at least a factor approximately 4 and approximately 100 greater than that observed toward the giant molecular clouds DR 21(OH) and Orion KL, respectively. In contrast, for the corresponding methylated isomers we obtain [CH3NC]/CH3CN] < or approximately 0.1. We also find [NH2CN]/[CH3CN] < or approximately 0.1 and [HC3N]/[CH3CN] = 30 +/- 10. We find no evidence for anomalous hyperfine ratios for H13CN, indicating that the ratios for HCN (cf. recent work of Walmsley et al.) are the result of self-absorption by cold foreground gas.     

Absolute spectrophotometry of Comet kohoutek 1973f during post-perihelion passage

Absolute spectrophotometry of the coma of Comet Kohoutek 1973f during post-perihelion period has been presented for seven nights in January 1984. Moderately wide range of heliocentric distance (0.436–0.799 AU) covered during observations allowed us to study the flux variation of emission bands with heliocentric distance. The emission features of CN, CH, C₂, C₃, and NaI have been identified in this comet. The abundances of CN and C₂ have been estimated and the production rates of CN, C₂ and C₃ have been derived. Production rates of CN and C₂ seem to vary as r ^–0.33 and r ^–3.50 respectively. The continuum of the comet became more and more redder as the heliocentric distance of the comet increased and phase angle decreased.     

The infrared emission bands. II. A spatial and spectral study of the Orion Bar

We have studied the spectral and spatial distribution across the Orion Bar of the 3-14 micrometers emission, including hydrogen Brackett alpha and 12.8 micrometers [Ne II] emission lines and several "dust" emission features. The data indicate that the "dust" consists of three components; (1) "classical" dust with a temperature of approximately 60 K accounting for emission longward of 20 micrometers, (2) amorphous carbon particles or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) clusters (approximately 400 C atoms) which produce broad emission features in the 6-9 and 11-13 micrometers bands, and (3) free PAHs which emit in sharper bands (most strongly at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 micrometers). The 3.3 and 11.3 micrometers features, which are due to C-H modes, are well correlated spatially, while the 7.7 micrometers band, due to C=C modes, has a different distribution than the 3.3 and 11.3 micrometers bands. We conclude that the sharp emission bands arise in the photodissociation transition region between the H II region and the molecular cloud and are not present in the H II region. The broad continuum feature extending from 11-13 micrometers is strong in both regions. Previous broad-band observations of the 10 and 20 micrometers flux distributions, which show that the 10 micrometers radiation extends farther into the neutral gas to the south than the 20 micrometers radiation, suggest that some of the 10 micrometers flux is supplied via a nonthermal mechanism, such as fluorescence.